Ngaphezulu kwama-500 oqhanqalazo lwenzekile kulo lonke elase-United States kunye nakwiholide yomanyano kaMartin Luther King Jr kulo nyaka ukuya kwi- #ReclaimMLK. Abaqhankqalazi babelandela emanyathelweni enkokeli yamalungelo oluntu, bebandakanyeka ekuphazamisekeni ukulandela ubulungisa bobuhlanga. ECleveland, eOhio, kwakukho uqhanqalazo epakini apho inkwenkwana eneminyaka eyi-12 ubudala yase-Afrika-yaseMelika, uTamir Rice, yadutyulwa ngokubulawa yipolisa esiswini ngomhla we-22 Novemba 2014. Imifanekiso yekhamera yokhuseleko ibonisa uRice, owaye ephethe umpu owawudubula iipellet zeplastiki, wadutyulwa kwimizuzwana nje emibini emva kokuba imoto yamapolisa ithe yaza yema phambi kwakhe. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ipolisa elimhlophe uTimothy Loehmann licele uRice ukuba abeke izandla zakhe kathathu ngaphambi kokuba amdubule, njengoko amapolisa athi kamva. I-Tamir Rice yabe ishiywe ngaphandle konyango kwimizuzu emine (de kube elinye ipolisa lifike kwindawo). Umntwana oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala usweleke ngosuku olulandelayo, eyinxalenye yengxaki yobundlobongela bamapolisa kunye nobuhlanga bamapolisa eCleveland nakwilizwe liphela, ingxaki esandul 'ukubulala uMichael Brown eFerguson, eMissouri, kunye no-Eric Garner eStaten. Isiqithi, eNew York.
Ngomhla we-Martin Luther King, i-19 kaJanuwari 2015, kwakukho umkhonto onxulumene ne-#ReclaimMLK owamisa kwindawo yokudlala yeZiko lezoLonwabo laseCudell apho iTamir Rice yadutshulwa khona. Umququzeleli u-Courtney Drain uxelele uLauren McCauley we-Common Dreams: "Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba silapha nje sibangela iingxaki. U-MLK [uMartin Luther King Jr] wahamba ezitalatweni, wavala izithuthi. Wayengekho lula. โ
I-Ferguson Action, iqela loqhanqalazo elenziwe emva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown eFerguson, eMissouri, libhale malunga nentshukumo ye#ReclaimMLK: โNgelishwa, ilifa likaGqr. Iimpembelelo zokususa uGqr. King kwintshukumo eyamphakamisayo maziphele.โ
Kukho imicu emibini apha. Ukucocwa kwezopolitiko zikaMartin Luther King kwithiyori nakwizenzo; kunye "nokususa uGqr King kwintshukumo eyamphakamisayo." UPaul Street wabhala isingeniso esifutshane kwimiba ye-radicalism kaKumkani elityelweyo kule ndawo kutshanje, ephendula ifilimu entsha yaseHollywood, uSelma. Ukuba sithatha umtya wesibini, kukho ukuqonda okudumileyo okuvakaliswe nguElla Baker, umsunguli, kunye nomlawuli wokuqala olawulayo, iNkomfa yobuNkokheli yobuKrestu yaseMzantsi, eyathi uKumkani wathi: โUMartin akazange enze intshukumo, umbutho wenza. Martin.โ
Kwenzeka njani ukuba uKumkani abe yinkokeli eyaziwayo elwela amalungelo abantu? Ngokuba yintloko yoqhankqalazo lwebhasi yaseMontgomery, iphulo elathatha iinyanga ezili-13 ukusuka kuDisemba 1955 ukuya kuDisemba 1956 elathi labhukuqa ucalucalulo kwisixeko saseAlabama. Kwenzeka njani ukuba uKumkani abe yintloko yephulo lokwayikiswa? Kulula ukucinga ukuba uKumkani wayengumqalisi onothando, okanye umququzeleli oqeqeshekileyo wokwayikiswa - kulula kodwa kungalunganga.
Iphulo lokukwaya ibhasi laqala, njengoko lisaziwa, ngokubanjwa kuka-Rosa Parks, itshantliziyo lamalungelo oluntu ixesha elide, ekupheleni komhla woku-1 kuDisemba ka-1955, emva kokuba engazange avume ukuncama isihlalo sakhe ebhasini kumlungu. Umqalisi ophambili wolu qhankqalazo yayingunjingalwazi weKholeji yase-Alabama uJo Ann Robinson, umongameli weBhunga lezoPolitiko labasetyhini (WPC), iqela lephulo labasetyhini abaqeqeshiweyo abamnyama. I-WPC ibisoloko inyanzelisa ukuba kuqhaywe ibhasi ukucela umngeni kucalucalulo kangangeenyanga. Kwileta yomhla wama-21 kuMeyi ka-1955 eyayisiya kuSodolophu uGayle, uRobinson wayebhale wathi: โKubekho intetho evela kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni engamashumi amabini anesihlanu okanye ngaphezulu yokucwangcisa ugwayimbo lweebhasi kwisixeko ngokubanzi.โ Kwimemori yakhe, uRobinson ukhumbula amanye amanqaku awawenzayo ngorhatya lomhla woku-1 kuDisemba: โIBhunga lezoPolitiko labaseTyhini alisayi kulinda imvume kaNksk. NgoLwesihlanu, ngoDisemba 2, 1955, amabhinqa aseMontgomery aza kugwaya ngoMvulo, ngoDisemba 5.โ (IiRosa Parks yayiza kuthethwa ityala ngoMvulo we-5 kaDisemba.) Kwiiyure ezili-10 ezilandelayo, uRobinson, ugxa wakhe kunye nabafundi ababini bakhuphela, basika kwaye badibanisa amashumi amawaka amaphecana uRobinson awayewabhale ngokukhawuleza ecela ukukwaywa kwebhasi yosuku olunye- I-WPC iye yaphumeza isicwangciso esilungiselelwe kwangaphambili sokusasaza amaphecana kwisixeko esijikelezileyo.
I-WPC iye yakhupha amazwi alumkileyo kuluntu lwase-Afrika-yaseMelika kwaye yanceda ukuqalisa ugwayimbo oluxhaswa yi-90% yoluntu oluntsundu.
Omnye umntu obalulekileyo ngomhla woku-1 kuDisemba yayingu-ED Nixon, i-unionist yabasebenzi kunye nenkokeli ngaphambili kwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye nelommandla we-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Ngoncedo lwegqwetha elimhlophe, uNixon wakhulula uRosa Parks entolongweni ngorhatya lwe-1 kaDisemba, kwaye wamcenga ukuba avumele ityala lakhe lisetyenziswe ukucela umngeni kumgaqo-nkqubo wokwahlulwa kweebhasi zedolophu. UNixon ebesebenza noRosa Parks ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi: ebengunobhala we-NAACP yendawo ukusukela ngo-1943, ngelo xesha uNixon wayengumongameli. Ngomhla woku-1 kuDisemba, u-Nixon wathetha no-Jo Ann Robinson ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukuvelisa amaphecana omdyarho; bavumelana ngokukwaywa kosuku olunye. U-Nixon wayekade ethintele i-WPC ukuba iqalise ukukhwela ibhasi emva kokuba abanye abafazi base-Afrika-baseMelika babanjiwe - kuba abafazi kuloo matyala abazange bahlonipheke kwaye bahlonitshwe njengePaki.
UNixon (ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo) waqalisa ukuqhagamshelana nabefundisi basekuhlaleni abantsundu ukuze abamemele kwintlanganiso elungiselela ukukwaywa. U-Nixon wacela i-NAACP yendawo ukuba ikhokele ukunyathela; owayesakuba ngumongameli we-Montgomery NAACP wamxelela ukuba ngokwenkqubo kuya kufuneka adibane nondlunkulu waseNew York ngaphambi kokuba athathe naliphi na inyathelo. Endaweni yoko, uNixon kunye nabaphathiswa ababini basekhaya, uRalph Abernathy kunye no-EN French, bagqiba ekubeni benze umbutho omtsha, u-Abernathy owathiya iMontgomery Improvement Association. Yayiza kuba ngumbutho wemibutho, ekhokela ugwayimbo olutsha, oluzinzileyo oluchasene nokwahlulwa kweebhasi.
U-Abernathy wamema uNixon ukuba akhokele iMIA. U-Nixon wayecinga ukuba nomfundisi omnyama njengenkokeli kwenza ingqiqo ekufumaneni inkxaso ebalulekileyo yeecawe zasekuhlaleni zabantsundu. (Ngokuqinisekileyo, omnye umqalisi woqhankqalazo, uJo Ann Robinson, naye akazange abonakale, wala ukuthatha isikhundla esisemthethweni kwi-MIA ukuze akhusele isikhundla sakhe e-Alabama State College - yena nabanye barhoxa ngo-1960 xa irhuluneli yase-Alabama uJohn Patterson. waqala ukujolisa kwifakhalthi ababengabalandeli kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu.)
Ukubuyela kwi-5 kaDisemba 1955, iqela eliququzelelayo lagqiba ekubeni lenze uMartin Luther King Jr, umphathiswa osanda kufika, umongameli weMIA. Kwakutheni ukuze kukhethwe uKumkani? Wayefunde kakhulu, isithethi esiphum' izandla, yaye engunyana womfundisi obalulekileyo wasekuhlaleni. Kwakukho enye into. URosa Parks kamva waphawula ukuba โuGqr. UKumkani wakhethwa ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba wayemtsha ngokwentelekiso ekuhlaleni yaye ngoko wayengenazo iintshaba.โ
Iinkokeli zamalungelo oluntu eTallahassee naseBirmingham nazo zazintsha kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala, u-Aldon D Morris waphawula kwisifundo sakhe somhlaba, Imvelaphi yeNtshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu: Uluntu oluMnyama oluHlela uTshintsho. UMorris wabhala: โInkqubo eqhelekileyo yemibutho yamandla amhlophe yasekuhlaleni ngeminyaka yee-1950 yayikukusebenzisa nokulawula iinkokeli ezintsundu ngokuzivuza ngokobuqu. Eli qhinga lanika abamhlophe ithuba lokufumana ulawulo kubaphathiswa abantsundu, ngenye indlela ababezimele ngokwezoqoqosho kumlungu. Apha kwakhona, isikhundla esitsha sabangela ukuba abaphathiswa bakwazi ukuzimela ngokwenyani nasemehlweni oluntu.โ Njengoko uED Nixon watshoyo, uKumkani โwayengekabikho xesha lide ngokwaneleyo ukuba oobawo besixeko bambeke izandla,โ bemnika isuti yempahla โokanye into ethileโ yolo hlobo.
UAldon Morris uthi umbutho weMontgomery, nangona wakhawuleza wafikelela kwinkokeli enothando, awuzange ulandele umzekelo ochazwe nguMax Weber, โapho inkokeli itsalela abalandeli benguquko ngenxa yobuntu bayo obungaqhelekanga nombono wayo ochukumisayo.โ UMorris ubhala athi: โKwesi sihlandlo imibono yegosa elingumkhweli ongenamdla nelingenamfundo ubukhulu becala [ED Nixon wafumana imfundo engaphantsi kweminyaka emibini] yaye amalungu eWPC neminye imibutho yasekuhlaleni yaphoswa ezandleni zomphathiswa okhutheleyo owayekwazi ukudlala. wayenendima ephambili yokuhlanganisa abantu ngenxa yokuba wayekwisikhundla esiphambili ecaweni.โ
Kukho okuninzi okunokuthi kuthethwe malunga nobudlelwane phakathi koKumkani kunye nentshukumo, kunye nendlela intshukumo eyafundisa ngayo, yacela umngeni kwaye yaguqula inkokeli yayo - kunye nokumnika inqanaba lesizwe kunye nehlabathi apho achaza khona umbono wakhe wenguqu engenabundlobongela. nobulungisa bobuhlanga. Inqaku endifuna ukulenza kukuba uKumkani ngengazange abe nelo qonga ukuba bekungekho nto ixineneyo yoququzelelo loluntu olusekwe kwizakhono, amava, uthungelwano kunye nemibutho eyakhiwe kwiminyaka emashumi. Yayiyimibutho efana neKomiti yezoPolitiko yabasetyhini kunye neecawe ezilwela inkululeko ezadala uqhankqalazo lwebhasi emva koko yanyula uKumkani ukuba athathe indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwiphulo abalakhileyo, umbutho wemibutho ababeyidibanisile.
Kule mihla apho abantu bajonge ukudala iintshukumo ezinamandla njengentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kwiminyaka yoo-1950, kubalulekile ukujonga isiseko esiluqilima sombutho waloo ntshukumo. Intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ayizange izenzekele, kwaye yayingekuko ukudalwa komntu omnye, nangona enesiphiwo. Lo mbutho wawuphenjelelwa ngumsindo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kodwa wawuzinzile kwaye ulungelelaniswe kwaye umiliselwe kumaziko akhoyo adibanisayo kwaye awaguqula.
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