Nje ukuba ndibone elona nqaku lichanekileyo elalisiyalathisa ukusuka kwinqwelomoya ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe nakwindawo yokupaka izithuthi ngaphandle, ndazi ukuba naphakathi kwezona ndawo zinzima kwiAfrika enenkathazo.
Umlingane wam uMirna Adjami, omdala
Ngesi sihlandlo, uMnu. David wayenesihloko esisemthethweni - iGosa leProtocol, i-contrivance enkulu ethetha kuphela "umlungisi." Umele ukuba unamava amangalisayo, kuba uMnumzana David - umfana ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwiminyaka yakhe yamashumi amabini ubudala, ubude obuphakathi kwaye enxibe ngononophelo, enentloko echetywe kakuhle - wandichola phakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kweshumi elinambini abafikayo eCongo enkulu. ubushushu kwitela yaye, ngoncumo (ngokungathi wayekhe wadibana nam ngaphambili), wandikhwelisa kwigumbi elixineneyo apho amagosa aliqela ayehleli khona, egxadazela ephethe iincwadi zokundwendwela. Ndiqhelene nalo mboniso-
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya besingeyondawo exakekileyo, kwaye amagosa abonakala enexesha elininzi ezandleni zawo ukujongana nabakhweli ababini okanye abakhweli abasuka kwinqwelomoya encinci yaseKenya. Amehlo alowo wayendibuza atsho akhazimla xa ndamxelela ukuba andinalo ikhadi lokugonya i-yellow fever. Waphelelwa kukululawula uncumo lwakhe, olwathi ngokukhawuleza, phantse ngokwethuku, lwaba lusizi. Ekugqibeleni wandixelela ukuba oku kwakuza kundixabisa ii-R60. Ndaqhankqalaza, ndamxelela ukuba andinamali, kwaye nokuba yeyiphi na imeko ukucela ikhadi akunamsebenzi kuba akuncedi nto. Ekugqibeleni sazinza ngeedola ezingama-20 xa ndanyanzelisa ukuba nantoni na engaphezu kwaleyo yayiza kufuna irisiti. Incwadana yam yokundwendwela yagximfizwa isitampu, waza uMnu. David wandikhuphela phandle wandisa emotweni kwindawo yokumisa iimoto. Wabuya eyothatha imithwalo yam...
Ndagqibelisa ukungena
Imigca yonxunguphalo yabaleka nzulu kakhulu, ichukumisa imithambo-luvo enamandla kuwo wonke ummandla nangaphaya. Imikhosi yaseRwanda kunye ne-Uganda yangenelela ngamandla amakhulu, icwangcisa ngokucophelela ukuhlasela kwabo njengemvukelo yangaphakathi ekhokelwa nguKabila, owathi ngokukhawuleza wabhukuqa uMobutu waza wabeka uKabila njengoMongameli welizwe.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ndifike, umkhosi onamandla waseRwanda wawungene empuma yeCongo kwaye ngokukhawuleza wabamba uLaurent Nkunda, iBanyamulenge kunye nenkokeli ye-ethnically-based kwaye kude kube ngoko kubonakala ngathi ayinakoyiswa i-Congrรจs National pour le Dรฉfense du Peuple (CNDP). I-Rwanda ibiye yaba ngumxhasi ophambili we-CNDP kaNkunda, eyathi ukususela ngo-Agasti wonyaka ophelileyo yavuselela uhlaselo oluchasene nemikhosi yaseCongo kwiphondo laseKivu, ihambisa i-rabble yamajoni aseCongo, kwaye yahlazisa i-7,000 yamandla anamandla e-UN kwiphondo. Baqikelelwa ku-250,000 XNUMX abantu abashiye amakhaya abo ngenxa yohlaselo lukaNdunda, oluphawulwa ngezenzo zenkohlakalo ezimanyumnyezi, eziquka ukudlwengulwa kwenyambalala yabantu kunye nokuphangwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokubulawa kwabantu. Eli liza leembacu lajoyina abanye abaqikelelwa kwisigidi ababebaleke ukungazinzi eKivus.
UNkunda โ owayesakuba ligosa lomkhosi waseCongo owayeneempawu ezibukhali zamaTutsi aseRwanda โ wathi ungquzulwano lumalunga nokukhusela uluntu lwamaTutsi kwisigrogriso sabavukeli baseRwanda abangamaHutu abasebenza kwimpuma yeCongo (ekucingelwa ukuba bamalunga ne-6,000), iintsalela ze-Interhamwe kunye I-FAR ekhankanywe ngasentla eyayize kubumba uMkhosi weDemokhrasi yeNkululeko yaseRwanda i-FDLR), ibango eliphethe ubulungisa. Kodwa izenzo zenkohlakalo eziqhubekayo zaba lihlazo kuMongameli waseRwanda uPaul Kagame; Iingxelo zamva nje ezithembeke kakhulu, ngakumbi enye yegqiza leengcaphephe ze-UN, bezinonxibelelwano oluneenkcukacha phakathi komkreqi uNkunda noKagame. IBritane โ elona mnikeli wesisa wamazwe amabini eRwanda โ isoyikise ngokunciphisa uncedo. Oku kwenza ukuba uKagame onenkani avuleleke kwiinzame zolamlo ngowayesakuba nguMongameli waseNigeria u-Olusegun Obasanjo, kwaye isivumelwano esingalindelekanga (kunye nemfihlo) phakathi korhulumente waseRwanda kunye nowaseCongo satyikitywa. Isivumelwano sinike iRwanda imvume yasimahla yokujongana nale Interhamwe ngaphakathi kweCongo ngokwayo, kunye nemeko yokuba inceda ukukhulula i-CNDP. Ngequbuliso, kubonakala ngathi, urhulumente waseCongo uye wavuka kwinto emangalisayo: igcuntswana lamaHutu eCongo linokusebenziseka ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iBanyamulenge encinci, ngenxa yobukho borhulumente wamaTutsi kwilizwe elingummelwane laseRwanda, akunjalo. Ukuba ungquzulwano lwaphenjelelwa ziinzame zokulawula iiminerali ezityebileyo zaseKivus, i-cassiterite (intsimbi ekrwada), igolide, icoltan (inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeefowuni eziphathwayo) kunye newolframite (ekuvela kuyo i-tungsten) ngumcimbi othi, I-Congo, isoloko ithathwa njengento eqhelekileyo. Ke kwakhona eCongo iingxaki ezintsha malunga nendala, kwaye imali ihlala isembindini wedrama enkulu yokubandezeleka.
Nantoni na enokwenzeka kuNkunda ngomnye umcimbi ngokupheleleyo: nangona kwakukho intetho eninzi xa ndandiseCongo ukuba anganikelwa kurhulumente waseCongo ukuba axoxwe, akukho mntu ndithethe naye ngokunyanisekileyo okholelwa ukuba oku kuya kwenzeka, kwaye akukho mntu - ngokuqinisekileyo yayingengabo abasemagunyeni baseCongo - babeyibiza kakhulu. Mhlawumbi uMongameli uKabila angakuvuyela ukuvavanywa kwetyala likaNkunda kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo uya kurhoxa kwintsingiselo: kuya kuvula iimfuno zezilingo ezingakumbiโฆ
Ayikuko nokuba abantu baseCongo bangakukhathaleli okwenzekayo โ bekukho ithemba elininzi emva kokubanjwa kukaNkunda ukuba uxolo kwiphondo lokugqibela elinobundlobongela beliqhawuka. Kodwa elinye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, elo laseLubanga eHague, labonakala lihexa kakhulu. U-Lubanga, owayesakuba ngumphathi-mfazwe waseCongo, utyholwa ngokuqesha abantwana amajoni kunye nezinye izenzo ezigwenxa zokusebenzisa amathuba kunye nokubulala. Kodwa ngelixesha ndiseCongo, elinye lawona mabali makhulu eendaba yayilingqina eliphambili lomtshutshisi, umtyholwa ukuba wayelijoni elingumntwana owathi waqeshwa nguLubanga, wabuhoxisa ubungqina bakhe kwaye egxeka iiNGO zamazwe ngamazwe ngokummisela ukuba axoke. Lubanga. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko kwa eli ngqina linye laphinda laphinda laphinda lathi uLubanga wayelijoni elingumntwana โ kodwa umonakalo wenzekile. Yenye yeengozi zolu hlobo lotshutshiso, umlingane wam, igqwetha eliqeqeshwe yiHarvard landixelela ukuba: abatshutshisi bathanda ukuba namangqina achukumisayo ukuze babambe umjikelo weendaba (amatyala anjalo, emva koko, yi-geopolitics yohlobo) kodwa inkundla yomthetho iliqili โ iprose ngakumbi kunemibongo. Iinkumbulo zobuntwana zinokufundeka kakuhle kakhulu โ qaphela ibali lika-Ishmael Beah elihonjiswe kakhulu malunga nokulwa eSierra Leone njengomntwana olijoni, Inde Indlela โ kodwa ngokwendalo abathembekanga.
Emva kosuku ndifikile, mna nogxa wam sandwendwela umhlobo wam wakudala eKinshasa, umlweli we-heavyweight kunye ne-Patriot yaseCongo u-Baudouin Hamuli, uMlawuli weGenrale we-Centre National d'Appui au Developpement et a la Participation Populaire (CENADEP). UHamuli ofunde kakhulu kwaye othetha isiNgesi wahlala eCongo, emva kokufunda ixesha elide phesheya, kuko konke ukuthotywa kwayo ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980. U-Hamuli uvela eMzantsi Kivu, kwaye unguMququzeleli waseCongo weNkomfa yeZizwe ngezizwe kwiNgingqi yeLwandle Olukhulu. "Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12 ngoku sinethuba elihle lokudibanisa ilizwe kunye nokuqinisekisa uxolo. Inkxalabo yethu ephambili ngoku idibanisa imikhosi kaNkunda ngaphakathi komkhosi waseCongo, "uHamuli usixelele. "Kangangezihlandlo ezithathu uNkunda wala ukuba elubhacweni eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa yingxaki yaseRwanda ngoku." Ingxaki yaseRwanda: inkxalabo eyongamileyo yabantu baseCongo, ngamanye amazwi, luxolo, nto leyo elilizwe elilishwangushayo, elilishwa alizange lixhamle ukusukela oko uKumkani uLeopold waseBelgium wawoyisa ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, engenisa ulawulo lobugrogrisi - ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. ekhokelwa luqikelelo oluthile (kubandakanywa nombhali-mbali odumileyo waseBelgium uJan Vansina) ukuya ekufeni kwe-10 yezigidi zaseCongo.
[Enyanisweni urhulumente waseCongo ubhengeze iwaranti entsha yokubanjwa kukaNkunda ngoFebruwari, kwaye wathi uzakuqhubeka nokubuyiselwa kwakhe. Bambalwa abakuthathela ngqalelo oku: ngaxeshanye bebhengeza le waranti intsha, abasemagunyeni baseCongo babiza uBoscoNtaganda, owayesakuba ngumncedisi kaNkunda nofunwa yiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yamazwe ngamazwe (ICC) ukuba ajongane nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, usekela-mphathi weRwanda-Congo. imisebenzi kwimpuma yeCongo. U-Bosco wayemhluthile uNkunda njengenkokeli ye-CNDP, kwaye ngoku usebenzisana nabasemagunyeni baseCongo: ke ngoku "ukwenzela uxolo," iCongo ikhusela uBosco owaziwayo. Njengesiqhelo eCongo, ubulungisa - okanye umdla wamaxhoba ezenzo zenkohlakalo ezininzi, kuye kwafuneka ukuba uthotyelwe phantsi kwemidla yelizweโฆ]
U-Hamuli ukhankanye ukubandakanya i-CNDP kumkhosi waseCongo. Kodwa akukho namnye endadibana naye eCongo onento eninzi yokuthetha ngalo mkhosi: irhabaxa elidumbileyo nelingasebenziyo elaziwayo ngokuthanda ukusaba kwidabi kwaye, ewe, ukuphanga, ukudlwengula nokuphanga iilali edlula kuzo. Ubalo lwakutshanje olwenziwa yiEuropean Union lubeke inani lamajoni aseCongo (okuthiwa ngegama) phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente kwi-120,000, kunye ne-19,000 kuwo aza kudla umhlala-phantsi. Ubalo bantu yinxalenye yesicwangciso esicacileyo "sobukhulu obufanelekileyo" bomkhosi. ESun City eMzantsi Afrika ngo-2002 (xa kwasayinwa iGlobal and All-Inclusive Agreement), yonke imikhosi yamaqela, kuquka norhulumente, yabhaliswa njengomkhosi omtsha waseCongo amajoni angama-300,000 โ ubuqhophololo obuye baba ngomnye wemiqobo ephambili. kwinkqubo yoHlaziyo lweCandelo loKhuseleko (SSR) elizweni. Kulo msitho, umkhosi kaNkunda wamajoni angama-3,000 kuphela, oxhobileyo ugqithise ngokulula imikhosi emikhulu yaseCongo ethunyelwe ngokuchasene nayo kumatyeli amaninzi, irhoxa emva kokuba imikhosi ebalaseleyo yaseRwanda ingene empuma yeCongo.
La manani ndiwafumene kumzi wozakuzo waseNtshona owenza umnyinyiva, kodwa obalulekileyo, utyalo-mali kwinkqubo ye-SSR, ingakumbi kuhlaziyo lwamapolisa. Lo msebenzi wawuqhubekile malunga neminyaka emibini, kodwa igosa lozakuzo elijongene nalo lalingazi ukuba angakanani amanani amapolisa aseCongo. Njengamazwe amaninzi aseFrancophone, iCongo ineesethi ezimbini zemikhosi yamapolisa - amapolisa elizwe kunye nomkhosi wamapolisa kwiSebe lezoBulungisa. Aba babini bafanele ukudlala indima ehambelanayo kodwa eCongo le yinxalenye yoLuhlu olunqwenelekayo olude kakhulu. Nokuba ubungakanani bokwenene abukaziwa, ndaxelelwa ligosa langaphandle elibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yolwamkelo lozakuzo eKinshasa. Amapolisa elizwe aqikelelwa ukuba anamandla angama-15,000, inani elincinane ngendlela ehlekisayo naseKinshasa, enabemi abaqikelelwa ukusuka kwizigidi ezithandathu ukuya kwezisibhozo.
I-European Union, enobukho obubalulekileyo eKinshasa, yenze uhlengahlengiso lwamapolisa lugxininise ekubandakanyekeni kwayo eCongo. Saba nentlanganiso yeyure yonke kunye namagosa aphezulu kwiiofisi ezinkulu ze-EU zaseKinshasa, kunye namagosa e-EU kunye nabahloli abaninzi baseCongo abahloli bamapolisa kwiofisi ekhethekileyo yokulungelelaniswa kwamapolisa kwidolophu yaseKinshasa. Banezicwangciso, amaxwebhu, iigrafu kunye neemephu eziboniswe ngokuchukumisayo ezindongeni, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali apha naphaya, kodwa kubonakale inkqubela encinci kakhulu - njengoko nabo bevuma ngokukhawuleza, beneentloni malunga nenyani encinci enomdla yokuba nobukhulu benene bamapolisa aseCongo buhleli. akwaziwa malunga neminyaka esixhenxe emva kokutyikitywa kweSivumelwano saseSun City. Intlanganiso ecwangcisiweyo kunye neGosa eliyiNtloko lamaPolisa laseCongo (ngokunganyanisekiyo owayesakuba yiNjengele yomkhosi) ayizange yenzeke: waxinga kwisiphithiphithi sezithuthi zaseKinshasa esibangelwe zizikhukula ezibangelwe yizandyondyo zemvula ngaloo ntsasa.
Yindlela ehlala ihleli yaseCongo: ilizwe laqala njengobuxoki, kwaye liye lahlala, nangona ubunyani bokubandezeleka okukhulu, njengelizwe into eyintsomi. Ishishini elaqala njengoMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe wempucuko yoMbindi Afrika, emva koko, ngobuqhophololo obungakumbi, iCongo Free State, yathathwa njengophango emini, lishishini elikhohlakeleyo lokwenza imali. Ayikatshintshi kangako kuleyo ngcamango yantlandlolo. Nkqu negama langoku elisemthethweni, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, njengoko ingcali yexesha elide yaseCongo uCrawford Young uye walumkisa, ngenkohliso, igama elithi 'idemokhrasi' "intetho egwenxa yezopolitiko." Igama langaphambili, iZaire, lalingekho ngcono, ingqungquthela yobuvuvu ye-kleptocrat Mobutu. KwiCongo ibinzana elithi "banalization of insecurity" - ukwakhiwa kweYoung's - livakala lichanekile ngokwenene.
Emva kosuku emva kwentlanganiso namagosa e-EU, ndathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo ephezulu malunga nohlaziyo lwamapolisa. Ndanikela iphepha ngamava aseLiberia; usuku okanye ezimbini phambi kokuba olu ngcelele lwamaphepha lwaziswe malunga (ngokomlinganiselo) wamava anempumelelo ngakumbi eMzantsi Afrika naseSierra Leone. Amapolisa amaninzi aseCongo ayekho, kuquka noMphathi wamaPolisa endandidibene naye ngaphambilana, kunye nentaphane yabaqeqeshi namagosa amapolisa e-EU. Njengoko ndathetha ngemingeni ejongene namaPolisa eSizwe aseLiberia (LNP) kunye nobudlelwane obubi phakathi kwabo kunye nabahlali, amagosa aseCongo aqhuma ngokuhleka nokuqhwaba. Ndabhideka kancinci yilento, ndagxadazela. Emva kwexesha ingcaphephe yezokhuseleko lwangaphandle esebenza eCongo yandixelela ukuba ekugqibeleni ndiwanike amapolisa aseCongo into yokuwavuyisa: ngoku ayazi ukuba mhlawumbi akwinkampani elungileyo: asenokungabi ngowona mkhosi wamapolisa umbi emhlabeni, emva- zonke!
Ke ngobo busuku kwigumbi lam lehotele kumbindi wedolophu yaseKinshasa-kwindawo ethe tyaba yokubhiyozela ukuzimela kweCongo eBelgium ngo-1960, indawo esekho, nakwimeko yayo emdaka, emdaka, enamanzi emvula edala imisinga emikhulu eyenza iindlela zingahambeki, zibonisa isiFrentshi. imibono yeekhefi kunye ne-boulevards ebanzi - ngobo busuku njengoko ndandicinga ngezinye iintlanganiso zam eKinshasa ndahlala ndicinga ngebali elibhalwe nguJoseph Conrad, owathi ngo-1890 watyelela iBelgian Congo amaxesha amaninzi. Yayingeyiyo idumileyo "Intliziyo Yobumnyama" kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo "I-Outpost to Progress." Ukuhla elunxwemeni, uConrad ubona amagosa amabini aseBelgian aphantse alahleka, amadoda angenamsebenzi enziwe afaneleka kuphela ngamandla amakhulu asemva kwawo, uKayerts noCalier. Ngolunye usuku njengesiqhelo, bafumana "iikopi ezindala zephepha lasekhaya." Amaphepha agqithisile malunga "noKwandiswa kwethu kwamaKoloni," ethetha "uninzi lwamalungelo kunye nemisebenzi yempucuko, yobungcwele bomsebenzi wempucuko, kwaye ancoma ukufaneleka kwabo bahamba bezisa ukukhanya, kunye nokholo, kunye norhwebo ebumnyameni. iindawo zomhlaba." Eyosulelwe luncwadi losasazo, uCarlier olula nongenangqondo uye wavakala ngenye ingokuhlwa esithi, โewangawangisa isandla sakhe esithi, โKwiminyaka elikhulu, mhlawumbi kuya kubakho idolophu apha. Impucuko, nkwenkwe yam, nokulunga โ nazo zonke. Kwaye emva koko, iza kufunda ukuba abantu ababini abalungileyoโฆbabengamadoda okuqala aphucukileyo ukuhlala kule ndawo! iindawo zokugcina iimpahla (lishishini lorhwebo) kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, iitafile zebhiliyoni (abarhwebi abaphucukileyo nasehlathini kufuneka babe nokuzonwabisa kwabo!): izinto ezitshabalalayo, inkunkuma engafuni imilinganiselo ephezulu okanye umsebenzi. Njengoko sisazi ngoku, nokuba yintoni na elungileyo ezi zinto zinokuba zenziwe kwizinto ezithandwa nguCallier, azizange zibe luncedo kubantu baseCongoโฆ
NdandiseCongo isithuba esingaphezu kweveki, yaye andizange ndidlule ngaphaya kweKinshasa; njengokuba ndandilingeka, xa ndijonge kuMlambo omkhulu iCongo, andizange ndiwele iphenyane ndisiya kweyona intle iBrazzaville, ibonakala xa ndisuka eKinshasa. Ndikunye nogxa wam ndajonga iindawo ezimbalwa endandizazi eKinshasa. Eyokuqala yayilibala elikhulu elalisakuba libhotwe likamongameli - elizaliswe ngumyezo wezilwanyana kunye nayo yonke loo nto - apho uMobutu wayekhe wahlala khona. Xa uLaurent Kabila wathatha intambo ngo-1997, waba namahlakani akhe kunye nemikhosi yadubula uninzi lwezilwanyana kwaye yazitshisa. Ngoku le ndawo ibonakala iguqukile, ithambile. Iindawo ebezikade zinkulu eKinshasa, kungenjalo zidlamkile kwaye ziqhuma, zinemvakalelo: uninzi lwaseKinshasa lusuka emoyeni lunenkangeleko yenkangala - endaweni efana nePompeii, phantse incithakalo iyonke. Edolophini, ubona iimoto ezinkulu, izithuthi zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, izindlu ezinkulu zoonozakuzaku, nawo onke loo magosa anyanisekileyo anxibe iyunifomu anxibe iyunifomu ekhangeleka ngathi zizidalwa ezingaqhelekanga eziphuma emajukujukwini: abantu abaziinkqantosi. Ndathi ndisa imoto kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya โ uMnumzana David enyanzelisa ukuhlala ngaphambili ngumqhubi ukuze andikhusele kumapolisa akrwada nabanye oonogada โ ndakhumbula umgca osuka eVS Naipaulโs. IGophe eMlanjeni, ebekwe kwiCongo ephazamisekileyo yeminyaka yee-1970. Umbalisi odiniweyo wehlabathi nophoxisayo ubonisa ukudinwa kwakhe bubudenge baloo nto ayibona kwiindawo ezinjengeKisangani: โWawuziva usisiporho, kungekhona kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa kwixesha elizayo. Ubuvakalelwa kukuba ukwindawo enekamva eliqaqambileyo uye waphuma. Ngokucacileyo sisigqibo sikaNaipaul, kwaye sasiyinyani ngoko, mhlawumbi yinyaniso ngokuโฆ.
NGENXA YENKQUBO
Izibhengezo zezopolitiko eCongo, njengomthetho, kufuneka zithathwe njengezingenantsingiselo de zingqinwe ngenye indlela; kodwa okumbalwa okubangel' umdla kwiiveki zamva nje kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi. Ngomhla wama-23 kuMatshi, urhulumente watyikitya isivumelwano soxolo nephiko lezopolitiko leqela labavukeli be-CNDP. Isivumelwano sibonelela ngokudityaniswa ngokukhawuleza kwabavukeli kwi-FARDC kunye nokudalwa kwendlela yesizwe yoxolelwaniso - iimfuno zesithethe. Olona lungiselelo lubalulekileyo, kwaye ke ngoko oluye lwabangela impikiswano, yayisisimemezo sesivumelwano sokwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza komthetho osayilwayo wokuxolelwa, owapasiswa yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ngoJulayi ka-2008, nangona omabini la maqela ayifumanisa "ithintelwa kakhulu". Oku kungenxa yokuba nangona umthetho wazixolela zonke izenzo zobundlobongela kunye novukelo olwenziwa kuMantla naseMzantsi Kivu ukusukela ngoJuni ka-2003, uye wakhuphela ngaphandle ngokuqatha kwezi ndidi izenzo zokubulawa kwabantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Umthetho osayilwayo woXolelo ngoku uthunyelwe kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Commission Paritaire Mixte" - eyikomishoni edibeneyo yazo zombini izindlu zepalamente - ukuba kuvunyelwane ngesilungisoโฆ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela