INkundla Ekhethekileyo yeUN-Sierra Leone yaqala ukusebenza phantse kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo, yaye sele ichithe ngaphezu kwe-R80 yezigidi zeerandi. Lo ngumvuzo ubukhulu becala kubasebenzi bawo abasuka kumazwe angaphandle, efikelela kwi-16 lezigidi zeedola ngonyaka รขโฌโ ngaphezulu kwalowo wenkonzo karhulumente iphela yaseSierra Leone. Kunyaka wayo wokuqala ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo, iNkundla yayinohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluzizigidi ezingama-34 zeerandi, kweyesibini i-$29.9 yezigidi, kunye nezigidi ezingama-25.5 zeerandi kunyaka wayo wesithathu. Yasekwa ngo-2002 ngenxa yesivumelwano phakathi kukarhulumente waseSierra Leone kunye neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, le Nkundla igunyaziswe ukuba ibatshutshise abo โbanoxanduva olukhuluโ kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. senzeka eSierra Leone ekupheleni kweminyaka yemfazwe, ngo-1996 ukusa kowama-2002. Abaxhasi bayo bathi ngokwenza njalo inkundla iya kushiya โilifaโ lentlonipho ebalulekileyo yomthetho, yaye iqinisekise โukuvalwaโ. โฌโข (qaphela igama le-vogue) emva kweminyaka yemfazwe eyonakalisayo. Iminyaka emine isenza umsebenzi wayo onzima, nangona kunjalo, iNkundla iye yanelisa ngokucacileyo uluvo lobulungisa bomntu, ayizange ixolelanise nabani na kwixesha elidlulileyo elikhohlakeleyo, kwaye ishiye wonke umntu ngokucacileyo enomsindo okanye edanile.
Lo mbhali watyelela iNkundla amatyeli amaninzi ngoJanuwari nangoFebruwari. U-Hinga Norman, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa kurhulumente waseSierra Leone kunye nenkokeli yomkhosi wokhuselo woluntu (CDF), wayengqina njengomtyholwa wokuqala. UNorman wabanjwa ngendlela emangalisayo eofisini yakhe ngo-2003, ebotshwe izandla waza wabhabhela kwikona ekude yelizwe, apho wayevalelwe kwindawo eyayisakubanjelwa ama-Afrika angamakhoboka athunyelwa eMelika. Akazange adibane nentsapho yakhe namagqwetha akhe, yaye kwaba semva kokuqhankqalaza kwawo awathi kamva uNorman wabuyiselwa eFreetown ukuze avalelwe nabanye. UNorman uthathwa njengeqhawe ngokubanzi ngendima yakhe ekuxhathiseni abavukeli beRevolutionary United Front (RUF) kunye namajoni karhulumente akhohlakeleyo, amaphulo abo akhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kweSierra Leone.
Inkampani yomkhosi waseMongolia igada indawo enqatyisiweyo yeNkundla, kunye nesakhiwo esikhulu seNkundla, esagqitywa malunga neminyaka emibini edlulileyo ngexabiso elimalunga nezigidi ezi-3.5 zeerandi, sifihlwe eluntwini ngocingo oluphezulu, olunameva. iindonga. Ngaphakathi kwenkundla yeNkundla kukho izakhiwo ezincinci ezakhiwe kwangaphambili, ezinceda ukwenza esona sakhiwo siphambili seNkundla รขโฌโ esinenkangeleko yebharoque ephakathi, emile okweqanda ngaphakathi, kunye ne-ambience ephantse yasemva kwale mihla รขโฌโ intle kwaye iyancomeka. . Udonga lweglasi, mhlawumbi olungangenwa bullet, lwahlula abaphulaphuli kwigumbi apho abagwebi abanxibe imiwunduzo bebhala ngomsindo kwiincwadi ezinkulu, kunye namagqwetha (abatshutshisi nabakhuselayo, benxibe iimpahla zabo ezimibalabala), kunye nabamangalelwa kunye namangqina, bahlala. Amajoni axhobileyo ema kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo ezijikeleze inkundla. Etyelela iNkundla okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umphengululi waseBritani uTim Kelsal, obhale ngobulumko ngento ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yobulungisa yethutyana eSierra Leone, wacinga ukuba โikhumbuza ngenkulungwane ye-18 imiboniso yeejaji zamaNgesi ezinxibe izambatho eziphelekwa ngamaqela omkhosi. รขโฌ
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku balishumi elinesithathu abantu abamangalelwe yiNkundla, kodwa ababini รขโฌโ inkokeli yeRUF uFoday Sankoh kunye nowayesakuba ngumphathi-mkhosi uSam Bockarieรขโฌโ bafile; enye, inkokeli yomkhosi ogama linguJohnny Paul Koroma, isuke yathi shwaka; kwaye owesine, owayesakuba nguMongameli waseLiberia uCharles Taylor, uselubhacweni olukhuselekileyo eNigeria. Abantu abasithoba, abathathu kubo beziinkokeli zeCDF, amagosa amathathu eRUF, kunye namalungu amathathu omkhosi womkhosi waseKoroma, bavalelwe yiNkundla. Bonke babekwa ityala รขโฌโ ngotshintsho oluncinci kuphela ekugxininiseni รขโฌโ ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, ukuphanga nokutshisa, izenzo zokoyika nokutshabalalisa, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwamajoni e-UN.
UNorman waqala ukunika ubungqina ngoJanuwari. Wahamba eqhwalela kancinane (isiphumo sosulelo awayenalo ngoxa wayevalelwe, waxelela lo mbhali) kodwa ngenye indlela wayekhangeleka esempilweni kwaye omelele. Ubalise kwakhona ngokusekwa kweCDF eGuinea ngo-1997 nguMongameli owayegxothiwe uTejan Kabbah (emva kokubhukuqwa kwakhe nguKoroma). I-CDF yasekwa njengomdibaniso wamaqela omkhosi ohlukeneyo oluntu athe avela ngexesha lemfazwe ngenxa yorhwaphilizo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle komkhosi wesizwe. Ayelwela ukukhusela iilali nemizi yawo kwintshabalalo yeRUF namajoni karhulumente akhohlakeleyo. UNorman wasebenza njengohlobo lwenkokeli yokomoya yeqela eliziincutshe. Ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe njengejoni eliqeqeshwe eBritane (wayesebenza eCongo njengomgcini-xolo we-UN ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960), wanyulwa ukuba anxibelelanise imisebenzi yeCDF kunye ne-West African intervention force Ecomog ngexesha lohlaselo lwabo kuJohnny. Paul Koroma's junta, ngo-1997-1998. Indima yambeka kwingozi enkulu, kodwa ekugqibeleni waphumelela: i-Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) junta, eyayibhukuqe iKabbah ngo-1997, ayizange ibekwe phantsi ngoFebruwari 1998, kwaye iKabbah yabuyiselwa esikhundleni. Emva kwexesha, emva kokuphinda kuqale kwemisebenzi yovukelo, uNorman waphinda wanxibelelanisa imisebenzi yeCDF naleyo yase-Ecomog kunye nemikhosi yaseBritane ukubetha abavukeli, kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo eyalandelayo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo. Obu bungqina emva koko baxhaswa ngokaPeter Penfold (owayesakuba nguMkomishinala oPhakamileyo waseBritane eSierra Leone), uAlbert Joe Demby (owayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli waseSierra Leone) kunye noNjengele David Richards (igosa lomkhosi laseBritani elalisebenza noNorman ngelo xesha. ), kodwa ingqina eliphambili, uMongameli Kabbah, wayengekho.
Umtshutshisi, okhokelwa ligqwetha laseBhritane uDesmond del Silva, uye wavuma ngokulula inkalipho kaNorman kunye nendima ekubuyiseleni idemokhrasi eSierra Leone. Kodwa umba, banyanzelisa, kukuba kwinkqubo yakhe wenza โulwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini.โ ukubizela abantu kwi-CDF, kunye nokwenza iyelenqe รขโฌลukuthabatha inkqubo yenkolelo yemveli baze [bayenze] (sib) ngokwenjongo zabo.รขโฌ Izityholo, kuquka ubuzim, zithi uNorman waqandusela โicebo eliqhelekileyoโ ukusebenzisa รขโฌลindlela ezingekho mthethweni nezithintelweyo, ukoyisa imikhosi yeRUF neAFRC.รขโฌ UNorman, ibango lomtshutshisi, wayengundoqo รขโฌลkwishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho elihlangeneyoรขโฌ (inkcazelo yeNkundla egqwethekileyo yokunciphisa imfazwe. ).
Kwiphepha elinika umdla leNkundla eKhethekileyo, u-Tim Kelsal utsalele ingqwalaselo kwiinzame zeNkundla zokuzama ukuvelisa รขโฌลiinyaniso zembali ezivaleleke kancinci รขโฌหiinyanisoรขโฌโข zophando-nzulu.รขโฌ Ngale ndlela, รขโฌล หIinyanisoรขโฌโข zibekwe รขโฌลngokukhanya okukhethekileyo, ukushenxisa ubupolitika kwiindlela ezithile zesenzo ngokuzibiza ngokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho, ziyakhuthazwa, apho kuthethwa ngenkuthazo, ngokubawa okumsulwa, kunye nokubonelela ngenqaku loncedo kwizixhobo zesohlwayo.รขโฌ Ngale ndlela, iinkokeli zamaqela awayesilwa emfazweni zahluliwe รขโฌลkubantu bonke, kwaye ngokwembono yabagwebi bezizwe ngezizwe, bathumela umyalezo onamandla malunga nokungohlwaywa kwezinye iinkokeli ezisakhulayo.รขโฌ Ubhala athi iNkundla, uKelsal ubhala , yinxalenye yenkqubo รขโฌลulawulo lwehlabathiรขโฌ leyo iNtshona ifuna ukuyinyanzelisa kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwiinkqubo zayo, iNkundla izama โuhlobo lokuxhaphaza kwezopolitiko, apho ubugebenga bezenzo zezopolitiko zangaphambili bufakwe ezingqondweni zoluntu ngokubanzi,โ ukushiya abantu bethinjwe yiNkundla ukubalisa okwenzeka kwilizwe labo.
Izityholo ezibekwa uNorman zaqala ukufundwa ngowayesakuba nguMtshutshisi oyiNtloko uDavid Crane, owayesakuba ligqwetha lomkhosi waseMelika (kwaye ngoku engunjingalwazi wezomthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse), ngo-2004. UCrane, endadibana naye, wayeyindoda edlamkileyo nenomdla; kodwa lo mnqweno ngamanye amaxesha wawumvumela ukuba abe ne-prodigies ye-convolution kunye ne-rhetorical excess. Xa ihlawulisa abathathu ababengamalungu eRUF, iCrane yabhengeza ukuba injongo yabo yokulwa imfazwe eSierra Leone โngamandla, ubutyebi, nolawulo lokuqhubela phambili ishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho elihlangeneyo elasuka eNtshona Afrika ukuya kuMmandla weMeditera, eYurophu, nakuMbindi. EMpuma.รขโฌ UCrane wakukhabela ngokuqinileyo nakuphi na โukufakwa kwezopolitikoโ kulingo (ethetha ukukhankanya imeko yezopolitiko apho amaqela athatha inxaxheba), kwaye kudliwanondlebe noKelsal, unike umahluko phakathi รขโฌลkwezopolitikoรขโฌโข kunye. รขโฌหulwaphulo-mthethoรขโฌโข ngokwemiqathango awathi ngokungathandabuzekiyo wayeyithathela ingqalelo enzulu, engatsho ukuba efundile, kodwa eyabhenca kuphela ukubhideka okujikeleze lonke ishishini leNkundla eYodwa: รขโฌลNgamanye amaxesha [ezopolitiko nolwaphulo-mthetho] ziyadibanaรขโฌยฆKwaye kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezopolitiko, olufana urhwaphilizo lulwaphulo-mthetho lwezopolitikoรขโฌยฆkodwa la ngamatyala ezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwiniรขโฌยฆkukho umba wokwenyani wokufaka ipolitiki enkundleni yomthetho. Yiyo loo nto ninezikali zamandla, hayi amandla alinganayoรขโฌยฆumthethoรขโฌยฆungaboni, uyalingana, kwaye ndithetha ngendlela esulungekileyo ngoku.รขโฌ
Eli gqiya lomthetho njengemfama kwaye elilinganayo lilungile kakhulu, kodwa kwimeko yeNkundla eKhethekileyo, ityala likaNorman liye lamiswa ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuba ingqina eliphambili, uMongameli waseSierra Leone, akakavumanga ukuvela ukuze anike ubungqina. , kwaye iNkundla ayikakhuphi nasiphi na inkcazo malunga noko okwangoku.
UNorman kunye nabanye abatyholwa abasibhozo bebevalelwe yiNkundla ukusukela ngo-2003, kwaye akulindelekanga ukuba amatyala aqukunjelwe kwakamsinyane. Sekunjalo, emva nje kokuba ephumile eNkundleni ukuze athathe ingqesho yakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse, uCrane wabhalela abahlobo bakhe kunye nabaxhasi bakhe i-imeyile ebabulela รขโฌโ esebenzisa ibinzana elathi lavuselela iingxwabangxwaba ezininzi zobukrwada kunye nobumnyama obathi bamangalela iCDF. iinkokeli รขโฌโ ngokumnceda azise รขโฌลulawulo lomthetho eNtshona Afrika.รขโฌ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela