Ingxaki yezemali yangoku ibonelela ngethuba elifanelekileyo lokuphumeza uhlaziyo lwerhafu oluza kuxhasa ngemali uguqulo kwishishini elilungele indalo: i-Keynesianism yokusingqongileyo eya kukhupha ihlabathi kukonakala kwezoqoqosho kunye nesiphithiphithi sentlalo ngelixa ifumana inkqubo yezemali yehlabathi ebalekayo phantsi kolawulo, uxoxa uSusan. George.
Iintetho zikaSchumacher zibanjwa ngokwesiko
Nceda ndivumele kuqala ndivuyisane nabaququzeleli beSchumacher North ngenyathelo labo lokuzisa olu ngcelele lweentetho kunye neminye imisebenzi yeSchumacher Society.
Kodwa ndizimisele ukuzama. Intetho yam namhlanje iya kuchaphazela inqanaba endifike kulo kuhlobo lokuziphendulela okuqhubekayo-andithethi incwadi, nangona inokuba njalo-kodwa umzamo wokuqonda iziganeko ezihamba ngokukhawuleza ebomini bethu. ihlabathi elibethiweyo kunye nokuzama ukucinga ngabo ngendlela emanyeneyo.
Ukuthetha ngefilosofi, into-ngokwayo, into eyedwa, nokuba i-electron, iseli yomntu, into ephilayo, igama elinye-nokuba ngumntu-inengqondo kuphela kumxholo wobudlelwane bayo, indawo yayo emzimbeni wayo, imeko-bume yolwimi okanye yentlalo . UMargaret Thatcher wakha wathi, "Ayikho into efana noluntu". Ngoko ke uqulathe ngokugqibeleleyo iziseko zenkqubo yeniyo-liberal enokuthi, ngokufanelekileyo, isithintele ekubeni sicinge ngeziqu zethu kunye nabanye ngokwemeko yethu yendalo nentlalo. Kufuneka sifundiswe ukuba sikholwe ukuba asikho abemi okanye amalungu ombutho wentlalontle kodwa abathengi abahlukeneyo. Sinoxanduva ngokupheleleyo ngokwethu ikamva kwaye ukuba siwela endleleni ngaso nasiphi na isizathu-ukugula, ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, ingozi, ukusilela, nantoni na-lityala lethu. Bekufanele ukuba silibonile kwangaphambili ityala kwaye silicwangcisele. Nathi asinaluxanduva nangabanye abantu. Umanyano ligama eligxothiweyo. Yaye asinakuphendula ngemeko yesi sijikelezi-langaโi<em>homo sapiens kuphela kwezilwanyana ezibalulekileyo yaye abantu babekwe bodwa ukuba abakhuselekanga kwimithetho yendalo. Lo ngundoqo womoya we-neo-liberal: โUwedwaโ njengoko uBarack Obama ebesitsho kubantu baseMelika ukuba bafake intanda-bulumko yabachasi bakhe.
Ukuba ufundiswe kakuhle kwi-neo-liberalism, awusoze ujoyine imibutho yentlalontle, ungaze ungene kumzabalazo ochasene nesenzo sikarhulumente esingekho sikweni, ungaze ube negalelo kumalinge okukhusela umhlaba wendalo kuba awuzukwenza isidenge kuphela. ngokwakho, umzamo wakho awuyi kusilela kuphela, kodwa nokuba uphumelele oko kuya kukhokelela ekugqibeleni kwingcinezelo, nkqu nobuzwilakhe, njengoko umcebisi ka Thatcher uNjingalwazi uFriedrich von Hayek waxoxayo. Yaye, njengoko wafundisayo, inkululeko yezoqoqosho yongamele kulo lonke uhlobo lwenkululeko, enoba yezobupolitika, yonqulo okanye yengqondo.
Ndiyakholelwa ngokuchaseneyo ukuba ithemba lethu ekuphela kwalo likukuqonda yonke into esijongene nayo namhlanje njengekhonkco kwikhonkco elihlala lixakeke ngakumbi, njengento ekhoyo kwinkqubo. Ingozi ngale ndlela ngokuqinisekileyo kukulahleka kunye nokukhungatheka kwi-syndrome ethi "Yonke into ixhunyiwe kuyo yonke into". Yinyani, yonke into iqhagamshelwe kuyo yonke into, kodwa sisenomsebenzi omkhulu ongaphambili wokuzama ukuchonga uqhagamshelo oluphambili, ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nento esinokuyenza ukuyitshintsha, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo bayayidinga ukutshintsha. Ndiza kuxoxa ukuba unxibelelwano lwangoku alusebenzi, luye lwaba gwenxa: lwenza inkqubo eyenza imeko yomntu ibe mandundu kwaye yonakalise ngokungenakuguqulwa iplanethi. Kodwa kukho ithemba, kuba oko kwakhiwe ngabantu nako kunokudilizwa ngabo.
Konke oku kunokuvakala kungacacanga ngoko ke makhe sijonge ngqo. Ukwenza izinto zibe khonkrithi ngakumbi, ndingathanda ukuthetha ngoku ngezona ngxaki zicacileyo esijongene nazo ngokudibeneyo namhlanje, kutheni zonke zinxulunyaniswa kwaye kutheni izisombululo kuzo kufuneka zidityaniswe nazo.
Eyokuqala kwezi ngxaki yimeko yezentlaloโintlekele yokuhlwempuzeka kwabantu abaninzi nokungalingani kumazwe ngamazwe naphakathi kwamazwe atyebileyo nahlwempuzekileyo. Okwesibini yingxaki yezemali ethe iWall Street, isiXeko kunye nabasemagunyeni bangavumi ukubona ukuba kuza kuba behlala kumhlaba wamaqamza. Yaqala nge-subprime affair kwi
Nganye yale ntlekele-ezentlalo, yezemali, yokusingqongileyo-idibaniswe kakubi nabanye, bayaqinisana ngeempendulo ezingalunganga; zikhokelela kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu. Makhe sithathe nje imizekelo embalwa yolu nxibelelwano lugqwethekileyo.
Ingxaki yentlupheko-yokungalingani yindawo efanelekileyo yokuqala. Le ngxaki ibhalwe kakuhle; akukho mntu uwakhanyelayo amanani. Kutshanje iBhanki yehlabathi iye yafumanisa ukuba iye yawajongela phantsi kakhuluโmalunga nama-400 ezigidiโamanani abo bahlwempuzeke gqitha, ibe kwanangoko amanani ayo ayeka ngonyaka wama-2005 yaye awaquki iziphithiphithi zakutshanje zeendleko zokutya namandla eziye zantinga. kwabangathathi ntweni. Noko ke, okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwimbali yoluntu, akukho singxengxezo sobuhlwempu nobuhlwempu. Ukuthathela ingqalelo oku kuqinisekisa sele kunceda ukusikhomba kwisisombululo.
Uninzi lwabaphengululi kunye namaziko ajongene nemiba enjalo agxininisa kwintlupheko nganye kodwa ndicinga ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kukhanyisela ukugxila kubutyebi. Kusenokungabonakali kuye wonke ubani ukuba eneneni ihlabathi lizele yimali. Uninzi lwalo luseMntla Melika kwaye
Bangaphi kuni ebesazi ukuba abantu abazizigidi ezilishumi, ngokutsho kweNgxelo yobutyebi behlabathi ye-Merrill-Lynch yamva nje, bebonke baqhayisa ngokutyalwa, iimali ezingamanzi ezingaphezulu kwe-40 yeetriliyoni zeedola? Ngama-40.000 eebhiliyoni okanye ama-40 alandelwa ngooziro abali-12. Obu butyebi bungaphezulu nangaphezulu kwexabiso lezindlu zabo, iimoto, iiyachts, iwayini okanye ingqokelela yobugcisa njalo njalo kwaye ilingana namaxesha amathathu eGDP nokuba
Kwakhona siyazi into eninzi malunga nokungalingani. I-UN World Institute for Development Economic Research, WIDER, iqikelela ukuba ii-asethi zekhaya zehlabathi zizonke malunga ne-125 yeetriliyoni zeerandi. Oku kuphindwe kathathu kwi-GDP yehlabathi kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iipesenti ezimbini eziphezulu zehlabathi zithatha ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sobutyebi. Ipesenti ze-10 eziphezulu, ezibandakanya abaninzi bethu apha, zibambe iipesenti ezingama-85, ngelixa isiqingatha esisezantsi soluntu sinyanzelekile ukuba sikhubeke kunye nepesenti enye. Ekuphela kwento oyifunayo ukuba ubekwe kwisiqingatha esiphezulu soluntu yi-1 yeedola ezizii-asethi zizonke-ezibandakanya indlu yakho, umhlaba wakho okanye izinto ezifana nemoto yakho okanye ifriji yakho-ayiyo mali incinci. Ukuba yonke impahla yekhaya ibinokwabiwa ngokulinganayoโkungenakwenzeka yaye mhlawumbi bekungenakunqweneleka ukufezekiswaโwonke umntu osemhlabeni ebenokuba nesabelo see-$2200. Ke kwakhona, imali enjalo ayiyongxaki.
Kuwo onke amazwe ahlala kuwo ama-90 ekhulwini abemi behlabathi, ukungalingani kuye kwanda ngokukodwa ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1980. Kweli nqanaba lempikiswano, i-neo-liberals idla ngokutsibela ukusikhumbuza ukuba amaza anyukayo aphakamisa zonke izikhephe. Bayavuma ukuba ukungalingani kukhulile, kodwa basaxoxa ukuba amahlwempu angcono kunokuba ayenjalo. Kubonakala kuphantse ukuba krwada ukubakhumbuza ukuba ukuwa kwamaza anesiphumo esichaseneyo, bagxobha kwaye baxinzelele kwezona zikhephe ziethe-ethe kwaye kulapho umsinga wobunzima bemali usibeka khona ngoku.
Noko ke, eyona ngongoma yokwenene ayilomanani apheleleyo kodwa sisibakala sokuba ukungalingani kwenza uqoqosho kwanemekobume yendalo ibe mandundu kuye wonke umntu, osisityebi okanye olihlwempu. Izifundiswa ezibini ezinamava, uTony Addison noGiovanni Andrea Cornia, bakubeka ngolu hlobo: โUkungalingani kunyukile kumazwe amaninzi kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo [kwaye] incinci inkqubela enokwenziwa ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu xa ukungalingani kuphezulu kwaye kunyukaโฆ.Ngokuchaseneyo nangaphambili. iithiyori zophuhliso, ukungalingani okuphezulu kuthande ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kwaye ke kuncitshiswe intlupheko ngokukhula.
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kunciphise intlupheko, ngakumbi kwi
Siye safunda kwakhona kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukutyhala amashumi ezigidi zabantu abahluphekayo ukusuka kwinqanaba apho babesandula ukufumana indawo kwaye bababuyisele kubunzulu bentlupheko. Izidubedube zokutya, uninzi lwazo ezidolophini, kumazwe angamashumi amathathu ubuncinci ziveze enye into eyoyikisayo: ingxaki yokutya kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukunqongophala kokutya kunye neendlala bezithande ukuba zezendawo, kodwa uluntu oluninzi luye lwamkele i-neo-liberal mantras yorhwebo kwaye baxhomekeke kwiimarike zehlabathi ukuze bafumane ukutya okusisiseko kwemihla ngemihla okuvakala ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngequbuliso.
Amaziko e-neo-liberal afana neBhanki yeHlabathi, i-WTO kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu ayaqhubeka ukwenza ngathi ukuncitshiswa kwentlupheko kuya kuba nesiphumo sokukhula okuthe kratya kunye norhwebo olongezelelekileyo. Bayasilela ukukhankanya ukuba ukukhula kunye norhwebo luya kuqinisa ingxaki yokusingqongileyo. Iingxaki zokutya kunye namandla zinamakhonkco aqinileyo kwintlekele yezemali, kuba ukuqikelelwa kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini. Ukutya kunye namandla zikwanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nengxaki yemozulu njengoko umntu ebona ngoko nangoko xa ecinga ngamafutha efosili agcwele ikharbhon okanye amafutha ezolimo athatha umhlaba omninzi kude nemveliso yokutya.
Ngeli xesha kwingxoxo, ngakumbi xa umntu ethetha nabantu abachaphazelekayo, ababandakanyekayo, abanesidima njengabo banokufunyanwa kwintetho kaSchumacher, umntu uya kuphakamisa imibuzo emibini efanelekileyo. Eyokuqala yile: โ Ngaba akukho ndawo apho abantu abanemali eninzi bathi โkwaneleโ baze baqalise ukwabelana nabanye?โ Abanye bayayenzaโuBill Gates noWarren Buffet basoloko beyimizekelo. Kodwa njengeklasi, ndiyaxolisa ukuthi impendulo nguhayi. Siyazi kakhulu malunga nemigca yentlupheko kodwa akukho nto ebizwa ngokuba ngumgca wobutyebi kwaye igama elithi " ngokwaneleyo" aliyonxalenye yesigama solu didi. Akufunekanga undikholelwe. Mamela ingcali eyathi, โYonke into yethu kwaye akukho nto yabanye abantu ibonakala kuyo yonke iminyaka yehlabathi ibingumgaqo ombi weenkosi zoluntu.โ Lowo yayingengoKarl Marx kodwa uAdam Smith, kwingxelo yakhe yamandulo yowe-1776 engobukapitali, ethi, Ubutyebi Bezizwe. Kuncinci okutshintshileyo ukusukela ngoko.
Umbuzo wesibini uthi โKodwa kutheni le nto amaziko eniyo-liberal, anjengeBhanki yehlabathi, i-International Monetary Fund, iWorld Trade Organisation, iEuropean Commission kunye
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ziye zavelisa kanye imiphumo ebezicetywe ukuba ziyivelise. Baye benza iqhezu elincinane kuluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe latyeba ngendlela engenakucingelwa, baye bagcina amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke kuwo exhomekeke kulwalamano olutsha, olungabonakaliyo lobukholoniyali kwaye baye benza oko kubizwa ngokuba kurhwebo olukhululekileyo, urhwebo lwabucala kunye nobungxowankulu obungenazithintelo njengomthetho kumazwe ngaphambili. wayefuna okuncinci okanye kwanto yakwenza nabo. Ngaphaya koko, baye bamisela imigaqo-nkqubo yabo ngoqhanqalazo oluncinane ngokwentelekiso ngenxa yokuba iingcamango zabo ziye zaveliswa ngobuchule, zapakishwa zaza zaziswa. Iingcamango zinokuba nempembelelo enamandla ngakumbi kunezibakala. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka silwe ngaphambili, ewe, kodwa kwakhona - ndiyakholelwa ngokuyintloko - silwe idabi lezimvo.
Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, intywenka yemali yabantu abazizityebi abasele benezinto eziphathekayo ezininzi abazifunayo okanye abazifunayo ngokuqhelekileyo inikelwa kutyalo-mali oluthelekelelwayo. Iimali zeHedge, umzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba zihleli malunga neetriliyoni ezintathu zeedola, nanamhlanje xa utyalo-mali oluninzi luye lwancibilika. Amaziko ezezimali aqhubekile nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ngakumbi kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Isakhiwo sonke senkuthazo yebhanki kunye neshishini lezemali iye yagqwetheka: amaziko amakhulu azi kakuhle ukuba "makhulu kakhulu ukuba angaphumeleli", ngenxa yoko ayazi ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba izenzo zabo ziyingozi kangakanani, ziya kukhutshwa luluntu. isipaji kwaye iye yacaca gca. Ngaphambili, abaphathi abaphezulu bathatha imali kwaye baqhube.
Phakathi konyaka wama-2000 nowama-2006, umlinganiselo wengeniso yonyaka yecandelo lezemali eGreat Britain wenze umlinganiselo wama-20 ekhulwiniโoko kukuthi, ingeniso ephindwe kabini okanye kathathu kunomlinganiselo wengeniso yamanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Iibhonasi ezinkulu, ngakumbi kwi
Ngoku ukuba i-bailouts iza ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhawuleza, sinomzekelo omnye wentlalontle yabantu abazizityebi, abaqhagamshelwe kakuhle kunye neWall Street, apho inzuzo ibanjwa ngabarhanelwa abaqhelekileyo kwaye ilahleko, ilahleko enkulu, ihlawuliswa. kubahlawuli berhafu. I
Njengoko i-sub-prime crisis iqhubekile ukubanda njengokuchitheka kwe-oyile kuqoqosho luphela, abaqiqi bezinto baye bakhangela ezinye iindawo ezinengeniso kwaye badala ingxaki yeqamza lamaxabiso okutya esizifumana sikuyo ngoku. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Abantu abangathathi ntweni, abalambileyo behlabathi, baxhakamfula nantoni na abanayo, bagawula imithi, babulale izilwanyana baze baxhaphaze ngokugqithโ emgceni umhlaba omncinane abanawo. Ubuhlwempu ziindaba ezimbi kwindalo. Kodwa bunjalo nobutyebi. Nangona bembalwa kakhulu kubo, izityebi zenza umonakalo omkhulu wokusingqongileyo kunye neenyawo zabo zedayinaso. Abantu abasebenzisa ingxabano yabemi ukuchaza iingxaki ezininzi kwaye ababona kulawulo lwabemi isisombululo baphosa inqaku elibalulekileyo-ayikho kakhulu inani labantu, nangona amanani abalulekile, njengobunzima babo.
Ngaphezu koko, njengoko siye sabona ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuphindaphindeka nokuvutha komsindo wezaqhwithi ezibangelwa kukufudumala kwehlabathi ziye zabetha amahlwempu kunye nemimandla ehlwempuzekileyo yehlabathi. I worse iseza. Asikaqalisi nokuqonda iingozi zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kubandakanywa inani elikhulu leembacu zokusingqongileyo eziza kuxinanisa iplanethi ngenxa yembalela, izikhukula kunye nokusilela kwezityalo. IPentagon sele isebenza ngendlela yokunqanda lo msinga ngokubala nangayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko imizamo yeembacu yokufikelela kumazwe alungileyo. Isicwangciso sikarhulumente sale nto iqikelelwa ngokugqibeleleyo silinganiselwe kuhlolo olwandisiweyo kunye neempendulo zokhuseleko, hayi iinzame zokwenza ukuba imfuduko ibe yimfuneko. Ukanti i-UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] ekusenokwenzeka ukuba lelona qumrhu lezenzululwazi lihlonitshwayo ehlabathini, sele lisilumkisile ukuba e-Afrika, izivuno zokulima okuxhaswe yimvula kusenokwenzeka ukuba zehliswe ngama-50 ekhulwini, iintlango ukuzuza umhlaba, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezilwanyana sele kufikelele kwimilinganiselo kangangokuba siphakathi kokutshabalala kwesithandathu kobume bomhlaba kwimbali yesijikelezi-langa yeminyaka eyibhiliyoni emine enesiqingatha. Ukuphela kwesihlanu kwakuye kwahlawula iidinosaur.
Ndingaqhubeka ndizoba unxulumano phakathi kwentlupheko, iintlekele zemali kunye nendalo kodwa ndiqinisekile ukuba awusafuni okunye. Umbuzo yinto esinokuyenza ngayo yonke le nto kwaye ngokuthi "thina", ndithetha abantu kuyo yonke indawo abaqondayo ukuba le ngxaki iphindwe kathathu iyinyani kwaye ingxamisekile.
Ukwazi ukuba ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ndiya kubakhubekisa abantu abaninzi apha, manditsho ngoko nangoko ukuba kukho iqhinga lokuphuma, isisombululo sokwenyani sikhona, kodwa ayisombono yam le nto kudala ikhuthazwa ziingcali zokusingqongileyo ezininzi ezineenjongo ezintle. Uxolo, kodwa ixesha lidlulile lokuxelela abantu ukuba batshintshe indlela yabo yokuziphatha kunye nezibane zabo; ukuba abantu abaneleyo benza oku, ngoko kunye "thina" sinokusindisa iplanethi. Uxolo, kodwa โthinaโ asikwazi. Ngokucacileyo andicebisi ukuba abantu mabangatshintshi indlela yabo yokuziphatha kunye nezibane zabo-kodwa nokuba ngaba bonke abantu
Sidinga izisombululo ezinkulu, izisombululo ezintsonkothileyo, zemizi-mveliso kunye nokubandakanyeka okukhulu koorhulumente ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngokwaneleyo ukuze sisindise ikamva lethu. Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka sibe nesibindi sokucela umngeni kungekuphela nje kwiinkokeli zethu zezopolitiko kodwa yonke inkqubo ye-neo-liberal, engalawulwayo, yabucala, yongxowankulu ekhoyo ukuze sixhokonxe kwaye sikhuthaze ukutsiba okuqikelelwayo ngokobungakanani nobunjani kwisikali sezenzo zokusingqongileyo. Ndicela ukutsho apha? Ngamanye amaxesha inkulu inokuba ntle kwaye ngoku lelinye laloo maxesha.
Kuba ndikholelwa ukuba izisombululo zomntu ngamnye kunye nezasekhaya ziyimfuneko kodwa kabuhlungu azanelanga ukujongana nobunzulu kunye nokungxamiseka kwengxaki yendalo, ndiza kusebenzisa lonke ixesha lam ukuxoxa ngeengxaki ezimbini zendlela yokujongana noorhulumente kunye nemveliso yenkampani yongxowankulu. kunye nenkqubo yezemali. Ingxaki endizamana nayo yile: Ngaba singakwazi ukusindisa iplanethi ngelixa ubungxowankulu bamazwe ngamazwe buhlala buyeyona nkqubo ilawulayo, ngokugxila kwinzuzo, ixabiso labanini-zabelo, ukuthatyathwa kwemithombo ye-predatory kunye nenkunzi yemali engenazithintelo ithatha izigqibo ezininzi nangakumbi? Ngaba singalihlangula ikhaya lethu lendalo xa sijongene neqela elinamandla elingayazi intsingiselo โyokwaneleyoโ kwaye lilaliswa kuhlobo lotshintsho olusisiseko olufunwa nguMyalelo oMtsha woQoqosho lweNdalo? Ngaba sinokuqhubela phambili xa oorhulumente ngokusisiseko besebenzela izilangazelelo zolo didi?
Ngeentsuku ezimbi ndiyaphendula Hayi: Asikwazi ukusindisa iplanethi. Akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela umva ingxaki yemozulu phantsi kongxowankulu. Kodwa leyo yimpendulo edimazayo kwaye ukuba yinyani, ithetha ukuba akukho themba. Akukho themba, kuba andiboni ukuba nabona bantu baqinisekileyo, uninzi lwabantu abazimiseleyo banokuthatha indawo yabo, kuncinci ukubhukuqa ubungxowankulu ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko lwenkqubo ngaphambi kokuba imozulu ebalekayo ibambe-ehlala ucinga ukuba ayikenzi njalo. . Okokuqala, akukho nto ingako abantu abaninzi abaqinisekileyo nabazimiseleyo abalungiselele ukwenza ngokuchasene nenkqubo yezoqoqosho elawulayo kwaye akukho nto ifana neyona nqanaba lincinci i-avant-garde revolutionary party enokubakhokela nokuba bebekhona. Akukho sicombululo esithatha indawo yongxowankulu. Ukuthathela ingqalelo irekhodi lembali kunye nendima yamaqela anjalo kunye nezisombululo ezinjalo, ndiyithatha le nto njengento entle ngokungathandabuzekiyo.
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Kodwa kukho eminye imiqobo kwinguquko yenguqu epheleleyo. Akukho mntu waziyo, ngokufuziselayo, ukuba ngubani na iTsar esiya kuthi siyibhukuqe namhlanje kwaye akukho mntu unofifi apho singayifumana khona iWinter Palace esiya kuthi sivuthulule kuyo. Siyazi i
Umbuzo esijongene nawo awukho kakhulu ukuba senze ntoni - ndicinga ukuba icacile kwaye ndiza kuyicacisa-kodwa ingaba siya kuba nobukrelekrele kunye namandla okuxhakamfula ithuba elikhulu esiziswe ngalo ngoku. Mhlawumbi amagama athi โithuba elikhuluโ akwenza ube nethemba elikhulu xa ucinga ngentshayelelo ende nembi osandulโ ukuyiphulaphula. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku ndiza kuthetha ukuba ayizozisombululo zomntu ngamnye kuphela azanelanga kodwa izisombululo ezibonelelwa yi-Kyoto, Bali, Bonn okanye naziphi na izivumelwano zexesha elizayo ezinokuxoxisana azanelanga ngokulusizi, Kwakhona-andinakugxininisa oku ngokwaneleyo-umlinganiselo kubalulekile. Kwaye ithuba elikhulu lifumaneka kwingxaki yemali ngokwayo. Xa ijongiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa, inokuvula ucango lokutsiba kobungakanani kunye nomgangatho ekufuneka siwenze.
Abanye abantu abaqhubela phambili bayakwala isisombululo endisiphakamisayo, kodwa ndingababuza ukuba yeyiphi enye indlela abanikela ngayo. Ubunzima bemekobume bemeko yendalo bohlobo olwahlukileyo kwezemali kunye neentlekele zentlupheko ngengqiqo yokuba xa utshintsho lwemozulu sele luqhubekile, njengoko lunjalo ngoku, alunakuguqulwa kwaye asinaxesha lethiyori egqibeleleyo yezisombululo. Ngezopolitiko ngamanye amaxesha ungajika ubuye uqale phantsi, kodwa hayi apho indalo ichaphazelekayo. Ke ungandityhola ukuba uyathanda ukucebisa indlela yokunika ubungxowankulu ubomi obutsha kwaye ndiya kulivuma ityala.
Masiqale sithathe umbuzo olula kancinci "Singenza njani ngoorhulumente?" ubuncinane kumazwe angaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwedemokhrasi.
Oku kuthetha ukuba abemi, amatsha ntliziyo kunye neengcaphephe, nokuba bayathanda okanye abathandi, kufuneka basebenze kunye noosopolitiki basekhaya, bengingqi kunye nesizwe kunye noorhulumente; bancede bafumane amaqabane anengqondo efanayo kwaye benze iiprojekthi zamabhongo abanokuthi bazenze ngokomlinganiselo obanzi kangangoko. Abemi, amatsha ntliziyo kunye neengcali kufuneka ngaphezulu bancede aba bezopolitiko kunye noorhulumente ukuba babe yimizekelo eqaqambileyo yendalo kunye nabavoti ngokubhengeza iinzame zabo kunye nempumelelo yabo. Ngaba uMbutho wakwaSchumacher unokuba luhlobo lwendibano yeqonga eqhubekayo yeyona migangatho igqwesileyo/eyona ndlela ilungileyo, edibanisa abenzi bezigqibo bezopolitiko kuwo onke amanqanaba namaqela abemi kunye neengcali ukuze baxoxe kwaye baqhube awona manyathelo ecandelo likarhulumente? Abezopolitiko kufuneka baqiniseke ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo ayizukusebenza nje kuphela kodwa iya kuthandwa kakhulu ngabavoti babo.
Ngoku makhe sithathe owona mbuzo unzima ngakumbi wokujongana nenkqubo yezoqoqosho iyonke. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Collapse, uJared Diamond uphonononga iimeko ezininzi zembali zokutshabalala kwentlalo ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo kokusingqongileyo. Uchonga iimpawu eziliqela eziqhelekileyo. Enye yezi kukwahlukaniswa kwabantu abaphezulu, ukubanika amandla okuhlala besebenzisa ngaphezulu kwemida ezinzileyo yendalo emva kokuba le ngxaki sele ibethe amalungu ahlwempuzekileyo, asemngciphekweni ngakumbi kuluntu. Kulapho ngoku sikhoyo ehlabathini lonke, kungekhona nje kwiindawo ezikwanti njengeEaster Island okanye
Ke singayilwa njani ngokwenyani imikhondo yendalo yezidalwa zethu zedayinaso eziphezulu, siqonda ukuba asinandlela yokukhwaza sithi โBacime ngeentloko zaboโ ngotshintsho olucingelwayo lwehlabathi jikelele. Kwaye asinakubanyanzela ukuba batshintshe bona kunye nenkqubo ebasebenzela kakuhle, ngoxa sisazi ukuba kufuneka siyitshintshe loo nkqubo kuba idlwengula isijikelezi-langa kunye nengqiqo engokwemvelo kukugcina ukwenjenjalo.
Ndibona indlela enye kuphela yokuphuma: ukudibana kwabantu, amashishini kunye norhulumente kwindalo entsha yesicwangciso soqoqosho lwemfazwe yaseKeynesian. Ndazalelwa kwi
Ewe, kwakusekho iingxabano zolawulo lwabasebenzi kwaye ewe, iinkampani ezinkulu kunokuba amashishini amancinci afumana ininzi yezivumelwano zikarhulumente kodwa bonke abasebenzi babehlawulwa kakuhle, abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika kunye nabasetyhini baqala ukwenza inzuzo encinci kunye nemizamo yonke yemfazwe. ekugqibeleni wayitsala
Kutheni ndibuyela emva kule mbali yakudala? Kuba ndicinga ukuba sinethuba elifanayo namhlanje. I
Indlela iiBhanki eziMbindi kunye noNondyebo zihlala zizama ukucombulula ukudodobala kwezemali okanye ukudakumba kukusebenzisa amayeza aqhelekileyo afana nokuncitshiswa kwexabiso lenzala, ukuhla kwexabiso lemali okanye ukwenza ityala elitsha-kodwa iUnited States ifikelele esiphelweni sayo kwelo nqaku. Inzala sele iphantsi kakhuluโnangona ingekangeni
Ekubeni izixhobo zendabuko zigugile, isixhobo esitsha kuphela endinokucinga ngaso ukukhupha ihlabathi ukutshabalalisa kwezoqoqosho kunye nesiphithiphithi sentlalo yi-Keynesianism entsha, kungekhona umkhosi ngeli xesha, kodwa indalo; impembelelo yotyalo-mali olukhulu kuguqulo lwamandla, ishishini elilungele indalo, izixhobo ezitsha, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke ezisebenzayo; ishishini lolwakhiwo oluluhlaza njalo njalo.
Imigangatho engqongqo yezakhiwo ezitsha kufuneka ibe yinto eqhelekileyo; abantu abadala banokuthi "bafakwe kwi-retro-fitted" ngemiqathango elula yemali; iintsapho kunye nabanini-mpahla zorhwebo banokufumana inkuthazo yemali yokufaka uphahla oluluhlaza kunye neepaneli zelanga kunye nokuthengisa amandla angaphezulu kwigridi. Uphando kunye nophuhliso lunokujoliswa kumandla angamanye kunye nemathiriyeli eyomeleleyo, ekhanyayo kakhulu yeenqwelomoya kunye nezithuthi. Ukuthetha ngobuchwephesha, sele siyayazi indlela yokwenza izinto ezinjalo, nangona ezinye izisombululo ezicocekileyo zisabiza kakhulu kunezo zimdaka. Xa ziveliswe ngobuninzi, ziya kuba mbalwa.
Onke la mashishini matsha, alungele indalo, iimveliso kunye neenkqubo ziya kuba nexabiso elikhulu lokuthumela ngaphandle kwaye zinokukhawuleza zibe ngumgangatho wehlabathi. Ndizama ukuchaza imeko enokuthi ithengiselwe abantu abaphezulu kuba andiqondi ukuba bayakwamkela amaxabiso okwenyani okusingqongileyo kunye noguquko ukuba akukho nto kubo. Kodwa le ndlela ayilolinge nje eligxekayo lokufumana abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu ukuba bahambe ngokweminqweno yabo. Kukwakho nentaphane yeenzuzo kuqoqosho olunjalo kubantu abasebenzayo. Uguqulo olukhulu lwe-ikholoji ngumsebenzi wobugcisa obuphezulu, izakhono eziphezulu, imveliso ephezulu, uluntu olunemisebenzi ephezulu. Iya kuxhaswa, ndiyakholelwa, ngabantu bonke kuba ayithethi nje indawo engcono, ecocekileyo, esempilweni, ehambelana nemozulu, kodwa kunye nomsebenzi ogcweleyo, umvuzo ongcono, kunye nezakhono ezitsha, kunye nenjongo yobuntu kunye izithethe ezisesikweniโkanye njengeMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Umntu unokuwuxhasa njani ngemali lo mzamo ungaka? Kuya kufuneka kubandakanye inkcitho karhulumente ekujoliswe kuyo ngokwemveli yaseKeynesian kwaye oorhulumente banyanzelekile ukuba bakhalaze ngelithi abanazo iindlela zokuwenza lo mgaqo-nkqubo.
Ubunzima bezemali bunika ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuxhasa ngezimali uguqulo kunye nokufumana inkqubo yemali yehlabathi ebalekayo phantsi kolawulo.
Okwangoku, iirhafu phantse zihlala zimi kwimida yelizwe. Imfihlelo kukuthabatha irhafu ukuya kwinqanaba laseYurophu kunye nelinye lamazwe ngamazwe ngokusebenzisa imali kunye nezinye iirhafu zentengiselwano zemali. Abantu abachasa amacebo anjalo benza ngathi awanakwenzeka kuba umntu uya kufuna imvume yawo onke amagunya ehlabathi, kodwa ayilunganga loo nto. Enyanisweni, imali kunye nezinye iirhafu zentengiselwano aziyi kufuna nto ngaphandle kokuzimisela kwezopolitiko, intsebenziswano yeBhanki Ephakathi kunye nemigca embalwa yesofthiwe. Kwirhafu yentengiselwano yemali eyacetywa kuqala nguJames Tobin ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye ngoku icocwe kakhulu, isiseko serhafu yimali ngokwayo, hayi indawo ekurhweba kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela i-European Central Bank inokuqokelela ngokulula irhafu kuyo nayiphi na intengiso ebandakanya i-euro, iBhanki yaseNgilani ifana neponti, i-Fed yedola njalo njalo. Ekubeni urhwebo lwemali ngoku lufikelela kwi-3.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zeedola yonke imihla, irhafu yendawo enye, oko kukuthi, irhafu yewaka ngalinye inokunyusa isixa esicocekileyo soguqulo lwendalo kunye nokunciphisa intlupheko.
Iirhafu zekhabhoni yenye imbono exhaphakileyo kwaye enokwenzeka ngokulinganayo. Kukwanjalo nerhafu yenzuzo edityanisiweyo kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, enokuthi ifune ukwazi intengiso iyonke yenkampani, irhafu iyonke ehlawulweyo, intengiso efunyenwe kummandla ngamnye kunye nerhafu ehlawulweyo kwindawo nganye. Ukuba, umzekelo, i-TNC inike ingxelo yokuba kwilizwe X, elinolawulo lwerhafu ephantsi kakhulu, yenze isi-5 ekhulwini sentengiso yayo kodwa yahlawula ama-50 eepesenti zerhafu yayo, abasemagunyeni baya kuyifumana indabuzeka. Ndibonisa isishwankathelo esikrwada kakhulu apha kodwa ndikholelwe, kukho iingcaphephe-iibhanki, amagqwetha eenkampani, iingcali zezemali kunye nabacwangcisi-mali-abayazi kakuhle indlela yokwenza ezo zinto. Mhlawumbi ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetyenziswa kwasekuhlaleni okungakumbi, ubani usenokucinga nangokurhafisa iikhilomitha ezihanjwa ngokutya esikutyayo nempahla esiyinxibayo.
Asinakuwalibala amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo asemaZantsi angowona mmandla mkhulu wengxaki yentlupheko. Ukucinywa kwamatyala kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo iG-8 ibiwathembisa ishumi leminyaka kufuneka ekugqibeleni kwenzeke kodwa ngokuchasene nemfuneko yokuba la mazwe afake isandla kumzamo wokusingqongileyo weplanethi ngokuphinda kugadwe amahlathi, ukulondolozwa komhlaba, ukukhuselwa kweentlobo zezilwanyana nokunye okunjalo. Kananjalo kuya kufuneka ukuba babandakanye abantu babo ekuthatheni izigqibo ngedemokhrasi kwaye imali iya kubekwa esweni ngononophelo ngabaphicothi-zincwadi abazimeleyo.
Iindawo zokuhlala zerhafu ezivumela abantu abatyebileyo kunye neenkampani ukuba baphephe ukuhlawula isabelo sabo esilungileyo soguqulo kufuneka zivalwe: kuya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi ukuhlawula abemi beZiqithi zeCayman,
Ukuze bafumane ibheyile, iibhanki nezindlu zotyalo-mali kufuneka zamkele ummiseloโkungekuphela nje imimiselo yokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezenziwa elubala nokuphelisa izinto ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha ngobudenge kodwa kwanemiqobo engqongqo enyanzelisa ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba kuhlaselo lwendalo. Kufuneka babophelelekile ukuba banikele ngeepesenti ze-X zeepotfoliyo zabo mboleko kwiiprojekthi ze-eco ezingaphantsi kwemilinganiselo yenzala yemarike-abanokuthi bayenze ngokubiza amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu kwimali mboleko kwiiprojekthi ezingcolileyo okanye ezichasene ne-ecological. Inkxaso-mali ephantsi okanye engabiziyo kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulwa kwezindlu kufuneka ibe yenye into ephambili enyanzelekileyo kwiibhanki. Oku kunokunika umdla omkhulu kushishino lokwakha.
Akukho mntu ubuza inyanga apha. Iibhanki zisenokwenza iimali-mboleko, utyalo-mali kwaye zifumane imbuyekezo efanelekileyo ngeenkonzo zazo. Iirhafu kwiintengiselwano zemali kwinqanaba elinye aziyi konakalisa nabani na. Iirhafu zengeniso ezihlangeneyo kwiinkampani ezinkulu ziya kusibuyisela kwixesha apho iinkampani zihlawula irhafu ngenxa yokuba zingenako ukuziphepha. Ingongoma kukuba inkqubo yerhafu ye-Keynesian kunye nokusabalalisa ngokutsha iya kutyalwa, kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe, kokubili kwindalo nakwintlalontle, kwimfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ucoceko, amandla aluhlaza, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi okusebenzayo, iteknoloji yonxibelelwano, izithuthi zikawonkewonke, kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. iimfuno kwaye sele siyayazi indlela yokwenza. La manyathelo, anokuthi, emva koko, ahambe indlela ende ekudaleni amathuba abantu abaninzi kakhulu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuqoqosho olutsha lokusingqongileyo ngemisebenzi, imfundo yobomi bonke, ukhuseleko oluthe chatha lwentlalo kunye nokunciphisa ukungalingani. Ukufumana le ngxaki yezemali ekhoyo ngoku, eqhuba ngokukhululekileyo, inkqubo yezemali engalawulwayo phantsi kolawulo lukawonke-wonke kunye nabemi yeyona nto ifunekayo ukuze kusonjululwe zombini imeko yokusingqongileyo kunye nentlupheko.
Ngamanye amazwi, liphupha loBudlelwane boLuntu. Nokuba ngowaphi na amaqela ezopolitiko akuqondayo oku kunokuphumelela kwinkqubo enjalo ngaphandle kokuba nabani na athobe yonke inkqubo yongxowankulu njengemeko yangaphambili yokusindisa umhlaba.
Inkqubo ye-ecology yaseKeynesian iya kuzisa iindawo ezininzi kunye kwisizathu esifanayo. Njengoko imiba ngoku imile, xa sithetha ngokwezopolitiko, akukho qela lilodwa linomdla elinokusombulula ingxaki eyikhathaza kakhulu. Ngoku ndithetha ukuba, ngokwazo, izazi ngendalo azikwazi kuyigcina indalo esingqongileyo; amafama ewodwa akanako ukugcina iifama zeentsapho; iimanyano zabasebenzi zizodwa azinakusindisa imisebenzi ehlawulwa kakuhle kushishino njalo njalo. Umanyano olubanzi lukuphela kwendlela yokuhamba, ekuphela kwesicwangciso esihlawulayo. I-Global Justice Movement, njengoko i-activist yentlalontle yamazwe ngamazwe ibiza, sele iqalile ukuphumelela ekusebenzeni ngentando yesininzi kunye nokwenza ubudlelwane kunye namaqabane avela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kodwa ngokusisiseko kubude obufanayo.
Ngoku kufuneka sidlulele ngaphaya kweli nqanaba kwaye sizame into enzima ngakumbi: ukwenza umanyano nabantu esingavumelaniyo nabo kwimibuzo emikhuluโumzekelo, kushishino. Oku kunokufezwa kuphela ngokuqaphela ukuba ukungaboni ngasonye, โโkwanongquzulwano, kunokuba neziqhamo kwaye kube kuhle ukuba nje iindawo ekunokwenzeka ukuba kuvunyelwane kuzo zifunwa, zichongwe kwaye zakhelwe phezu kwazo. Kufuneka sifumane apho izangqa zeenkxalabo zethu zidibana khona. Ubuncinci, enye yezo zinto zigqithelweyo kufuneka ibe kukusindisa ikhaya lethu eliqhelekileyo. Andiboni nayiphi na enye indlela yokuvelisa umdla wabemi, ukubandakanyeka kunye nomgangatho kunye nobungakanani bomtsi kwisikali esifunekayo ngoku.
Andinalo ixesha lokuchaza kabanzi ngazo zonke iinkcukacha zobugcisa malunga nomxholo kunye nenkxaso-mali yotyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kwindalo esingqongileyo. Into endinokuyenza kukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo kuqoqosho lohlaza lunokwenzeka ngokobugcisa. Izikimu zeerhafu ezintsha zicingisiswe kakuhle; iiprototypes zamashishini sele zikhona; oomatshini bakulungele ukusebenza ngexesha abantu banokwenza abezopolitiko babo bamkele umngeni. Ukufumana inkqubo yezemali phantsi kolawulo kunye nokurhafisa inkunzi yamazwe ngamazwe ngamaqondo aphantsi ngendlela ehlekisayo ukuze isasazwe ngokutsha kumaziko nakumazwe ngamazwe kuya kuthandwa kakhulu. Sinokuhlasela ngokunzulu ukuguquka kwemozulu kwaye siphelise eyona ntlupheko imbi yehlabathi kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi. Sithetha ngezopolitiko, hayi imiba yobugcisa apha kwaye sizama ukufumana indlela yokulawula irhamncwa elidlavuzayo, ukuvelisa ubunzima, ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, inkqubo yezemali engalawulwayo kunye nokuyibeka phantsi kolawulo lukawonkewonke kunye nabemi.
Ubungxowankulu abunangqondo ngengqiqo yokuba abantu abaninzi bayabuqonda ubukrelekrele. Thina bantu ngokuqhelekileyo sicinga ngekamva lethu, elabantwana bethu nekamva lamazwe ethu nehlabathi. Imarike, ngokuchaseneyo, isebenza kwixesha langoku langoku elithe, ngokwenkcazo, lingenako nokubonakalisa ingcamango yekamva kwaye ke ngoko ayibandakanyi izikhuselo ezichasene nekamva, intshabalalo ezayo ngaphandle kokuba ezi zikhuselo zibekwe kuyo ngumthetho.
Sifuna umthetho, ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nemikhosi yezopolitiko enomqolo wokucebisa kunye nokuvota umthetho ukuba ubekho, kodwa kufuneka sicinge ngenkuthazo yabantu. Khumbula aMadoda ahloniphekileyo eDola-ngoNyaka ngeminyaka yoo-1940 kwaye ucinge ukuba kunokwenzeka ntoni ukuba sinokuwadlulisela kwihlabathi lenkulungwane yama-21 yobukapitali. Inani elibalulekileyo labaphathi beli xesha bobukapitali, bonke benemivuzo evuthulukileyo, engenakucingelwa, banokuthi bakholelwe ekubeni imali ilungile, kodwa akukho nto yimbi? Kutheni ungafunyanwanga uMyalelo okhethekileyo wabaKhuseli boMhlaba, okanye iiKnights zokusiNgqongileyo okanye abaQoyisi beCarbon ababodwa, ekuthatheni ingqalelo igalelo labo elikhethekileyo kumzamo wesizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele wokuguqula imeko yendalo esingqongileyo. Babeza kuba nelungelo lokubonisa umfuziselo obonakala kakhulu kwibhanile phambi kwamakhaya abo; abalandeli kwiimoto zabo, irosette eluhlaza negolide kwimibhobho yabo efana neFrench Legion d'Honneur okanye iMbasa yeCongressional of Ecological Honour. Babeza kuba kwindibano encinane yabathanjiswa; abo babonelela ngeendlela kwaye banewonga lokusindisa umhlaba. Ukuba lilungu kufuneka kubhenele umoya wabo wokhuphiswano.
Ukuqukumbela, makhe ndithi intsomi ibisoloko ingumthombo wayo yonke impumelelo enkulu yomntu, ukusuka kwidemokhrasi yamaGrike ukuya kwiRenaissance ukusa ekuKhanyiseni kunye neeMvukelo zaseMerika nezaseFransi. Kufuneka kube njalo kwixesha elizayo lobuGqwetha be-Ecological. Ukusindisa iplanethi, kufuneka sitshintshe, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokunzulu, indlela uninzi olucinga ngayo kunye nokuziva kunye nokwenza, kwaye kufuneka siqale ngemikhosi yentlalo esinayo apha kwaye ngoku, kwaye akukho abanye. Akunamsebenzi ukunqwenela ukuba bahluke okanye banamandla, okanye balumke ngakumbi. Kufuneka sidlale indima yembali yethu.
Utshintsho olunjalo, siya kufuna "uNksz" ezintandathu, ngokuqala ngeMali, uLawulo kunye neMedia. Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi kunaba bathathu "Nksks", kufuneka sizame ukudala ingqiqo entsha
Yaye ngaba oko bekungayi kuba kuhle ngaphezu kokuba nenye imfazwe?
Enkosi.
USusan George nguSihlalo weBhodi yeTransnational Institute. Iincwadi zakhe zamva nje Ukuqweqwedisa iMelika: Indlela inkolo kunye nelizwe eliguqule ngayo indlela abantu baseMelika abacinga ngayo , yaye Thina bantu baseYurophu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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