Into eyimfuneko - kwaye iqhwatyelwa izandla - inyathelo lokhuseleko elathathwa yimikhosi yaseGuinea ngexesha lemfazwe ekhohlakeleyo yemvukelo yaseSierra Leone ukusukela oko yaphela imfazwe yanda yaba yingxabano yomda esongela uzinzo lwamazwe omabini. Kodwa ngelixa umba - ingxabano ye-Yenga - ihlala iphonswa ngamazwi othando kunye nokuvuvukala okukhulu kweembongi zaseSierra Leone, ababizwa ngokuba ngabavukeli boluntu, kunye neentatheli, ibali lonke lizele kwi-bathos. Phambi kwemfazwe, iYenga yayiyilali encinci yokuloba ehlwempuzekileyo enabantu abangaphantsi kwe-100 kunye namatyotyombe amandulo alishumi. Kodwa ibekwe ngobuchule phakathi kwenkqubo (nangona ubukhulu becala ingaphuhliswanga) yeendlela zamanzi ezidityanisiweyo, ezibotshelelwe kuMlambo iMoa omkhulu, kwaye zenziwe ngokudityaniswa kweminye imilambo emithathu ephuma eGuinea, eMellacourie, eFourecaria, naseBereira. Inxalenye enkulu yalo mmandla, ifikelela kude kumantla eSierra Leone, yayikade ibizwa ngokuba yiMellacourie.
Kuze kube ngundaba-mlonyeni wamva nje, akukho mntu uvela eYenga ukusuka kwindlela enengca enengca kunye nemingxuma enokuthatha nayiphi na ingqalelo: iindawo ezibaluleke ngakumbi yayiyiKailahun, Koindu, Bomaru kunye neSienga kwicala laseSierra Leone, kunye neGuekecdou kunye neForecariah kwicala laseGuinea. Yayiyindlwana yokuloba eleleyo, eyahlulwe eGuinea nguMlambo iMoa, kodwa le nto yemifanekiso yayiyinyani kubantu abahlala macala omabini omlambo: intshukumo esuka eSierra Leone isiya eGuinea kwaye ngokuchaseneyo yayingathintelwa ngabalindi bomda, kunye nabantu. kwicala ngalinye lomlambo kwakugcinwa iintsapho kumacala omabini.
Ukholelwe okanye ungakholwa, lo yayingumbono kanye wamagunya obukoloniyali, iBritane neFransi, xa babecanda indawo phakathi kwezikumkani ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo, inyaniso entsha yezopolitiko kunye neyomhlaba echazwe kuphela kwishumi elinesibini okanye kwiibhakana ezityalwe ngabaseYurophu, phezu kwazo kubhabha iiflegi ezimbini, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Baye babahlula ngoburhalarhume abantu baseKissy - bahlula neentsapho ezihlala kuloo ndawo, bebanyanzelela kumazwe abangazange bawafuna. Umda womda wawungengomsebenzi nje wokukrolwa e-Uganda-unikwe njengesipho somhla wokuzalwa kuKumkanikazi waseBritane uVictoria ngumphangi oliNgesi owayephanga eMpuma Afrika - kodwa ingqiqo yayifana: kwakungekho ingqwalaselo encinane kubantu baseAfrika ababehlala kulo. ezi ndawo, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho nkxalabo malunga nokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo lamazwe adalwe ngokukhawuleza.
Ke kutheni abantu abahlwempuzekileyo behlaselwe kwaye bakhubazeke ngokomkhosi eSierra Leone naseGuinea, kutshanje bephume kwiimfazwe ezinoburhalarhume (iGuinea isakhubazeke kukungazinzi kwezopolitiko), bathethe ngalo mhlaba ngokungathi bafuna ukuvusa enye impixano enobundlobongela kulo mmandla. ? Ngokucacileyo kukho imfuneko yokuhlolwa kokwenyani okunzulu.
Kutshanje ndiye ndachitha imvakwemini embi kakhulu negosa eliphezulu lomkhosi laseSierra Leone elandixelela ngokuphandle, kwaye ngokuchasene nabo bonke ubungqina obukhoyo, ukuba wonke umkhosi waseSierra Leone wawufuneka โkuluntuโ kwaye uYenga uza kuphinda athathwe eGuinea ngokukhawuleza. . Kwaye njengoko ndibhala, kukho intshukumo ebonakalayo eSierra Leone ebizwa ngegama elithi 'Save Yenga Save Salone', iphulo elitsale abaphembeleli beendaba, iimbongi, 'uluntu' kunye nabanye abezopolitiko. Omnye wezopolitiko onjalo, uMusa Tamba Sam, weqela eliphikisayo iSierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP), kutshanje uzame ukuba uYenga axoxwe ePalamente, kodwa iinzame zobulumko zaliwa nguSomlomo. Lo mba, uSomlomo uthe, uphethwe ngokwezozakuzo ngurhulumente - kwaye kunjalo. Ohloniphekileyo uSam uvela e-Yenga, owazalwa ngexesha apho ilali yayiseyinxalenye ye-Kissi-Teng Chiefdom kwiSithili saseKailuhun kwiPhondo laseMpuma laseSierra Leone.
Uthintelo (olungenacharacteristic) lukaRhulumente ka-Ernest Koroma kumcimbi we-Yenga, obonisa i-Kabbah yangaphambili, iyancomeka: ukuba yonke imiba enzulu yesizwe ukusukela oko uKoroma wangena kulawulo uye wajongwa ngendlela efanayo - ngokuzolileyo nangebom - ke kakhulu. ngeziphoso ezimandundu zokugweba, ukugxothwa okukhohlakeleyo kwamagosa karhulumente ekukholelwa ukuba angabaxhasi beqela eliphikisayo, uhlaselo kwiziseko ezingundoqo zenkcaso, kunye nezinye izenzo zoburheletya kunye noburhalarhume, ezenziwe ngurhulumente wakhe beziya kuphetshwa.
Umba weYenga, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, lilifa lezinto ezimbini zembali ezitshisayo: ubukoloniyali baseYurophu kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya ekhohlakeleyo yasemva kobukoloniyali. Okumangalisayo kukuba zombini ngoku ziphethe i-resonance elinganayo - kodwa kuzo zonke izizathu ezifanelekileyo, ugxininiso kufuneka lube kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kuba iGuinea yangena eYenga hayi njengotshaba kodwa njengomhlobo esukela utshaba oluqhelekileyo, ibutho โlomvukeliโ loburhalarhume obuphakathi. IGuinea, enyanisweni, ibe ngummelwane olungileyo kakhulu waseSierra Leone, kangangezihlandlo ezininzi esiza kunceda umkhosi waseSierra Leone owawuphelelwe lithemba kwaye wathabatha amashumi amawaka abantu baseSierra Leone ababaleka ukutshatyalaliswa kwabavukeli, njengeembacu. Ndiya kubuyela kule ngongoma, kodwa kuqala kwi-provenance ye-colonial.
Ian Brownlie's Imida ye-Afrika: I-Encyclopaedia yoMthetho neDiplomatic, epapashwe nguHurst (eLondon) kwiRoyal Institute of International Affairs kwi-1979, amaphepha angama-1355 ubude, sisikhokelo esixabisekileyo kwisiseko sembali yemida yaseAfrika; Ndithathe ikopi kwiiofisi zikaHurst eLondon mva nje. Le ncwadi iphinda ivelise inani lamaxwebhu, kubandakanywa izivumelwano kunye neeleta kunye neememoranda, ezivela kumagosa aseBritani naseFransi abeka isiseko somda weSierra Leone-Guinea. Eyokuqala yayiyiNgqungquthela ye-Anglo-French ye-28 kaJuni 1882 (eyandulela iNkomfa yaseBerlin, eyahlula ngokusemthethweni ilizwekazi laseAfrika phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu, ngeminyaka emibini): amaBritane avuma amabango aseFrentshi kuMellacourie (athi, njengoko ndiphawulile ngaphambili, uYenga). bekuya kuba yinxalenye), ngoku kwakuthetha ukulawula isiFrentshi kuwo wonke ummandla weFuta Jallon - isiseko sekholoni yabo yaseGuinea. Inqaku le-11 leNgqungquthela lachaza ukuba โiSiqithi sase-Yelboyah, kunye nazo zonke iziqithi ezibangwayo okanye ezizezaseBritani kuNxweme oluseNtshona lwe-Afrika emi emazantsiโฆukuyokutsho kumda osemazantsi weโฆkoloni yaseSierra Leone,โ iya kusuka. ukusukela ngoku iya kwamkelwa yi-France njengeye-Great Britain, kwaye โi-Matacong, nazo zonke iziqithi ezibangwayo okanye ezizezase-France kuNxweme oluseNtshona lwe-Afrika ukuya emantlaโฆ Fransi.
Olu xwebhu alucacanga xa lucazululwe lwaziinxalenye, kwaye izivumelwano ezilandelelanayo phakathi kwamagunya amabini aseYurophu ziya kuyilungisa kakhulu; eneneni umda okhoyo wavunyelwa kuphela ngokuqinileyo ngo-1912-13. Isivumelwano sokuqala, umzekelo, sibeka iPamalap kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeSithili saseKabala phantsi kolawulo lwesiFrentshi; uxinzelelo oluvela kubarhwebi baseBritane - le ndawo yayinengeniso kakhulu kurhwebo lwamandongomane - yanyanzela abasemagunyeni baseBritane ukuba baphinde babonisane namaFrentshi, kwaye ezi ndawo zanikelwa kumaBritane. Emva koko unobhala wangaphandle waseBrithani uSir Edward Grey, ongazange atyelele eNtshona Afrika, ucebise ukulungiswa kokugqibela ngoJanuwari 1911. akukho nalinye lamaxwebhu, achanekileyo malunga namagama eendawo kunye neemeko zomzimba ("iidolophana ezichithekileyo" njl), zikhankanye iYenga. Phantse ngokuqinisekileyo yayingekho ngelo xesha. Kodwa iprotocol yokugqibela eyahlula umda ichanekile: โumdaโฆulandela ithalweg yoMlambo iMeli [osuka eGuinea] ukuya kwintlanganiso yawo neMoa, okanye iMakona, ekuqondeni ukuba iziqithi eziphawulwe ngoonobumba A kunye no-B kwindawo eqhotyoshelweyo. Imephu yeyeFransi, kwaye isiqithi esiphawulwe nguC seseGreat Britain. Lo mthetho, owatyikitywa ePendembu ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi 1912, wasamkela isindululo sikaGrey sokuba zingaphelanga iinyanga ezintandathu emva kokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano โabemi bomthonyama abakwimimandla efuduselweyo baya kuvunyelwa ukuba bawele umda baye kuhlala kwelinye icala, baze bahambe nabo. iimpahla zabo eziphathwayo nezivuniweyo.โ
UGrey naye wayecebise, yaye oku kwamkelwa, ukuba apho โumlambo uwumda khona, abemi bazo zombini iindonga baya kuba namalungelo alinganayo okuloba.โ Kwaye kukho ukuxubha. Kuthekani ukuba into exabiseke ngaphezu kweentlanzi, i-oyile okanye idayimani ithi, ifunyenwe emlanjeni- ingaba sisebenza njani esi sivumelwano? Isivumelwano satsho nje ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe "hydraulic power" emlanjeni kuya kugunyaziswa kuphela ngesivumelwano phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukusebenzisa umlambo njengomda kuyingxaki, ekubeni imilambo inokoma (kukho i-greenhouse effect, ekungekho mntu uyazi ngayo ngoko), kwaye ukutshatyalaliswa kunokutshintsha indlela yomlambo.
Enyanisweni konke kwasebenza kakuhle de kwaba yimfazwe yakutshanje eSierra Leone kwaye, kunye nayo, ukufunyanwa kwedayimani ye-Revolutionary United Front's (RUF) yedayimani eMoa kunye nokuhlala kweGuinea eyalandelayo, eyaxhokonxa ngokungena kweRUF eGuinea. Isebenze kakuhle kakhulu, enyanisweni. UGraham Greene, ehleli nje imini enye okanye ngaphezulu kuloo ndawo yomda ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930, wahamba esuka eKailahun, waya eGuinea (eyayibizwa ngokuba yiFrench Guinea) โ kodwa ke akathethi ngoYenga kwincwadi yakhe yohambo lwakudala yolu hambo lwaseNtshona Afrika, Uhambo. ngaphandle kweeMaphu: phantse ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhe angaqaphelanga. Umda ophakathi kwala mathanga mabini, uGreene wabhala, โnguMlambo iMoa, malunga nobubanzi obuphinda kabini beThames eWestminster.โ Wandula ke uGreene aphawule ngendlela echubekileyo: โInto ebangelโ umdla ngale mida, ungcelele lomlambo kwindawo eyinkunkuma, kungekho mapasi, akukho Siko, akukho miqobo kubantu bezizwe ezibhadulayo, kukuba yahluke njengomda waseYurophu; Ukuphuma kwiphenyane omnye wayekwilizwe elahlukileyo. Nendalo yayitshintshile; endaweni yehlathi...indledlana emxinwa yayibaleka isiya phambili ikhilomitha emva kwekhilomitha inqumla kwingca ende yendlovu engenamithi.โ
Kutshanje ndityelele loo ndawo. Ihlathi elishinyeneyo elikwicala laseSierra Leone elichukumiseke kangaka iGreene liye lagxothwa kakhulu - ngumsebenzi wokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungathintelekiyo, ngokuqhelekileyo akukho kulima njl njl - kwaye umntu ngoku ubona ingca efana ne-humungous okanye indlovu eyabonwa nguGreene kwicala laseGuinea ehlukumeza indlela encinci yemoto ehamba phambili. kuYenga. Imikhosi yaseGuinea ngoku ilawula ngokuqinileyo, kwaye kutsha nje inyanzelise iqela lezopolitiko laseSierra Leone ukuba lithintele ukhuseleko lwayo ngaphambi kokungena kule ndawo.
Uphawu olubi, kodwa enyanisweni lwalungasoloko lunjalo. Le ngxaki yaqala ngoSeptemba 2000 xa iRUF yahlasela iqela leedolophu ezisemdeni waseGuinea kumazantsi ekomkhulu, iConakry. Lo mmandla sele ulikhaya lamashumi amawaka eembacu zaseSierra Leone, ezibaleka uhlaselo lwabantu ngaphakathi eSierra Leone, yinxalenye yephulo leRUF leminyaka elishumi lokutshabalalisa nokutshabalalisa kwelo lizwe. Kungekudala emva koko, iRUF yahlasela iidolophu needolophana zaseGuinea ezikummandla โweParrotโs Beakโ welo lizwe, iphuma eSierra Leone nakwiindawo ezikumda weLiberia. Apha babangela intshabalalo enkulu ngakumbi nokugxothwa kwabemi baseGuinea emakhayeni abo kunye neembacu zaseSierra Leone ezimalunga nama-75,000 XNUMX ebezihlala kwicala laseGuinea kumda kangangeminyaka eliqela.
Uhlaselo lwe-RUF alukhange lutsale ngqalelo encinci, ngaphandle nje kwenqaku lobuntu kungquzulwano oludume kakhulu eSierra Leone. Ndachitha iiveki ezimbini eGuinea ngelo xesha uphando ingxelo Partnership Africa Canada, ndaza ingxelo ke ukuba Guineans ngokwabo kubonakala ukuba babhidekile. Ukulandela ukuhlaselwa kwabavukeli kwi-Forecariah, ngaphantsi kwe-100 km ukusuka kwi-capital Conakry kunye nekhaya lamashumi amawaka ababaleki abavela eSierra Leone naseLiberia, ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 2000, uMongameli waseGuinea uLansana Contรฉ wasasaza isitatimende esivuthayo kwirediyo kunye nomabonwakude. Utyhola uhlaselo lweembacu, exhokonxa uhlaselo oluxhaphakileyo ngamapolisa aseGuinea, amajoni kunye nemikhosi yamajoni kwiimbacu esele zixhwalekile.
Uhlaselo lwaseForecariah, ngabavukeli beRUF abasebenza ukusuka eKabala, idolophu yaseSierra Leone kufutshane nomda weGuinea, baphambuka, kwaye abavukeli barhoxa ngaphandle kokuxhathisa emva kokuba imikhosi yaseGuinea ihlasele. Uhlaselo olungcono olucwangcisiweyo kunye nolungelelwaniso olungakumbi lwaluza kulandela kungekudala, nangona kunjalo. NgoJanuwari 2001 iRUF yasuka eSierra Leone, kunye nemikhosi yaseLiberia, yaya kwimimandla enedayimane ejikeleze iMacenta (kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiHlathi), iMadina Oula (kufuphi neKindia) kunye nesixeko esibalulekileyo sorhwebo saseGuรฉckedou, njenge. IForecariah, yayilikhaya lamashumi amawaka eembacu. Uhlaselo lwaseMacenta kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweGuรฉckedou lwazisa abantu baseGuinea ngobunzulu bale ngxaki. Uhlaselo lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, lusongela ukugubungela izithili ezijikeleze iBonankoro.
Ekugqibeleni uGuinea wasabela ngokulinganayo. Ngoncedo olubalulekileyo oluvela eUnited States (eyayigcina inkqubo yoqeqesho ye-C-JET yonyaka kunye nomkhosi waseGuinea) kunye neFransi, iGuinea yafumana iihelikopta ezixhobileyo kunye neziqhushumbisi zakudala ze-MiG ezazisetyenziselwa ukubhuqa iziseko zabavukeli eSierra Leone naseLiberia. I-Guinea nayo yancedisa ukuqeqesha ngaphezu kwe-1,000 Donsos (igama le-Kono le-Kamajors okanye i-Civil Defense Forces), eyenziwe yi-Konos kunye ne-Kissis ukusuka kummandla we-Yenga kunye neSithili sase-Kono, malunga nomda weGuinea-Sierra Leone, ukuhambisa ngokuchasene ne-RUF. Ndabona malunga newaka labo ebudeni botyelelo lwam, ndaza ndabona namagosa aseBritani, awayezinikele ngokupheleleyo emkhosini eSierra Leone, encedisa ekuqeqesheni abemi baseGuinea namajoni aseDonsu. I-Guinea iqhube i-RUF, inceda ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuchithwa kwezixhobo eSierra Leone: ngokwenene, iGuinea yoyisa iRUF. Emva koko yahlala kwicala laseSierra Leone kumda, kubandakanya iYenga.
Emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile, uKabbah wathethathethana ngokurhoxa kwenkoliso yemikhosi yaseGuinea, kodwa amagosa akreqileyo, ngoku asebenza kumgodi ohlawula imali eninzi eYenga, akazange avume ukufuduka, yaye inkokeli yaseGuinea eyayigula yayilibanjwa nje lomkhosi. Isivumelwano satyikitywa ngomhla we-15 kuNovemba ka-2002, kwiinyanga emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile ngokusemthethweni, nguMphathiswa wemicimbi yangaphakathi eSierra Leone, ongasekhoyo u-Hinga Norman, kunye nomlingani wakhe waseGuinea, u-El-Haj Moussa Solano, eqinisekisa isivumelwano sexesha lobukoloniyali, kodwa isivumelwano hayi ekugqibeleni; icele ukusekwa kwekomiti ukuba isebenze kwisigqibo esiza kubuyisela iYenga eSierra Leone kodwa iqinisekise ukhuseleko lomda waseGuinea - umcimbi osemthethweni ngokucacileyo. Kodwa iintetho ziye zavuleka, kwaye akukho siqinisekiso sokuba iYenga iya kubuyiselwa eSierra Leone kungekudala, okanye mhlawumbi ngesantya sangoku.
Ngokwam ndibona ingxaki encinci malunga nobukho baseGuinea eYenga, kodwa ngokucacileyo ngumba oguquguqukayo, kuthekani ngeenzame zokuwenza umgaqo-nkqubo. Kodwa zonke iintetho ezingaginyisi mathe malunga nokubuyisela ilali ngenkani kufuneka zityhafe. Amanyathelo atshabhisayo enziwa ziiNGO's, njengeWorld Vision's (iqela elaziwayo elikrwada nelinomkhwa wokubonisa abantwana abahlwempuzekileyo nabagulayo abantsundu nabantsundu kumabonakude ukuze baqokelele imali), abathi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo bathi lathintelwa ukwakha isikolo. eYenga kodwa yathintelwa yimikhosi yaseGuinea, kufuneka icinezelwe ngokuqinileyo. Uninzi lweelali ezihlwempuzekileyo kumacala omabini omda azinazo izikolo ezisebenzayo, kutheni ke ukhetha uYenga oswelekileyo?
Umphathiswa wezoKhuselo waseSierra Leone uPaolo Conteh ucatshulwe esithi akukho sizathu sokuxoxisana ne-Guinea junta ekubeni ayizange yamkelwe yi-Ecowas kunye ne-African Union (AU). Unengongoma, nangona ingekho ipolitiki kwaphela ngaye ukuthetha esidlangalaleni ngolu hlobo: intetho ekoneni yesitrato inendawo yayo; kodwa kufuneka ivunyelwe kwiSebe lezoKhuselo okanye kwiNdlu yeSizwe.
Nangona uMongameli uKoroma enokwenza abavoti bakhe kunye nabaxhasi bakhe bazive belungile ngokuvakalisa ukuba iSierra Leone kunye neGuinea ngamazwe adade asebenzisanayo ukusombulula umba weYenga ngaphandle kokubhenela kwimibutho yokulamla yamazwe ngamazwe, i-rhetoric evuthayo kwenye indawo ayiqinisekisi. Ndicinga ukuba lixesha lokuba i-Ecowas ithathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukubandakanya zombini izizwe ngalo mba. Kukho isilumkiso esicacileyo sokuqala aphaโฆ
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