Ngokuqonda ukuba inkcubeko yesiqhelo yezopolitiko idibana njani na amagosa anyuliweyo, amaqela asezantsi anokubanceda ukuba baxhathise.
Yipatheni esiyibonayo siphinda-phinda: Abo banethemba lezopolitiko abatsha bayonyulwa ezikhundleni bexhasa iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zenkqubela phambili kwaye benza isifungo sokucela umngeni kwimo ekhoyo eWashington, D.C. Bagxothwa benethemba elikhulu. Kodwa ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, utshintsho abaluthembisayo alunakwenzeka.
Okubi nangakumbi, abezobupolitika ngokwabo baqalisa ukutshintsha. Baziqhelanisa ngakumbi nabaxhasi abababeke kuqala ezikhundleni. Banqwenela izikhundla eziphezulu kwaye babonisa โukuzimela geqeโ kwabo ngokubethelela isiseko sabo baze badlalele embindini. Benza izilungiso ngemidla yorhwebo ephambili kwisithili sabo. Baba ngabaxoleli โngendlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo,โ yaye babagxeka abo bafuna isenzo senkalipho njengabangenamonde nabangenamonde ngokungeyomfuneko.
Kodwa ngaba oku kufuneka kube njalo?
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho yezentlalo ithathe umdla okhulayo wokubandakanya inkqubo yonyulo kunye nokukhetha iintshatsheli ezikhundleni. Bakwenze oko beqonda ukuba sifuna abadlali bangaphakathi ukuze bandise kwaye baphendule kuxinzelelo olwenziwa ngamatshantliziyo angaphandle. Kwaye okwangoku, siyazi ukuba abadlali abaninzi bangaphakathi-nabo babonakala benovelwano ekuqaleni-baphela bekhethwa kwaye babe yinxalenye yenkqubo.
Ukujongana nale nyaniso, iintshukumo akufuneki zinikezele kwithemba leqhinga langaphakathi-ngaphandle. Kodwa kufuneka bajonge ngononophelo kwingxaki esembindini: Sibagcina njani abo sibathumela emhadini wezopolitiko eBeltway ukuba bangathengisi? Zeziphi izinto ezivumela iqaqobana elikhethekileyo ukuba lihlale linyanisekile kwiziseko zalo zedemokhrasi?
Injongo yamaqela anenkqubela phambili afuna ukungenelela kwipolitiki yonyulo ibe kukuphakamisa "abagqatswa bemibutho" okanye "abapolitiki bentshukumo" - abantu abanokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunoosopolitiki abaqhele ukwenza umsebenzi kwaye baqhutywa zii-egos ezigqithisileyo. Kwaye okwangoku, umbono wento eyenza umgqatswa wentshukumo unokuba yi-amorphous.
Ekunikeni ingcamango ecacileyo ngakumbi, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba umgqatswa wombutho akayena nje umntu othetha ngokuxhasa izizathu zobulungisa bezentlalo nezoqoqosho, okanye ingqibelelo yakhe yangaphakathi ibenza bahlale benyanisekile kwimilinganiselo yabo. Kwaye ayingomcimbi nje wemvelaphi yomntu, kunye nepolitiki ephuma kuluntu olungahoywanga. Ngokusisiseko, into echaza umntu njengenkokeli yezopolitiko inokwakheka ngakumbi. Abezopolitiko bemibutho abenzi bodwa. Endaweni yoko, bathembele kwimibutho ephantsi njengesiseko samaziko amandla kunye nenkxaso yokubanceda bagatye izithethe nenkcubeko yezopolitiko eziqhelekileyo. Bahlala bephendula kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba bengamakholwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iintshukumo zibanika isiseko esixabisekileyo abanokuthi basebenze kuso.
Ukuze ulwe ngokufanelekileyo noxinzelelo olonakalisayo lwenkcubeko yezopolitiko yesiqhelo, kuyafuneka kuqala ukubiza la mandla-ukunika ingxelo yokuba kutheni bembalwa kakhulu abakwaziyo ukuhamba ngokwemigaqo yezopolitiko zaseWashington ngaphandle kokutsalwa kwimisinga yobuqhophololo. Ngengcinga eneenkcukacha yoxinzelelo lweziko olusebenza ngokucacileyo engqondweni, sinokuqonda ukuba iintshukumo zingabanceda njani abezopolitiko ukuba baxhathise.
Indlela iWashington idibanisa ngayo
Kwincwadi yakhe yowe-1988 ethi "Imvume yokuVelisa: uQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweMisa yeMisa," isazi ngeelwimi esaziwayo kunye nongqondongqondo kwezopolitiko uNoam Chomsky wabambisana nonjingalwazi weYunivesithi yasePennsylvania u-Edward Herman ukuhlalutya inkcubeko kunye nezakhiwo zamaziko eendaba eziqhelekileyo eUnited States ezazilawula ngexesha. iMfazwe Yomlomo. UChomsky kunye noHerman bafuna ukufumanisa ukuba njani-ngokungabikho kweenkqubo ezisesikweni zokulawulwa ngurhulumente-imithombo yeendaba inokuthenjwa nangona kunjalo ukuba isebenzele umdla wabantu abaphezulu, beqinisekisa ukuba izimvo ebezigxeka ngokwenene ubungxowankulu benkampani kunye nemfazwe yaseWashington ziya kuhlala. ikheswa.
Ukuzoba oko bakubiza ngokuba "yimodeli yepropaganda," uChomsky noHerman ba phi kisana ukuba โizihluzoโ ezintlanu bezikhona apho โimali namandla zikwazi ukuhluza iindaba ezifanele ukushicilelwa, zijongele phantsi iimpikiswano, kwaye zivumele urhulumente kunye nemidla yabucala elawulayo ukuba idlulisele imiyalezo yabo eluntwini.โ Okokuqala, amajelo eendaba ayengawabantu abazizityebi, kunye nokudityaniswa kweefemu kwizandla ezimbalwa. Okwesibini, upapasho luxhomekeke kwingeniso yentengiso njengowona mthombo uphambili wengeniso, ibenza baxhomekeke kubathengisi beshishini ukuze bafumane ukutya kunye nenzuzo. Okwesithathu, amajelo eendaba ayamkela inkcubeko โyobungcaliโ ebhekisa kwimithombo esemthethweni evela kushishino nakurhulumente. Okwesine, abacholacholi beendaba abaphumileyo emgceni baya kululekwa nge-flak kwabo baphetheyo. Kwaye okokugqibela, imbono yokuchasana nobuKomanisi inokusetyenziselwa ukutyhala iimbono ezithile ngaphandle kwemida kwiingxoxo eziqhelekileyo.
Ngezi zihluzi endaweni, kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba ii-oligarchs okanye amagosa karhulumente ahlole ngokusemthethweni i-press. Endaweni yoko, izihluzi zenze inkcubeko yemidiya eya kubenzela oku. Ngaphandle kokubhengezwa ngamathuba athile okudiza ukuziphatha kakubi kweshishini okanye kwezopolitiko, amazwi okuchasa kwiimfundiso zenkqubo โyeshishini elikhululekileyoโ okanye iintelekelelo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle weMfazwe Yomlomo zinokugcinwa zincinci. Ngamazwi kaChomsky noHerman, izihluzi zasebenza ngokufanelekileyo โukulungisa indawo yentetho nokutolika.โ
Kwisihluzi ngasinye kwezintlanu ezichongwa nguChomsky noHerman kuhlalutyo lwabo losasazo lweendaba, i-analog inokufunyanwa ngeendlela inkcubeko yezopolitiko eqhelekileyo ixhasa izithethe zemeko kwaye ibeka imiqobo koosopolitiki abafuna utshintsho. Ezi zithethe zinokufumaneka kulo lonke elase-US kwezopolitiko, kubandakanywa kwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye nasekhaya. Kodwa aziwa kakhulu eWashington, D.C.
Ngoko ke, zithini izihluzo kwiipolitiki eziqhelekileyo ezisusa abo baphikisayo?
1. Izakhiwo zeqela
Isihluzo sokuqala kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko yaseWashington sisakhiwo esisesikweni senkqubo yamaqela amabini. Nangona imibutho yezopolitiko yaseU.S. ibuthathaka xa ithelekiswa namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, iDemocrats kunye neRiphabhlikhi ziseneminqathe neentonga ezinokuzisebenzisa ukuqeqesha amalungu azo. Izabelo zekomiti yolawulo lwamaqela kwiCongress, kunye namalungu aphezulu afumana ubusihlalo obunamandla. Amagosa asandul' ukunyulwa anqwenela ukuba nempembelelo enkulu ngokukhawuleza afunda ukuba ukuhlonela iinkokeli zeqela kunokukhokelela kwizinto ezixabisekileyo, ngelixa ukugxeka ngokuphandle kuzisa imiqobo kwinkqubela phambili yomsebenzi.
Ukuthanda ukuba "nokufikelela" kunye nokuba nobudlelwane obuhle nabantu abanamandla akuchaphazeli kuphela amalungu eqela elisezantsi. Ibumba yonke imeko yenkqubela phambili yenkxaso eWashington, DC Kwintambo ye-Twitter yowama-2022, u-Evan Sutton, umbutho wezopolitiko weDemokhrasi kunye nowayesakuba ngumqeqeshi we-Obama-Era New Organising Institute, ichazwe indlela oko kuzixhalabisa ngayo: โUkufikelela sisibetho,โ wabhala watsho. โEbudeni bolawulo luka-Obama, ngamanye amaxesha ndandisiya kwiintlanganiso ezaziququzelelwa yi-White House Office of Public Engagement. Amaqela amenyiweyo akanakuze athi boo, kuba eD.C. eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukumenywa kwiintlanganiso nakwitheko leKrismesi.โ
Izinto ezincinci eziza xa usopolitiki oqale ngokungavumi ukuhlehla zinokubeka iindleko ezinkulu. Amaqela aqhuba iikomiti zemali enkulu ukujonga iinzame zokuphumelela izihlalo zombini kwiNdlu kunye neSenate - imibutho efana neDemocratic Congressional Campaign Committee, okanye i-DCCC. La maziko anefuthe ekumiseleni ukuba ngabaphi abagqatswa abaza kugaywa baze baxhaswe kwizithili ngezithili, kwanokuba baya kuthathwa bakufanele na ukufumana izigidi zeerandi zenkxaso kumaphulo abo.
Ngaphandle kokumisela iintlanga eziphambili kunye nokunika intsikelelo yabo kubaviwa abakhethiweyo, iikomiti zephulo zemibutho zinceda ekuboneni ukuba ngubani onokufumana imisebenzi esebenza kwezopolitiko - kwinqanaba labaphathi bephulo, abacwangcisi kunye nabacebisi beendaba. Ngo-2018, kamsinya nje emva kokuba igqala leDemocratic Rep. uJoe Crowley woyiswa liphulo lobuvukeli lase-Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez eNew York, kwaye emva kokuba owayebambele uMike Capuano ngokufanayo waphulukana no-Ayanna Pressley eMassachusetts, i-DCCC yaphumeza umgaqo omtsha owenzelwe ukuthumela izinto ezinjalo. imingeni engundoqo. Ngokukodwa, yona umemezele ukuvalwa kokwenza ushishino ngemisebenzi yokubonisana nezopolitiko ethathe abo babambeleyo - ngokufanelekileyo ukukhenkceza awona mandla adityanisiweyo kwisiseko sombutho.
U-Ocasio-Cortez wayeya kuthi kamva athethe ngokuchasene nengqiqo yesigqibo: "Ukuba uyi-DCCC, kwaye woyisa abaviwa abakhoyo kubavukeli abaqhubekayo, unokucinga ukuba unokufuna ukusebenzisa ezinye zeefemu," watsho. Kodwa endaweni yoko, sabavala. Ke i-DCCC iye yavala yonke inkampani eyeyona ilungileyo elizweni kulungiselelo lwedijithali. โ
2. Imali yephulo
Isihluzo sesibini esinemibala yenkcubeko yaseWashington yimali, ngokukodwa izixa ezikhulu eziphembelela amaphulo ase-US kwaye ziphele zosulela inkqubo yezopolitiko iyonke. Amagosa kuwo omabini amaqela amakhulu baye ichazwe ulwakhiwo lwangoku lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika โnjengenkqubo yokunyoba ngokusemthethweni nokuphanga ngokusemthethweni.โ Iindleko zokukhuphisana kwizikhundla ezinyuliweyo eUnited States zinkulu ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngokutsho kweZiko lezoPolitiko eziphendulayo, yonke inkcitho edityanisiweyo kwiNdlu kunye neSenethi yephulo yafika ngaphezu kwe-4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-2016 - iphantse kabini i-inflation-adjusted total ukusuka kwi-2000. Umsebenzi wokunyusa amawaka ngosuku lonke ubude bemiqathango yabo. , abameli abahleliyo bachitha iiseshoni ezinde "becofa iidola" ezivela kubaxhasi abazizityebi kumaziko efowuni axhaswa ngumbutho kwiibhloko zeCongress.
Kwi 2016 udliwanondlebe kunye 60 Imizuzu, ngoko-Rep. USteve uSirayeli wachaza ukuba ezi mfuno zanda ngokukhawuleza emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo Abemi baManyeneyo Isigqibo savula i-floodgates yokuchitha kunyulo: Ekuqaleni kwe-2000s, "Ndiza kufuneka ndibeke malunga neyure, mhlawumbi iyure enesiqingatha, ubukhulu becala, iiyure ezimbini ngosuku ekuqokeleleni imali," watsho. โKwaye kwahamba ke kwade kwangonyaka ka-2010, xa kwamiselwa iCitizens United. Ngelo xesha, yonke into yatshintsha. Kwaye kwafuneka ndongeze loo nto ukuya kwisibini, ezintathu, ngamanye amaxesha iiyure ezine ngosuku[.]โ
Amagosa anyuliweyo ngokwawo akawuthandi kakhulu umthwalo onjalo wokunyusa ingxowa-mali, kwaye abasebenzi abacinezelekileyo badla ngokunyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba babambelele โkwixesha lokufowunaโ elicwangcisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba abezopolitiko banqwenela ukunyuka kuluhlu lombutho wabo, kufuneka bagqwese emsebenzini. Ukongeza ekuqokeleleni imali yamaphulo abo, amagosa anyuliweyo alindeleke ukuba afake isandla kumalungu afana ne-DCCC okanye iRiphabhlikhi elingana nayo - iintlawulo ezaziwa ngokuba "ziintlawulo zeqela."
Ingxelo ye-2017 yeqela lohlengahlengiso Umba wokuQala wachaza, "nangona bengasoloko beyivuma esidlangalaleni, iinkokeli zeqela, ngasese, zinxibelelanisa ngokucacileyo izabelo zekomiti yengqungquthela kwimirhumo yamalungu." Le ngxelo yacaphula uMlawuli uThomas Massie, waseRiphabhlikhi yaseKentucky, owathi: โBasixelela kwangoko nje ukuba sifike nje apha, โEzi komiti zonke zinamaxabiso yaye azikhethi elibiza kakhulu ukuba awukwazi. zihlawule.'โ
UTrey Radel, owayesakuba ngummeli weRiphabhlikhi yaseFlorida, wachaza iindlela ezingeyontsonkothe โโkakhulu ekudluliswa kolindelo esithi: โSihlandlo ngasinye usiya kwintlanganiso [yeNational Republican Congress Committee], kuboniswa uluhlu olubalaseleyo lobalo. igama lakho kunye nokuba unikele kangakanani - okanye awunikelanga," ubhala. โLudonga olukhulu lwehlazo. Abadlali abakhulu, abantu abakwizikhundla zobunkokeli kunye noosihlalo beekomiti ezinamandla, bahlala besongamela ibhodi, benyusa izigidi[.]โ
Ukuze bafumane ezi mali, abaqulunqi bomthetho bathembela kungekuphela nje kubantu abazizityebi kodwa nakumashishini. Njengoko ingxelo ethi INkupho Yokuqala yahlabela mgama ihlabela mgama, โizitulo zidla ngokuthembela kwimali evela kubaququzeleli bamaphulo nakwizinto ezikhethekileyo, ngokufuthi zicinezela yaye zikhuthaza abo basebenza kwimizi-mveliso eziyilawulayo ukuba banikele ngesisa kumaphulo abo.โ Impembelelo, njengoko owayesakuba ngummeli weDemokhrasi uJim Jones wase-Oklahoma wachaza, kukuba "Imali enkulu ayifuni ngokungaqhelekanga. Ifuna ukuba umbono wayo uphumelele, nokuba kukuthintela umthetho okanye ukukhuthaza umthetho. โ
Ngokwesiseko, abezopolitiko abatyetyiswanga buqu ngamagalelo ephulo: imali iya kuxhasa amaphulo abo, kwaye ayikokunyoba ngengqiqo yokuba imali ifakwa epokothweni ligosa elirhwaphilize kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo ubukhulu bezemali bobabini bongeza ukhuseleko lomsebenzi wabo ngokubavumela ukuba bonyulwe kwakhona, kwaye konyusa amandla abo kunye nokuma phakathi koontanga babo. Ngapha koko, ukuba banokuthi bathathe isigqibo โsokurhoxaโ kwinkonzo yoluntu, ubudlelwane obupholileyo kunye nabaxhasi be-lobbyist kuthetha ukuba ukuqeshwa kwebhodi edibeneyo kunye neekhontrakthi ezintle zokubonisana zibalindile โngomnyango ojikelezayoโ waseWashington.
Ekugqibeleni, imali ingena phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkcubeko yaseBeltway kwaye ibumba ngokunzulu umbono wesicwangciso samaqela amakhulu, kuquka nendlela anxulumana ngayo neziseko zawo zenkxaso. "Ndiya kwiicaucus zeDemokhrasi rhoqo ngeveki," uSen. Bernie Sanders wachaza kudliwano-ndlebe luka-2013, โkwaye veki nganye kukho ingxelo malunga nokunyuswa kwengxowa-mali ... Kwiminyaka emithandathu ndisiya kwezo ntlanganiso, andizange ndive imizuzu emihlanu yengxoxo malunga nolungiselelo.โ
3. Iingcali, abacebisi kunye nabasebenzi
Inkcubeko yezopolitiko engundoqo ithatha iingcebiso kuthungelwano oluncinci lweetanki zokucinga, abacebisi bomthetho kunye neetekhnoloji. Olu didi lweengcali zomgaqo-nkqubo, abasebenzi kunye nabacebisi bezopolitiko benza isihluzo sesithathu esinyanzelisa ezopolitiko njengesiqhelo kwaye sijonga iimbono ezigwenxa. Benza "abantu abadala egumbini" abaneemvakalelo ezinceda ukuseta "Ifestile yeOverton,โ okanye uluhlu lwezikhundla zomgaqo-nkqubo ezigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo kumagosa anyuliweyo ukuba azilandele.
Akumangalisi ukuba, phakathi kwezi nqanaba, abameli babantu abahluphekayo kunye nabasebenzi bathanda ukuba mbalwa kwaye baphakathi, njengabagxeki bezakhiwo zomkhosi-zemizi-mveliso. Ngeli xesha, iinkokeli zoshishino kunye neengcali zezoqoqosho ezixhaswa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngamaqumrhu zithathwa njengamazwi athembekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwemicimbi yoluntu, kwaye ukukhethwa kwamagqala eWall Street kwizikhundla zikarhulumente ezinxulumene noqoqosho kuthathwa njengokuqinisekisa kwiimarike. Izikhundla zomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle zigqithiswa phakathi kwee-neocons kunye neecentrists ezithembekileyo ezinokuthi zithembeke ekuxhaseni i-American ekhethekileyo kunye nokuxhasa ukusasazeka "kwentengiso yasimahla."
NgoDisemba ka-2018, amalungu asandulโ ukunyulwa eNkongolo amenywa kuqeqesho oluthatha iveki yonke kwiZiko lezoPolitiko laseHarvard elinenjongo yokuphucula inguqu yabo kubomi baseWashington. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez tweeted kweso siganeko: "Iiphaneli ezimenyiweyo zinika ulwazi ukwazisa iCongressmembers entsha'imibono njengoko belungiselela ukwenza umthetho: # yee-CEO zeCorporate esiziphulaphule apha: 4. # yeenkokheli zaBasebenzi: 0"
Kwinqaku le-2018 kwi Wesizwe, umcholacholi weendaba uJoseph Hogan wacaphula owayesakuba ngummeli waseUnited States nokwangoku njengommeli-jikelele waseMinnesota uKeith Ellison, owalumkisa ngelithi ukusoloko ukuxhathisa uluvo lwemvisiswano kunokuba lithemba elidinisayo: โUngqongwe ngama-24-7 ngoogxa bakho nabaphembeleli abasoloko bekuxelela indlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo. . Uyazi ukuba abalunganga kodwa emva kwexesha ukholelwa kwi-BS yabo. "
Inkokeli eququzela uluntu uGeorge Goehl uvakalise uluvo: โ[P]abagqagqani abonyulwayo baze bangene kwiiholo zamagunya bakhawuleza baqonde ukuba iniyoliberalism yeyona nto isisiseko, eyona politiki ibalaseleyo. Ngokukhawuleza, intelekelelo yabo egqibeleleyo iqala ukuphelelwa,โ utshilo. Amagosa onyuliweyo "kufuneka afunde ukukwazi ukubona indlela iingcamango ze-neoliberal kunye nokulalanisa kunokungena," watsho. Ngaphandle koko, sinyula abantu abaneenjongo ezintle, ipolitiki elungileyo, abasatshayelwa ngumatshini.
Nokuba iidemokhrasi zisemandleni, i-neoliberal economicgroupthink iye yaphumelela ngamaxesha anzima. Ngo-2014 wakhe inkumbulo, "Ithuba lokulwa," uSen. Elizabeth Warren wabhala ngokusilela kolawulo luka-Obama ukwenza naluphi na uxanduva lokuphendula kwicandelo lezemali emva kwentlekele yezoqoqosho ka-2008: โUmongameli ukhethe iqela lakhe,โ waxoxa watsho, โkwaye kwabakho ixesha elininzi kunye nemali eninzi yokujikeleza. , iqela likamongameli lakhetha iWall Street.โ
Xa sijonga umva, u-Obama ngokwakhe uye wavuma ukuvuma ukuba ukuthambekela kobulumko obukhoyo eWashington kuthintele ukhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo olwaluzimisele ukuqwalaselwa. "Ndicinga ukuba bekukho ukuvuma okushiyekileyo ukwamkela imiqobo yezopolitiko esiyifumene kwixesha lasemva kweReagan - kufuneka ulumkele ukuba nesibindi kakhulu kweminye yale miba," utshilo ngo-2020. udliwanondlebe kunye Inew york iphephancwadi. "Kwaye mhlawumbi bekukho ulwamkelo lwezisombululo zentengiso kwiingxaki ezininzi ebezingathetheleleki ngokupheleleyo."
Ewe, amaqela amaninzi anenkqubela-phambili - kubandakanywa nalawo aye anegalelo kwisiseko esingaqhelekanga sokuqhuba u-Obama e-ofisini - babexelela abalawuli ngelo xesha ukuba iWall Street yokungakhathali ekudaleni umonakalo wezezimali kufuneka ibe sisihlandlo sekhefu elikhulu kuqoqosho oludlulileyo. yamandulo. Kodwa aba bantu bebengajongwanga njengamazwi โanzimaโ ekufuneka umongameli awathobele.
U-Elizabeth Warren ubalisa ukuba wayecacile walumkisa nxamnye ukunyelisa abo basemagunyeni ekufikeni kwabo eWashington. Ngo-Epreli 2009, xa wayesebenza kwiphaneli yokongamela ye-congressional ebeka esweni isicwangciso sokuhlangula uqoqosho seSebe likaNondyebo, uWarren wasiwa kwisidlo sangokuhlwa ngumcebisi oyintloko wezoqoqosho kaMongameli Obama, uLarry Summers. โULarry wangqiyama esitulweni sakhe wandinika iingcebisoโฆโ uyabhala. โNdandinokukhetha. Ndingaba ngumntu wangaphakathi okanye ndibe ngumntu wangaphandle. Abantu bangaphandle banokuthetha nantoni na abayifunayo. Kodwa abantu abangaphakathi ababaphulaphuli. Abangaphakathi, nangona kunjalo, bafumana ukufikelela okuninzi kunye nethuba lokutyhala izimvo zabo. Abantuโabantu abanamandlaโbaphulaphule oko bakuthethayo. Kodwa abangaphakathi nabo bayawuqonda umthetho omnye ongenakwaphulwa: Abagxeki abanye abangaphakathi. "
4. I-Flak
Isihlungi sesine kwimodeli kaChomsky kunye noHerman, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "flak," iqulethe iimpendulo ezingalunganga ukuba intatheli okanye umbutho weendaba uza kuzifumana xa ziphuma ngaphandle komgca. Abakhangisi banokutsala inkxaso yabo. Ufikelelo lunokurhoxiswa. Kwaye amagosa olawulo olunomsindo angakhalaza kubahleli beentatheli. Konke oku kwasebenza ukubonisa ukuba kwakungebuhlungu kangako ukulandela indlela yokuxhathisa okuncinci.
Uhlobo olufanayo lwe-flak lunokujoliswa kumagosa azibeka ngokuchasene nemimiselo yenkcubeko yezopolitiko eziqhelekileyo. Ngelixa izihluzi ezithathu zokuqala zinobuqili kwaye zinobulumko, ukuseta imida ukuze kuthintelwe isenzo esitenxileyo ekubeni singaze senzeke, i-flak iza emva kwexesha kwaye ayinabuqhophololo. Yimpindezelo efunyanwa ngabo bazingisayo phezu kwazo nje izilumkiso ezingacacanga. Kukulahlekelwa sisabelo sekomiti, ukwalelwa inkxaso-mali yephulo evela kwi-DCCC, okanye, ngokutsho kukaLarry Summers, ukugxothwa kwizangqa โzangaphakathiโ ezinikwe impembelelo kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo.
Evan Sutton amanqaku ukuba "i-Biden White House ayenzanga mathambo malunga nokuvuma kwayo ukunqumla abantu" kunye nokuba "noloyiko lokucela umngeni esidlangalaleni kumongameli kukubeka kuluhlu olusisigxina." Wongeza, โI-Hill ayikho ngcono. Iofisi kaPelosi kunye nabanye abaninzi baya kutshisa inombolo yakho ngokuphuma emgceni. Abaxhasi ngezimali bayakunqumla ukuba uthathwa njengowela umongameli okanye isithethi. " Ngenxa yoko, uSutton wacacisa, โbambalwa kakhulu abakulungeleyo ukubeka esichengeni.โ
Ishishini livelisa intlaninge yalo. Xa echaza le nkqubo โnjengokunyoba okusemthethweni kunye nokuphanga okusemthethweni,โ USen. Russ Feingold gxi niniswa ukuba inxalenye yesibini yayifanelekile njengeyokuqala: abo bangafuniyo ukudlala nabo bajamelana nesongelo sento embi eyenzekayo. Rhoqo, oku kuthatha uhlobo lwamaqela aphikisayo axhasa ngezimali imingeni ephambili ngabakhuphisana nabo, okanye aqhuba anezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo uyakhumbula or Sompempe amaphulo aqhwalelisa iinzame zokulandela umgaqo-nkqubo onenkqubela phambili.
Kudliwano-ndlebe luka-2013, uBernie Sanders uchaze iimeko apho abanye abenzi bomthetho babeya kuvakalisa uvelwano ngomthetho awucetywayo, kodwa boyisiwe sisithembiso. "Ukuba kukho ivoti enzima kwiNdlu okanye kwi-Senate - umzekelo, umthetho wokuqhawula iibhanki ezinkulu - abantu banokuza bathi, 'uBernie, ngumbono omhle kakhulu, kodwa andinakuvotela loo nto,' โ wacacisa. "Ngoba kutheni? Kaloku xa ugoduka ucinga kuzokwenzeka ntoni? IWall Street ilahla izigidi ezimbalwa zeedola kwiphulo lomchasi wakho. "
Nabo bacelwa umngeni abanakuthembela kwinkxaso yombutho wabo. Kubekho zininzi ziganeko apho amalungu eDemokhrasi akhethe ukungabaxhasi abo bakwizikhundla zabo ababonwa njengabanenkqubela kakhulu. Kwaye nangona i-flak ayisoloko ithatha isigqibo, imfuno eqhubekayo yokulwa nayo ingaba yimpompo enzima ngexesha kunye namandla - kunye nokuthintela abanye abangazimiselanga ukukhalipha unyango olufanayo.
5. Imida ebekwe ngokwembono yengxoxo
Isihluzi sokugqibela esichongiweyo nguChomsky kunye noHerman sibhekiselele kwindlela yokuleyibhile kunye nokoyikisa okunokuthi kusetyenziswe ukumisela imida kwingxoxo yoluntu kunye nokuphawula izikhundla ezithile njengezingavumelekanga. Ngokukodwa, ukubhala ngeminyaka yoo-1980, baqaqambisa indlela ingcamango yokuchasana nobukomanisi yasetyenziswa ngayo. Inyani yokuba umgaqo-nkqubo ojonge ngasekhohlo ujolise - nokuba wangaphandle okanye wasekhaya - unokugxekwa njengemiqondiso ye-socialism erhubuluzayo "inceda ukuqhekeza intshukumo yasekhohlo kunye nabasebenzi kwaye isebenza njengendlela yolawulo lwezopolitiko," baxoxa.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kopapasho lokuqala lwe "Manufacturing Consent," uChomsky noHerman bahlaziya isakhelo sabo kancinci ukuba Phawula indlela ezinye izityholo ezinobugocigoci - ngakumbi ezo ezinxulumene "nokuchasana nobunqolobi" kunye "nemfazwe yobugrogrisi" - ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukutyhala izimvo eziphikisanayo ngaphandle kwemida yengxoxo eyamkelekileyo.
Kwimeko yanamhlanje, isihluzo seengcamango sinokusetyenziswa kwimiba eyahluka-hlukeneyo - ukukhawulela oko kwamkelekileyo kwiingxoxo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ezobupolisa kunye neentolongo, okanye uluhlu lwezinye izihloko. Imizekelo ingabandakanya iindlela ezazisetyenziswa ngayo izityholo zeradicalism amandla ukurhoxa kuka "Green Jobs Czar" uVan Jones kulawulo luka-Obama. Okanye umntu unokwalatha kuhlaselo olubambeneyo lwe-Rep. Ilhan Omar, obefuna ukubonisa ukugxeka kwakhe umgaqo-nkqubo we-Israel kunye nenkcaso kwi-AIPAC njenge-antisemitic nangaphaya koluthuthu.
Ngelixa esi sihluzo sinokutolikwa ngendlela ebanzi ngakumbi, ubungakanani bemfundiso echasene nobukomanisi kunye namaqhinga okusebenzisa i-red-baiting ixesha elide emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo iphawuleka. Phakathi kwamaRiphabhlikhi, umgca wohlaselo uhlala ufanelekile. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo iNkokeli enkulu yeSenethi yeRiphabhlikhi uMitch McConnell uye wasebenzisa ulwimi olubomvu ukugxeka yonke into evela kwiDili eNtsha yeGreen (a "radical, socialistโ umgaqo-nkqubo) kuxolelo lwamatyala omfundi (โiSocialism mboleko yabafundiโ) ukuya kwisithili saseColumbia (โUbusoshiyali obugcweleyo") ukutshabalalisa inkcitho yentlalontle ("iHashe leTrojan kwi-socialism esisigxinaโ). Ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 2023, iNdlu yaseRiphabhlikhi yenza inqaku lokupasa isigqibo echaza ukuba โiNkongolo igxeka usoshiyali ngazo zonke iindlela, kwaye iyakuchasa ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yobusoshiyali eUnited States of America.โ
Mhlawumbi okukhathazayo ngakumbi linani leeDemokhrasi ezidlala kuhlaselo-okanye ziphosakele xa zisabela kuyo. Ngelixa impumelelo kaBernie Sanders kunye neQela kwiminyaka yakutshanje iye yatshintsha imeko yezopolitiko, iinkokeli zeqela zihlala zikhusela kwaye zoyika. Ngo-2017, uSomlomo weNdlu uNancy Pelosi wenza inqaku echaza, "Singongxowankulu, kwaye injalo kanye." Kwaye, ngenxa yabo, amalungu angama-109 eDemocratic Congress bavotelwe kunye namaRiphabhlikhi esixhasa isigqibo sabo sangoFebruwari.
Iintshukumo ziqhekeza njani izihluzi
UChomsky noHerman baxoxa ukuba izihluzi kumajelo osasazo kunqabile ukuba zinyanzeliswe ngendlela ecacileyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ucalucalulo abalwenzileyo luye lwamiliselwa kwinkcubeko yobuchwephesha kangangokuba iingcali zazifaka ngaphakathi kubo. โUlawulo oluphezulu lwamajelo eendaba nokujongelwa phantsi kwabo baphikisayo okubangelwa kukusebenza kwezi zihluziyo kwenzeka ngokwemvelo kangangokuba abantu beendaba, abasoloko besebenza ngentembeko epheleleyo nangobubele, bakwazi ukuziqinisekisa ukuba bakhetha yaye batolika iindaba โngenjongoโ. nangokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yeendaba ezichubekileyo,โ babhala njalo.
Ngokunjalo, ngaphakathi kwezopolitiko zaseWashington, izithethe zenkcubeko zixhaphake ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba abo bafuna ukuphumelela ngabo bazihlalele kwangaphambili. Baye bayamkela indlela odlalwa ngayo umdlalo, kwaye bakhululekile ukuqalisa iphulo lokufumana amandla ngaphakathi kwemida yenkqubo ekhoyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, abo bazama ukugcina ingqibelelo yabo ngokugxeka le nkqubo bazifumanisa behlala becekiswa. NgoNovemba ka-2020, xa wayefikelela esiphelweni sekota yakhe yokuqala, u-Ocasio-Cortez wayephumelele ngokumangalisayo ngemigangatho eqhelekileyo, eqinisa inkxaso yakhe kwisithili sakhe, efumana udumo olubanzi, kwaye efumana iqonga elikhulu lokuqhubela phambili iimbono zakhe. Kodwa wothuka a ENew York Times udliwano ndlebe ngu ingxelo wayehlala ecinga ngokuphuma, esithi โAndazi nokuba ndiyafuna na ukuba kwezopolitiko.
"Ngaphandle, bekukho itoni yenkxaso," ucacisile, "kodwa ngaphakathi, ibichasa kakhulu kuyo nantoni na enuka inkqubela phambili." Uye wacacisa ukuba ibingezozoyikiso zobundlobongela kunye needemon ezisuka ekunene eziphazamisayo, kodwa nokuziphatha kwamanye amaDemokhrasi: โKukungabikho kwenkxaso kwiqela lakho,โ utshilo. "Litheko lakho elicinga ukuba ulutshaba."
Xa sizibuza ukuba kutheni iintshatsheli zezopolitiko ezinethemba lokuqubuda, okanye kutheni abezopolitiko banyulwe ukuba bathathe inkqubo baziqhelanise nayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, amandla adityanisiweyo ezihluzo ezihlanu anika inkcazo enyanzelisayo. Beshiywe bebodwa, amagosa anyuliweyo anethemba elincinane lokuma ukumelana nemikhosi yeziko ejongene nawo. Nangona abanye abantu abakhethekileyo benokukwazi ukuzixhasa, abaninzi bafuna uncedo olubalulekileyo ukuze baphile.
Kulapho imibutho ingena khona. Ukuba nesiseko samaziko asezantsi ukuxhasa abagqatswa bemibutho kubanika isiseko abanokuthi basebenzise ukutyeshela izithethe zaseWashington, ukurhola amaphulo ovukelo kunye nokulawula ngendlela ebonisa uxanduva lokuphendula kwiindawo zabo zovoto ezingundoqo kunokuba abantu abazizityebi. Endaweni yokuthembela kuphela kwimilinganiselo yobuqu ukuze bahlale benemigaqo, benza lo mngeni ube ngumsebenzi odibeneyo. Ngokubhekiselele kwizihluzi ezintlanu, iintshukumo zibonelela ngezixhobo zokuxhathisa, ukubonelela ngeziseko zophuhliso, izixhobo kunye nesicwangciso esiliqili sokuchasa nganye kuzo ngokulandelelana.
Ngokumalunga nemibutho yemibutho, imibutho inceda abezopolitiko ukuba benze izinto ezisebenzayo amaqela kwaye ubavumele ukuba bajoyine iinzame ezicwangcisiweyo zokudala uhlengahlengiso ekuqulunqweni kweqela kunye neengcamango. Ngelixa amaqela aquka iJustice Democrats esebenza kwimisebenzi enjalo eWashington, D.C., amaziko aphuhliswe ngakumbi akhona kumanqanaba karhulumente nasekhaya. Kwezinye izixeko, amabhunga emisebenzi asembindini anempembelelo ebonakalayo ekutyumbeni okanye ekwamkeleni abagqatswa bobunkokeli beqela. Kwezinye iimeko, iicaucuses ezinenkqubela baye badala umanyano kwaye bavumela inkxaso efanayo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo anokuba ngasekhohlo kubunkokeli basekuhlaleni bombutho wabo. Kwamanye, amaqumrhu afana neQela leNtsapho eziSebenzayo okanye iiDSA zaseNew York IiSocialists kwiOfisi Ikomiti ibonelele ngolunye ulwakhiwo lweqela elilinganayo elinokuthi libonelele ngekhaya abaqulunqi bomthetho abanokuthi bajongelwe phantsi.
Xa kuziwa kwiphulo lezemali, itekhnoloji ye imali encinci yabaxhasi baye banika amaphulo asezantsi amandla okukhuphisana nabagqatswa abafumana inkxaso-mali ngokwesiqhelo. (UBernie Sanders, enye, ukhulise ngaphezu kwe-231 yezigidi zeedola ukusuka kwi-2.8 yezigidi zabaxhasi kwi-2016.) Ngaphezu koko, umdlalo ophantsi kunye nemisipha yokuzithandela yemisebenzi yentsimi yentshukumo - iidrives ezinkqonkqoza amawaka eminyango ukufikelela kubavoti basekhaya - ngamanye amaxesha baye banikezela abaviwa abaqhubela phambili. ngaphaya kwabachasi abonwabileyo abaxhomekeke โkwimfazwe yomoyaโ yeentengiso zohlaselo lwezopolitiko. Ngelixa kungekho sisombululo sigqibeleleyo, iintshukumo zinika abagqatswa ukhetho lokuzama ukuphumelela ngokunika amandla isiseko, kunokuba bajonge kumbindi.
Ukuphazamisa inkcubeko yobuchwephesha bangaphakathi, iintshukumo zinokufaka zombini amagosa angenayo kwaye ziphakamise enye imithombo yolwazi lomgaqo-nkqubo. Networks ezifana Intshukumo yaBantu batyale imali kuqeqesho lwemfundo yezopolitiko ukulungiselela amalungu enqanaba kunye nefayile kunye nabo balindeleke ukuba bagqatswe ngokufanayo. Abanye, njengaye Isikolo seNtshukumo kwaye re: amandla (eyayisakuba yi-Wellstone Action), batyale imali ekudaleni imibhobho elungiselelwe abaphathi bephulo kunye nabasebenzi bowiso-mthetho abasekelwe kwiindlela zokuziphatha. Okokugqibela, amaqela asekwe kuluntu angaququzelela izifundiswa eziqhubela phambili ukwenza ezinye izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu.
Xa i-flak ingena, ukuba nentshukumo ngasemva kwakho kungenza umahluko phakathi kokuqina khuselo kwaye ukulahlwa ngetheko lakho. Kwaye, ngokweengcamango, iintshukumo zenza ingqiqo entsha yento enokwenzeka. Basebenza ukuhambisa i-Overton Window kwaye bazise iingcamango ezinokuthi ekuqaleni zithathwe njenge-verboten kwingxoxo yoluntu eyamkelekileyo: Umtshato wesini esifanayo, iirhafu zezigidi, i-Green New Deal, umvuzo ophantsi we-$ 15, kunye nokucinywa kwetyala lomfundi ziingcamango nje ezimbalwa ezinjalo. .
Njengoko iimfuno ezibukhali zixhaphakile, iinzame zokukhuphela ngaphandle abameli babo njengoko abo bakhohlakeleyo bephulukana namandla abo - ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho nabapolitiki ababekade besoyika ukudityaniswa nesizathu banokuthi ngequbuliso "-velaโ ezingqondweni zabo, njengoko lenza igquba lamagosa karhulumente ngo-2013 emva kokutshata kwabantu besini esifanayo kwabonakala kungumcimbi ophumelelayo. Abezopolitiko beMovement ababelana ngeseti yeenkolelo ezihlangeneyo abanakufane bahlehle kwizikhundla ezimiselwe imigaqo, kuba banengqiqo ecacileyo yokuba ezi zimo zimiliselwe kwiindlela ezixabisekileyo zoluntu lwabo.
Umgaqo osisiseko wengqondo yentlalo kukuba ukuba umntu ujikelezwe ngabanye abamkela isethi efanayo yemimiselo kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha, loo mntu uya kukufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukuphepha ukuyifaka ngaphakathi kule seti yolawulo lwemilinganiselo. โNgokunyaniseka, yiyo is umboniso wekaka. Kuyothusa yonke imihla,โ utshilo u-Ocasio-Cortez umbiko ngamava akhe eWashington. โInto endothusayo yindlela engayeki ngayo ukuphoxa. Abanye abantu mhlawumbi bayayiqhela, okanye bangabi namvakalelo kwizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinokophuka,โ utshilo. Ukanti ubethelela imfuneko yokulumkela ubuthathaka obunjalo nokuchasa ukuyekelela kwabo bacingelwa ukuba โngabantu abakhulu abasegumbiniโ abaye baxolelana nale nkqubo. โNgamanye amaxesha ukuba segumbini elinabona bantu banamandla kweli lizwe kwaye ubone iindlela abathatha ngazo izigqibo-ngamanye amaxesha basengozini yokucinga ngokwamaqela, benokuzikhohlisa,โ utshilo.
Ukuba eli qela lokucinga liloyisa akuyongozi. Iyimveliso yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunye nempembelelo yenkcubeko, amandla enza izihlungi ezintlanu. Iintshukumo zibonelela ngolungelelwaniso lokuchasana okwenza ukuxhathisa kwenzeke. Inkxaso yamaziko kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni inika abezopolitiko bemibutho ithuba lokunqanda ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo. Kwaye kwabo banomdla kutshintsho lwentlalo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lelona thuba lilungileyo esinalo.
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