Okomzuzwana, okwethutyana phantse rhoqo kwishumi leminyaka ngoku, ihlabathi elityebileyo lithande ukuyamkela iAfrika รขโฌโ ilizwekazi elithwaxwa yintlupheko, iimfazwe kunye neentlekele ezinxulumene noko รขโฌโ njengeprojekthi yezilwanyana zasekhaya. I-Afrika njengeyona njongo yemibono yaseNtshona yi-pathology yakudala, kwaye ayiphelelanga nje kwishishini lezolonwabo รขโฌโ nangona iHollywood imele eyona ndlela ikrwada nembi kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ehlaselwe yintlekele yase-Iraq, iNkulumbuso yase-Bhritane uTony Blair (owathi, ukuba sesikweni, akanako nangayiphi na indlela ukutyholwa ngokungakhathali kwangaphambili kwe-Afrika) wamkela ilizwekazi elidala ngamandla avuselelweyo, ngo-2005 evelisa โInzala Yethu Eqhelekileyoโ. uxwebhu olunabileyo, oluneenjongo ezilungileyo oluthi thaca izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zokutshayela intlupheko yaseAfrika kunye neentlekele ezinxulumene noko. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini kamva, olu xwebhu lulibalekile.
IAfrika, nangona kunjalo, ayizange ibe, ubuncinci yiHollywood. Ekupheleni kuka-2006, i-Afrika yaba รขโฌลishushu ngequbulisoรขโฌ kwishishini lezolonwabo, ukusebenzisa amagama angenangqiqo afanelekileyo eNew York Times. Ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka, ilizwekazi ngandlela-thile likwazile ukutsala umdla weenkwenkwezi ezinamagama amakhulu รขโฌโ kwaye ngoko ke imithombo yeendaba ezinkulu - ukuqala ngoBono, emva koko uClay Aiken, uJessica Simpson, u-Angelina Jolie noBrad Pitt, uGeorge Clooney kunye no abanye abambalwa. Nkqu noMadonna, owayedla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokuba nekratshi, รขโฌลngesiquphe waphosa iliso eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eAfrikaรขโฌ (oku kuvela kwiNew York Times), ngaloo nyaka edume ngokuthatha umntwana waseMalawi. U-Ed Zwick kunye noLeonardo di Caprio kunye noJennifer Connelly bathatha i-pathology inyathelo eliphezulu (okanye ezantsi), bevela ndawo kwaye babonakala bethatha ilizwe lonke, iSierra Leone. I-รขโฌหBlood Diamondรขโฌโข yabo, ifilim ejonge ukuphinda izinto ezothusayo ezehlela iSierra Leone kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1990, yaphuma kanye ngaphambi kweKrisimesi. Abavelisi bale filimu, elenza igama elithi narcissism linganelanga, bathi injongo kukusindisa iSierra Leone (namazwe anjengayo) ekuwohlokeni kwabazingeli bedayimani namahlakani abo omthonyama acinezela abantwana kwimigulukudu baze benze ubungendawo obungathethekiyo. .
Kwakukho ixesha, kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, apho iifilimu ezifana ne-รขโฌหBlood Diamondรขโฌโข zaziza kwamkelwa kakhulu, hayi ngabantu abanomonde baseSierra Leone. Imfazwe eyayiphenjelelwa yidayimani kweli lizwe yaqala ngo-1991, kodwa ayizange ikhankanywe kuninzi lwamajelo eendaba ehlabathi de kwangowe-1999, emva kokuba abalweli beRevolutionary United Front (RUF), iqela labaphuli-mthetho, elikhohlakeleyo, lahlasela laphantse laphantse ukubanjwa. yatshabalalisa iFreetown, ikomkhulu lelizwe. Iphulo labo laphawuleka ngohlaselo olungenanjongo kubemi, kuquka nokwaphuka kwamabhinqa nabantwana. Umkhosi omkhulu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, unamandla ali-17,500 2002, uxhaswa yimikhosi yaseBritani, wathunyelwa apho, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva waphumelela ukuhlutha izixhobo ezininzi kwimikhosi yomkhosi. Ngowama-70,000, ngokuqhutywa ngempumelelo unyulo lwedemokhrasi kwilizwe lonke, kwabhengezwa ukuba imfazwe iphelile. Uninzi loqikelelo lubeka inani labo babulawayo kuma-XNUMX XNUMX; ngaphezulu kwesibini esithathwini seziseko ezingundoqo zelizwe, ezazisele zinenkathazo enkulu ngexesha lokuqalisa kwemfazwe, zatshatyalaliswa ngexesha longquzulwano.
Sekusondele iminyaka emihlanu iphelile imfazwe, kwaye ilizwe liceba ukuqhuba unyulo lwesibini lwedemokhrasi, ngoJulayi. Uqoqosho lwaseSierra Leone lubonakalise ukuphucuka okuphawulekayo: ukukhula kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo bekukwipesenti ezisi-7. Ishishini ledayimani elibalulekileyo laseSierra Leone, ngelixa liseyingxaki, liphuculwe kakhulu. Ngo-2006, emva kokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kwenkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe, i-Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), iSierra Leone yathumela ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kwe-140 yezigidi zeedayimani ezixabisa i-2004 yezigidi zeedayimani, ngokufana nakunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye iphinda kabini loo nto ngo-1999. Ngo-1, ekuncotsheni kwemfazwe, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngokusemthethweni kwakungaphezulu kancinane kwesigidi esi-XNUMX seedola; Ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuthetha, uninzi lweedayimani zelizwe emva koko zabiwa zaze zathutyeleziswa yi-RUF namahlakani ayo, ukutyhubela iLiberia ukuya kurhwebo lwedayimani lwamazwe ngamazwe. Imbuyekezo, iRUF yagezelwa ngezixhobo, eyathi ngazo yabulala yaza yangxwelerha abafazi nabantwana abangenakuzikhusela.
Ukuba iidayimani, umqondiso wendalo yonke wothando, zinokubandakanyeka kwintiyo kunye nentshabalalo kunye nobundlobongela obukrakra libali elinyanzelisa kakhulu. Kwaye "iDayimane yeGazi", equka uLeonardo di Caprio njengomthubeleli wedayimane waseMzantsi Afrika okhohlakeleyo kunye ne-mercenary ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yeentyantyambo ezinkulu kunye nobundlobongela obutshabalalisayo, nangawuphi na umlinganiselo, inyanzelisa imincili. Kodwa okoko uZwick esenza amabango amakhulu kakhulu ale filimu รขโฌโnjengomzamo รขโฌหoxhalabele intlalo-ntleรขโฌโข, njengento enzulu ngakumbi ebuchotsheni kunesiqhelo iminikelo yaseHollywood yothando oluzaliswe ziinyembezi okanye ugonyamelo lwenkanuko ephambeneyoรขโฌโ รขโฌห I-Blood Diamondรขโฌโข kufuneka ivavanywe ngolo hlobo. Ndiziva ndiqinisekile ngakumbi ukuyithetha le nto kuba โiDayimane yeGaziโ iye yandulelwa ngoko nangoko okanye yalandelwa linani lezinye iinzame ezingaziwayo, ezinye zazo zibonelela ngokwahlukileyo, iinguqulelo ezihlaziyiweyo zento eyadlulayo eSierra Leone ngexesha lemfazwe yayo. . Bekukho u-Ismail Blagrove's รขโฌหMad Den Nor GladyรขโฌโขO, oveliswe yinkampani esekwe eLondon, ephikisa ngokuphandle ibango elidumileyo lokuba imfazwe yayimalunga nedayimani; kwaye kubekho ifilimu embi, ebubudenge, รขโฌหEmpire in Africa,รขโฌโข eveliswe yindoda engumFrentshi egama linguPhilippe Diaz, eneneni ebonisa izigebenga zeRUF njengamagorha angaqondwayo kunye namagorha athandanayo aye athintelwa ngamajoni abulalayo e-UN kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni anobuqhophololo. (Umsasazi ophambili kaDiaz, ovela kuyo yonke le filim njengodliwano-ndlebe, ngumyali weRUF onxilileyo nongenangqondo uMike Lamin, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba laqanjwa igama elithi usizi.) Ngaphambi nje kokuba unyaka uphele, iJelo leMbali livelise โiGaziโ. Diamondsรขโฌโข, idocumentary egqwesileyo ekufuneka ijongwe nguye nabani na onomdla kulo mbandela. Kungekudala iza kuboniswa รขโฌหBlingรขโฌโข, iveliswe linqaku le-19 leefilimu ezisekelwe eNew York. รขโฌหBlingรขโฌโข, endasebenzisana naye kancinci, ubalisa ibali ledayimani laseSierra Leone ngokusebenzisa amagcisa erap aseMelika, edibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo krwada kweemveliso zedayimani (รขโฌหblingรขโฌโข) kunye nentshabalalo kunye noloyiko oluye lwabangelwa ziidayimani kulo. Afrika. Inkampani yaseKhanada, iKensington Studio, nayo izakubonisa รขโฌหDiamond Road;รขโฌโข kuba ndibazi abavelisi kwaye ndiyilandele ngandlel' ithile le nto bayenzayo, ndingatsho ukuba i-รขโฌหDiamond Roadรขโฌโข iyakuba phezulu kakhulu. kunye nokubanzi ukuba iifilimu zangaphambili.
รขโฌหIdayimani yeGazi (iqaphele ukuba ikwisinye) amaziko ajikeleze idayimani enye รขโฌหpinkiรขโฌโข efunyenwe yafihlwa ehlathini nguSolomon Vandy (Dijon Hounsou) ngelixa besemba imigodi phantsi kweRUF's grim. jonga. UVandy wayesandula ukubhaliswa ngobundlobongela kumkhosi wabasebenzi basezimayini weRUF emva kokubanjwa kwakhe kuhlaselo olunoburhalarhume kwilali yakhe olwashiya abantu abaninzi befile kwaye usapho lwakhe (kuquka unyana wakhe amthandayo) lwabanjwa lwemka. UDanny Archer (Di Caprio) ufunda ngale dayimani ngelixa esesiseleni esixineneyo (emva kokubanjwa kwakhe ngamajoni aseSierra Leone njengoko ezama ukuthubelezisa idayimani ngesikhumba sebhokhwe) ekwabonisa bobabini uVandy kunye ne-commando yemvukelo eyambona ezimele. idayimani (bobabini ngoko nangoko emva kokuba bathinjwe yimikhosi karhulumente.) UArcher usebenzela izilangazelelo ezinkulu (uDe Beers, ingqungquthela enkulu yedayimani, ikhankanywa kodwa ayizange ikhankanywe ngegama), kodwa umdla wakhe ngowakhe kuphela. Amayelenqe kunye nempalalo-gazi kulandela amayelenqe angakumbi kunye nophalazo-gazi (enye yezinto ezilungileyo zefilimu kukubonisa kwayo uhlaselo lwabalweli be-RUF). U-Archer noVandy bayavuma ukwenza uhambo kunye kwindawo etyalwe ngabavukeli apho idayimani ifihliweyo; ngokumangalisayo baphumelele (nangona ibutho lamajoni oMzantsi Afrika, eliqeshwe ngurhulumente, lizama ukubabulala ukuze bazithabathele idayimani). Kodwa u-Archer wenzakele kakhulu; akakwazanga ukwenza uhambo kunye noVandy kunye nonyana wakhe (owayefunyenwe sele engumlweli weRUF). Ngaphambi kwayo yonke le nto, u-Archer waye wabhalisa intatheli entle yaseNtshona awayedibene nayo kwibhari emdaka (ebonakala ngathi yiPaddy's Bar edumileyo eFreetown), uMandy (Jennifer Connelly). UMandy wayesele enexesha elide ekweli lizwe, kodwa akanamdla kwaphela ebantwini belizwe, kwezopolitiko okanye kwimbali yalo. Unomdla kakhulu kwibali ledayimani kuphela, ekholelwa ukuba uya kuyiphelisa imfazwe ngokubonisa nje kwihlabathi laseNtshona รขโฌโ abathengi abaphambili bedayimani - ukuba iidayimani abazixabisileyo njengemiqondiso yothando zazibangela ukufa nentshabalalo. eAfrika. Bakuba abantu baseNtshona bekuqonda oku, baya kuyeka ukuthenga iimveliso zedayimani (ezixabisa phantse iibhiliyoni ezingama-70 zeerandi ngonyaka), kwaye abavukeli abafana neRUF exhasa imikhosi yabo ngengeniso yedayimani baya kulamba yimali baze batshone. Ngokucacileyo akaphathwa ngokuphoxayo: nangona ekhangeleka kakhulu njengenxalenye yesidenge esineenkwenkwezi, ukulula asikokwakhe; sesona siphene ifilimu.
Ngoku akukho mathandabuzo ukuba iidayimani zanceda ingxowa-mali, kwaye ngenxa yoko yaphembelela kwaye yandisa, imfazwe yaseSierra Leone (njengoko yenzayo loo nto eAngola). Lo mba wexesha elidlulileyo elibuhlungu laseSierra Leone lifundwe kakhulu, lilandela รขโฌลIntliziyo yoMba: iSierra Leone, iiDayimane kunye noKhuseleko loLuntuรขโฌ , ebhalwe ngokubambisana (kunye no-Ian Smillie kunye noRalph Hazleton) ngulo mbhali ngo-2000. Uphononongo lwabhentsisa ukungalawulwa korhwebo lwedayimani lwamazwe ngamazwe ngelo xesha, lubhala ubungqina bokuthutyeleziswa kwedayimani zaseSierra Leone yiRUF idlula eLiberia (phantsi kukaCharles Taylor, ngoku otyholwa njengesaphuli-mthetho semfazwe), eyathi emva koko yathumela amatye anqabileyo kumazwe angaphandle. eyakho. Njengoko impendulo kolu phononongo (kunye nengxelo ye-UN eye yancipha) ibonise, indlela kaMandy, ebusweni bayo, inengqiqo ngokupheleleyo: ilizwe langaphandle alinakukwazi ukwenza nantoni na malunga nezopolitiko ezithotyiweyo zaseSierra Leone. oko kwanceda ukuvelisa i-nihilism kakhulu kubungqina kwifilimu, kodwa ingenza into malunga nedayimani - kwaye ekugqibeleni oku (kunye namawaka emikhosi ye-UN) kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo. Ingxaki kukuba ibali ledayimani livunyelwe ukuba liqhube ngokupheleleyo, okwenza ukuba phantse wonke umntu okwifilimu abonakale engenangqondo. Ixhego, elisinde kuhlaselo lwabavukeli, livakala lisithi รขโฌลZidayimane nje. Ndiyathemba ukuba abazukuyifumana ne-oyile apha!รข Uxolo, kodwa oku kukhangeleka ngathi kufana nelinye iphulo le-NGO eliphelelwe lithemba: yinto ebingalindelekanga kwaphela kwaye iyacaphukisa ngokomxholo.
Eyona inkcaso icacileyo kulo mboniso bhanyabhanya, ivakaliswe nguDe Beers (okungaqhelekanga รขโฌโ ngenxa yembali yayo engafanelekanga รขโฌโ ngoku kubonakala ngathi uthetha zonke izinto ezilungileyo) kunye norhulumente waseSierra Leone, yile mfazwe yaseSierra Leone. yaphela kudala, kwaye ukuyiphinda ngoku kwaye kutyhola iidayimani ngayo yonke into ngokungathi isaqhuba iyalahlekisa kwaye ithoba ilizwe elinomonde njengoko lizama ukwenza umfanekiso omtsha wozinzo ukutsala abatyali-mali bangaphandle kunye nabakhenkethi. Le yinkcaso ebaluleke kakhulu, nangona umnqweno kaDe Beers wenziwa wacaca ngokukhawuleza รขโฌโ ngokuyinxenye ngokubekela bucala izigidi zeedola ukulwa upapasho olubi malunga nedayimani ebecinga ukuba ifilimu iya kuyivelisa. Inkcaso engacacanga kangako yeyokuba kwanakwincopho yeemfazwe kwiindawo ezifana neSierra Leone neAngola, รขโฌหidayimani zegaziรขโฌโข zathatha nje iqhezu leebhiliyoni zeerandi ezixabisa iidayimani ezirhweba kumazwe ngamazwe, nokuze zenze itela. Ishishini ledayimani njengoko lingcoliswe ligazi lisenokujongela phantsi uqoqosho, olufana nolwaseBotswana, oluthembele ngokupheleleyo kurhwebo lwedayimani kodwa olunedayimani ngokungathandabuzekiyo ezingenangquzulwano. Esi sichaso sakhatywa ngabaninzi xa sasivakaliswa okokuqala kwincopho yephulo le-NGO ngokuchasene รขโฌหidayimani zegaziรขโฌโข, ngeminyaka yoo-1990 nasekuqaleni koo-2000. Ndicinga ukuba enyanisweni ikwayindawo esemthethweni. Kulula ukuxoxa, ukude, ukuba uqoqosho oluhle lwaseBotswana kunye namakhulu amawaka emisebenzi kwenye indawo ayinakuhlawulela ubomi babantu abaphulukene neSierra Leone okanye eAngola. Kodwa esi sikhundla si-glib, kwaye ayenzi kancinci ukulungisa lo mba. Iinzame kweli cala yayiyi-Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), eyaqalwa ngurhulumente woMzantsi Afrika, ezinye iiNGOs kunye neDe Beers, nejolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ziidayimani kuphela ezithengiswa ngoorhulumente abasemthethweni eziya kungena kwinkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe. Isivumelwano satyikitywa ngo-2002, kwaye samkelwa liBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN. Ikude lee ekubeni igqibelele รขโฌโ iidayimani ziqhubekile nokuthutyeleziswa, njengoko nabani na kufuneka alindele, kwaye ziqhubekile nokusuka kwiindawo ezingquzulwano kwiindawo ezifana ne-Ivory Coast - kodwa njengoko izivumelwano ezinjalo zihamba, i-KPCS isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye apho. iqhubeleka neenzame zokuphucula imisebenzi yayo yokubeka iliso.
"Idayimani yeGazi" iyavuma ukuba imfazwe yaseSierra Leone iphelile kwaye i-KPCS ikhona, kodwa kuphela ekupheleni kwefilimu "emva kobundlobongela bomntu, intshabalalo, ukunyaniseka kobungendawo. yorhwebo lwedayimani รขโฌโ kwaye ngokubhaliweyo apho ababukeli abaninzi bebengayi kuhlala bejikeleza ukuze bafunde.
Ukungathembeki okunjalo ngokuqinisekileyo kufanele kuthethelele intwana yokuluma kumhlalutyi. Ifilimu imalunga neSierra Leone kodwa ngokucacileyo ayibekwanga kwilizwe laseNtshona Afrika. Ukuba umntu ebengayazi ukuba sele, amaqwarhashe kunye neendlovu (akukho nanye kuzo enokufumaneka kwiSierra Leone yangoku) kufanele ukuba ibe ngumnikelo; njengokuba kubi kakhulu, phantse engaqondakaliyo uMende (Vandy nguMende) ethethwa kuyo yonke ifilimu. Enyanisweni imbonakalo-mhlaba ikuxelela ukuba le yiMozambique, kuMazantsi e-Afrika รขโฌโ kufutshane ngokwaneleyo neSierra Leone kumava akutsha nje kodwa ukude kakhulu ngokwejografi. Umboniso omncinci ohendayo apho uMandy noVandy kunye noArcher, basinda kuhlaselo oluninzi ngabavukeli, babalekela kwiKamajors ebonakala iqeqeshekile kwaye izimisele (i-pro-government militia) ihamba kakuhle de ukhumbule, ukuba ubusazi kakade, ukuba i-Kamajors ayinakuvuma. baye bavumela ibhinqa ukuba lidlale ngokuncwasa nabo, njengoko uMandy (njengesiqhelo) esenza. (Kunxamnye nesiko labo ukuchukumisa owasetyhini xa bekwintshukumo รขโฌโ nto leyo ecacisa ukuba kutheni iziganeko zodlwengulo zingekho ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwamaKamajor, njengoko abahlalutyi abohlukeneyo bebonile.) Andiqinisekanga nokuba kutheni i-Archer, umphambukeli , okhokela uVandy (ngubani, njengomhlali wendawo, kufuneka alindeleke ukuba azi indlela yakhe malunga neyona nto ingcono) ngokusebenzisa ihlathi ukuya eKono, ngaphandle kokuba indima ekhokelayo, i-macho kufuneka igcinwe kuphela kwi-Di Caprio.
Oku kuqwalaselwa kancinci mhlawumbi; kodwa ukuba nengqondo ephezulu, njengoko oko รขโฌหIdayimani yeGaziรขโฌโข imele, ihlala imema ukuphononongwa okungonwabanga. Ifilimรขโฌโขs denouement ithatha indlela yayo yokuziphatha iye kwelinye inqanaba le-(celluloid) yobunzima kunye nentelekelelo. Njengoko u-Archer eqaqanjelwa yintlungu eyonzakele kakhulu, unika uVandy โidayimani epinkiโ, ulungiselela inqwelo-ntaka ukuba iphuthume uVandy nonyana wakhe, aze afowunele umhlobo wakhe uMandy (owayeye eLondon) ukuba enze amalungiselelo okuhamba ngenqwelomoya. ukuya eYurophu kwiVandy (kunye nelungiselelo lentengiso yedayimani). Ukunyaniseka kuka-Di Caprio, umzuzu onomdla, wokungazicingeli รขโฌหTitanicรขโฌโข uyavuselelwa: ijijiko elimangalisayo legosa elingqongqo kunye nomrhwebi. UMandy ufumana ibali lakhe elipheleleyo xa uVandy efika eLondon kwaye udibana nabameli be-cartel enkulu yedayimani (uMandy ubonwa ngokukrakra efota imifanekisoรขโฌยฆ) Kamva sibona uVandy, enxibe isuti entle (kunye ne-2 yezigidi zeeponti zizityebi), ebonakala ethetha kwinkomfa. ngobubi borhwebo lwedayimaniรขโฌยฆIfilim iyaphela.
Ndimele ndivume, njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, ukuba lo ngumdlalo onamandla. Umdlalo weqonga, ngakumbi uDi Caprio, ulunge ngendlela emangalisayo. Njengomdlalo othembekileyo webali elibuhlungu laseSierra Leone, lowo ngomnye umcimbi ngokupheleleyoรขโฌยฆ
ULansana Gberie ungumbhali weMfazwe engcolileyo eNtshona Afrika: I-RUF kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweSierra Leone (i-Indiana University Press, i-2006).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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