NgoDisemba 2002, emva nje kokuba i-Ivory Coast ingaphumeleli kwimfazwe yamakhaya, ndatyelela eAbidjan, ikomkhulu lelizwe elalisakuba lithanga laseFransi neyayifudula iqhuba kakuhle kwezoqoqosho eNtshona Afrika. Ngaphambi kokuba ndihambe eKhanada, umhlobo wangaphandle wandicela ukuba ndimphathele ibhokisi yecuba - isicelo esingaqhelekanga, kuba i-cigarettes ibiza kakhulu e-Afrika. Kwakusemva kokuba ndifikile e-Abidjan apho ndaye ndeva ukuba esona sixeko siphambili sokwenza imidiza, iBouaki, yayithatyathwe yiNew Forces - iqela elingenaburhalarhume labavukeli ababelahlule ilizwe kubini: i-axis esemantla, abathi bayenza. kulawulwa, yaye emazantsi, phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uLaurent Gbagbo ongqingiweyo. Ndandise-Abidjan ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini ngaphambili xa uGbagbo wayenyulwa phakathi kwemincili edumileyo, ngoko yonke le nto yayindibhida.
Iyadida โ kwaye ilusizi, ilusizi kakhulu โ yeyona ndlela ndiyifumana ngayo inkqubela-phambili e-Ivory Coast. Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba ka-2005, i-UN egcina uxolo elizweni, i-UNOCI, yabhengeza ukuba ilizwe belingekakulungeli unyulo olwaluza kubanjwa ngo-Oktobha ka-2005, kwaye luhlehliswe. Ukungalungiswanga, enyanisweni, kwakunethemba: amakhadi okubhalisela ukuvota ayengekashicilelwa kwangoSeptemba (kwilizwe elingummelwane iLiberia, kwakhona ukuze kubanjwe unyulo oluphantsi kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwangaloo nyanga inye, ubhaliso lwabavoti lwalugqityiwe ngoJulayi), yaye inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo yayingekafiki. yade yaqala.
Iindlela zokwenyani zemeko yase-Ivory Coast, ngaphandle kwehlazo elicacileyo lokuba ilizwe elibambe isithembiso esingaka kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo linokuba kwisiphithiphithi esinjalo, kukuba akukho mntu unokubanga ukuphoxeka kuphuhliso lwamva nje.
Inkqubo yoxolo yelizwe isekelwe kwiSivumelwano seLinas-Marcoussis, esasayinwa ngomhla we-15 kaJanuwari 2003 ngaphandle kwaseParis. Isivumelwano sasisekelwe kwimigaqo emithathu engundoqo: imfuneko yokugcina imfezeko yommandla we-Ivory Coast; ukudalwa koRhulumente woXolelwaniso lweSizwe; kunye nokuqhutywa konyulo olutsha oluya kuba selubala nolungayi kubakhuphela ecaleni abantu ngeemfuneko zolonyulo ezinobuqhophololo (le mfuno yokugqibela yimpendulo ecacileyo kubuvuvu bobuvuvu obubizwa ngokuba yi-Ivorite โ umahluko phakathi kwabantu base-Ivorite 'abasulungekileyo' kunye 'nabangasulungekanga'. ).
Phantse iminyaka emithathu, akukho namnye kule migaqo eye yaphunyezwa. I-Ivory Coast ihleli yahlulahlulwe, iinzame zokuseka urhulumente osekwe ngokubanzi zoyiswa ngamathuba kunye nokunganyaniseki korhulumente kaGbagbo kunye nabavukeli beNew Forces, kwaye ngoku unyulo, aluzange lube nethemba lokwenene, luhlehlisiwe.
Ulonyulo lwaluza kukhwela i-Gbagbo ngokumelene nabapolitiki ababini abaziwayo, u-Alasane Quattara, umzobo othile oye wadibanisa nabavukeli, kunye noMongameli wangaphambili uBedie, i-buffoon eqinisekisiweyo engabonakaliyo kwaye eyingozi eyaqala ishishini lase-Ivorite. Isithethi seNew Forces, uGuillane Soro, owayesakuba yinkokeli yabafundi, wayemiselwe ukuba akhuphisane. Kwezi, uGbagbo, nangona edityaniswe nemikhosi engathandekiyo njengeqela lokufa, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuphumelela umlo othe ngqo: usathandwa kakhulu e-Abidjan nakuwo wonke ummandla osemazantsi welizwe urhulumente wakhe ulawula, kwaye ungumpolitiki onobuqili. Imikhosi eNtsha ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuphulukana nasemantla apho ibaleka njengemigulukudu ye-mafia.
Akukho nanye kwezi, nangona kunjalo, eqala ukukunika umbono wohlobo lwengxaki ekhoyo e-Ivory Coast okwangoku. Umkhosi wokugcina uxolo we-UN wamajoni angaphezu kwe-7,000, eyenziwe ikakhulu ngamajoni ase-Afrika kunye nabanye abavela e-Bangladesh nakwamanye amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo (kwaye phantsi komyalelo we-Senegalese General Ibrahima Fall), iphantse ingabinamsebenzi, igxininiswe ekulandeleni igunya layo elisisiseko - ukukhusela abantu kunye noluntu. ukohlutha izixhobo zokulwa. Amandla angama-4000 alungiselelwe ngcono kwaye axhotyiswe ngcono kwiLicorne yaseFransi, eyathunyelwa ukuxhasa umkhosi we-UN kwaye ithintele ukunyuka okuthe kratya kule ngxaki, ayithandwa kakhulu kweli lizwe, ubukho bayo buhlala bungunobangela womlo onzima kunye nezinye iindlela zobunzima. . (Akukho mntu ufanele ukugxeka amandla e-Licorne ngokupheleleyo ngale meko ilishwa: i-opportunistic populism kaGbagbo, kunye nobudlelwane obusondelene kakhulu bekoloniyali kunye neo-colonial, kubaluleke kakhulu).
Ngeli xesha, ubomi babantu base-Ivorian abaqhelekileyo, oyena mvelisi mkhulu wecocoa kwihlabathi (eneefama zekoko ezingaphezu kwama-600,000), buyaqina suku ngalunye. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo lwasekuhlaleni lonyuke ngeepesenti ezingama-55 e-Abidjan ukusukela oko yaqala le ngxaki ngo-2002, kwaye kukho amashumi amawaka elahleko yemisebenzi njengoko amashishini enyuka, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efana neBhanki yoPhuhliso yase-Afrika (ADB) iphuma elizweni, amajoni namajoni aba zizisulu zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye imali yokhuselo lukarhulumente igqwesa lee kwimfundo nempilo. Izinto zimbi kakhulu kwindawo ephethwe ngabavukeli emantla yelizwe, apho bekukho ukunqongophala kokutya okuzingisileyo, iingxelo zokuphangwa okuxhaphakileyo, nokuwa kweziseko zophuhliso zikawonke-wonke.
Izenzo zoloyiko lwe-nihilistic, oluhlala lubonisa ukuba ilizwe liya lisanda, libandakanya ukudutyulwa kwabaqhankqalazi abanoxolo e-Abidjan (ngoMatshi ka-2004, abaqhankqalazi ababefuna inkqubela phambili kwinkqubo yoxolo badutyulwa, kwaye i-UN iqikelela ukuba abantu abayi-120. babulawa yimikhosi yezokhuseleko, ababefumene imiyalelo yabo โkuwona magunya aphakamileyo karhulumenteโ), kunye nemisebenzi yamaqela okufa (amangcwaba aliqela afunyanwa ngaphandle kwaseAbidjan kulo nyaka uphelileyo).
Nangona wonke umntu ubonakala evuma ukuba i-Ivory Coast ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ivunyelwe ukuba izitshabalalise, akukho mntu ubonakala ekulungele ukuqalisa umgaqo-nkqubo onamandla ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oku akwenzeki. Iingxoxo ezingapheliyo, ezibandakanya namanani akwinyanga ka-Agasti afana noThabo Mbeki waseMzantsi Afrika, azibanga nefuthe elincinane, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba zibonakale zingenamigaqo.
Inyathelo lokuqala kulo naluphi na uthethathethwano olungaphaya luya kuba kukuqinisekisa imigaqo ethile. Eyona nto iphambili kukuba ngelixa uMongameli uGbagbo ngamanye amaxesha enokuthi abonakale ekhohlakele kwaye engakhathali, ingxaki ekhoyo e-Ivory Coast ayibangelwa nguye. Abona nobangela bokwenene ngabachasi bakhe: abavukeli beNew Forces, kunye namaqela amabini ezopolitiko izenzo zawo kunye namazwi abeka inqanaba lengxaki, uBedie noQuattara. Ngokucacileyo uGbagbo wayene - kwaye usawonwabela - umsebenzi omhle; waphumelela unyulo lwedemokhrasi. Kufuneka avunyelwe asebenze ixesha lakhe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kufuneka anikwe iziqinisekiso zokuba oku akunakuxoxiswana. Okwesibini kukugxininisa, njengoko uLinas-Marcoussis wenza ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okuqinileyo, ukuba ummandla we-geographical we-Ivory Coast uphazamisekile. Oku kuthetha ukuba akwamkelekanga ukuba iNew Forces iqhubeke ibambelele kwisiqingatha esisemantla welizwe. Umkhosi we-UN kufuneka uqiniswe, kunye negunya layo, elimele libandakanye ukulawula isiqingatha esisemantla selizwe kwi-New Forces. Njengenyathelo elikhawulezileyo, izohlwayo ezibanzi kufuneka zibekwe kubavukeli, kubandakanywa nokuvalwa kokuhamba. Abaxhasi babo, ngakumbi iBurkina Faso, kufuneka bohlwaywe. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, inkqubo yoxolo yaseSierra Leone ibonise ukuba izohlwayo ezinjalo zinokusebenza. Uhlaselo lwasemkhosini olupheleleyo nalo akufunekanga lukhutshelwe ngaphandle.
Kule minyaka mibini mithathu idlulileyo kuye kwabonakala izinto ezininzi ezinethemba eNtshona Afrika: imfazwe eyonakalisayo eSierra Leone yaphela ngo-2002, kwasekwa inkundla yamatyala emfazwe eyayixhaswa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eFreetown, ukungenelela kwamawakawaka amajoni eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo aye aphumelela ekuhlutheni izixhobo. Amajoni aseLiberia, kunye namanye amazwe aqhube unyulo oluyimpumelelo. I-Ivory Coast, yeha, ngoku iye yayinto entsha yobumuncu obukhulayo kulo mmandla. Oku makungavunyelwa kuqhubeke.
Incwadi kaLansana Gberie, Imfazwe Emdaka eNtshona Afrika: I-RUF kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweSierra Leone, isanda kupapashwa nguHurst kunye neNkampani, eLondon.
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