Kupona ndiro izwi rakakosha kunzwisisa dzinza reSaudi razvino zvekunze uye zvemukati marongero. Izvi zvakagadzirirwa kufanobvisa shanduko asi zvinokatyamadza ivo vari kugadzira vavengi vakawanda mukushanduka kwenyika kunoratidzwa nemhirizhonga yedunhu geopolitics uye kukura kwemukati zvinoda shanduko.
Mubatanidzwa weUS-Saudi une makore makumi manomwe ekuchengetedza wakaita kunge uchatanga kusvitsa makore makumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe pamberi pemusangano wepamusoro weMutungamiriri weAmerica Barak Obama namambo Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz munaKurume.
NeUS ikozvino yakazvipira kutenderera kumabvazuva uye pamwe munzira yekuve mutengesi wemafuta panosvika 2017, mitemo yeAmerica neSaudi haisisina kufanana.
Vaimbove Mutungamiriri weAmerica, VaGeorge W. Bush, vehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, iyo yakashorwa neSaudi, yakayambira vatongi vayo kuti vangwarire. Kuratidzira kwechiArab kwakakurumbira kubvira 2011 kwakavasunda kutungamira shanduko yekudzivirira yedunhu uye kubva mukaha muhukama hwenyika mbiri hwanga huchikura.
VaSaudis havana kukwanisa kuvimba neUS "shanduko yehurumende" mudunhu, iyo inoenderana neMuslim Brotherhood International (MBI) semudziyo weshanduko, inotsigirwa nemukwikwidzi wedunhu seTurkey uye mubatsiri weGulf Cooperation Council. (GCC), seQatar, yave kwenguva yakareba ichikwikwidza hutungamiriri hweSaudi hweGCC, iyo Saudi inotungamira basa mune zvematongerwo enyika eArab uye mumiriri weSaudi wezvematongerwo enyika weSunni maMuslim.
Iyi mubatanidzwa wemativi matatu eQatar, Turkey neMBI yaizokura kuita njodzi yekupona kweSaudi kana ikabvumidzwa kuendesa shanduko muSyria, Iraq, Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Tunisia, Libya uye kumwewo mudunhu. Inogona kukurumidza kusiya Saudi Arabia sechinangwa chinotevera che "shanduko."
Iyo US mbiru yeSaudi chengetedzo zvino inoita kunge isina chokwadi sezvo United States inomira isingakwanisi kusangana neSaudi tarisiro pane dzinenge dzese nyaya dzakanyanya kunetsa muMiddle East, kubva kuhondo yeArab-Israel kusvika kuSaudi-Iran kunetsana uye kuenderera kweropa. kunetsana muSyria, rega kusawirirana neMBI, kunyanya muEgypt.
Mukati mechirevo ichi, kushandisa MBI sechinhu che "shanduko yehurumende" mudunhu kwagadzira Saudi MBI phobia. Shanduko yanonoka muumambo, asi, mushure memakumi emakore edzidzo yeIslam yakadzika, shanduko yaigona kungove yakavharwa muchimiro chechiIslam.
โZvinogona kuita sezvisinganzwisisike kuti hurumende yevaWahhabi ipikisane nesimba zvakadaro bato rinosanganisa chitendero nezvematongerwo enyika. Asi imhaka yekuti humambo hwakavakirwa pachitendero cheIslam hunotya kukwikwidzana kweHama, "mutori wenhau Roula Khalaf akanyora muFinancial Times munaKurume.
VaObama havaite kunge vanokwanisa kugadzirisa mafenzi maviri aya. Kuramba kwake kurwa hondo dzedunhu reSaudi kunovayeuchidza kuti ndiye murume mumwe chete seseneta wehurumende kumashure mu2002 akati:
"Ngatirwei kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti vatinoti vatsigiri vedu muMiddle East - maSaudis nemaEgypt - vasiye kudzvanyirira vanhu vavo, nekudzvinyirira vanopokana, uye kushivirira huwori nekusaenzana, uye kusatarisira hupfumi hwavo."
Nekudaro, sezvakaratidzwa nekushanya kwaVaObama kuhumambo musi waKurume 28, misiyano yepasi rose icharamba iine hunyanzvi, ukuwo mubatanidzwa ucharamba uripo kusvika humambo hwawana imwe nzira inovimbika kune mutsigiri wayo wekuAmerica, kunyangwe izvi zvichiita senge budiriro isingaite mune ramangwana rakafanorongwa. .
Regional Shifts
Mudunhu, humambo hausi kufamba zvakanaka. Iyo US-yakasimudzirwa uye yeSaudi-yakatsigira anti-Iran "mberi" yedunhu "moderates," neIsrael semubatsiri wepachivande, zvinoita sekunge zvave kuita zvarakasiya.
Kudana kweSaudi kwekushandura "kanzuru" yeGCC kuita "mubatanidzwa" ikozvino yafa.
Kutyisidzira kweruzhinji kwaOman kuti abve kuGCC kana ikashanduka kuita mubatanidzwa uye kusawirirana kweSaudi neQatar kunotyisidzira kuvepo kweGCC chaiko.
Kukokwa kweSaudi kuJoridhani neMorocco kuti vapinde muGCC kwakanga kusingagamuchirwi nedzimwe nhengo dzeGCC uye neMorocco.
MuBahrain, humambo hwakapindira muchiuto kurwisa mhirizhonga yedemocracy ine makore matatu.
Musangano wekupedzisira weKuwait wakagarwa neKuwait hauna kuwirirana neSaudi paSyria.
Kuumba hurumende yeLebanon pasina Hezbullah uye mubatanidzwa wayo wepro-Syria watadza.
Kushevedzera kweEgypt ye "mhinduro yezvematongerwo enyika" muSyria uye kuramba kwayo kupa chigaro cheSyria Arab League kune vanopikisa hakugone kududzirwa sechinzvimbo chehushamwari kubva kunyika iyo Saudi Arabia yakabhadhara kunze, mukutsinhana kwayo kubva kuMBI. kutonga.
Turkey iri kupokana neEgypt-Saudi ichangobva kuwanikwa kudyidzana.
Iraq iri kupomera humambo kuita "hondo" kurwisana nahwo, neSaudi ikozvino ndiyo nyika chete isina mumiriri wekusingaperi kuIraq.
Zvichakadaro, humambo hunoenderera mberi nekubata neIran se "kutyisidzira kuriko."
Mumashure, kutyisidzira kweIsrael kwaisazombofa kwakafuratirwa.
Kuzvishingisa Zvinonetsa
Kushandisa petrodollars sesimba rakapfava kuwana pesvedzero kune dzimwe nyika uye kuchengetedza kuvimbika mukati, humambo hunoita sehunozvivimba zvakakwana, kana kunyanyozvivimba, kuti unzwe wakachengeteka uri wega.
Vachitaura kuKoreji yaWilliam naMary muWilliamsburg, Virginia, munaKurume 11, Prince Turki al-Faisal, sachigaro weKing Faisal Center for Research & Islamic Studies muRiyadh uye aimbove Mumiriri weSaudi kuUS, akati:
"Saudi Arabia inomiririra pamusoro pe20% yeGDP yakabatanidzwa yeMiddle East-North Africa (MENA) dunhu (uye inopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina cheArab World's GDP) ichiita ... mubatsiri anoshanda uye nhengo yeG20.
"Musika weSaudi stock market unomiririra pamusoro pe50% yemusika wemari wedunhu reMENA.
โSaudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), bhanga guru reHumambo, ndiro bhanga guru rechitatu pasi rose rine midziyo yekunzeโฆ ine zvivakwa zvakakura kwazvo pasi rose zvekugadzira zvinhu.
Nekudaro, mutori wenhau murwi Karen Elliot House, aratidza mufananidzo unotyisa.
โMakumi matanhatu muzana evaSaudi vane makumi maviri kana kuti vadiki, vazhinji vacho havana tariro yebasa, "House akanyora mubhuku rake ra2012. โMakumi manomwe muzana evaSaudis havakwanise kuva nemba. Zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvinorarama pasi peurombo. Vemhuri yehumambo, machinda nemachinda 25,000, ndivo vane yakawanda yenzvimbo yakakosha uye vanobatsirwa nehurongwa hunopa mumwe nemumwe stipend uye imwe mari yakawanda. Vashandi vokune dzimwe nyika vanoita basa roUmambo; vagari vomuSaudi vane mamiriyoni 19 vanogoverana Umambo nevashandi vanoshanyira mamiriyoni 8.5.โ
Sekureva kweImba, misiyano yedunhu "ichokwadi chezuva nezuva chehupenyu hweSaudi." VaHejazi kuMadokero uye vaShiite kuMabvazuva vanoshora zvakasimba Wahhabi mararamiro. Kusarurwa kwevanhukadzi idambudziko riri kuramba richikura. Makumi matanhatu muzana evaSaudi vakapedza kudzidza kukoreji vakadzi asi vanongoverengera gumi nembiri muzana yevashandi.
Uyezve, maererano naAnthony H. Cordesman, rakabudiswa neCentre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) musi waApril 21, 2011, โPane mikaha yakakomba pakati peโvaneโ neโvasina,โ kusiyana kwenharaunda muupfumi neropafadzo, uye kusawirirana pakati peSaudi Shi'ites neSaudi Sunnis."
Humambo hwanga huchiparadza mabhiriyoni nemabhiriyoni emapetrodollar muhondo yakarasika yekupa mari yekurwisa shanduko yedunhu. Mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora yakavimbiswa kubatsira Bahrain neSultanate yeOman kubva muArab Spring. Mabhirioni matatu mamwe akavimbiswa kutenga zvombo zveFrance kutsigira mauto eLebanon kurwisa mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neHezbullah wepro-Syria. Mabhirioni akati wandei akavimbiswa kuEgypt kuti asimbise vatevedzeri vevaimbove mutungamiri wenyika vakadzingwa, Mohamed Morsi, tisingaregi mamwe mabhiriyoni akashandiswa kutsigira โshanduko yehurumendeโ muSyria. Zvinonzi VaObama vakaedza kunyengerera Mambo Abdullah panguva yekushanya kwavo kwekupedzisira kuti vabvise shanduko muUkraine.
Kuti ive nemhedzisiro yekumukira kwechiArab mukati, Humambo hwakatopedza zvakatowanda pakutenga kuvimbika kwevanhu vahwo; nekuda kwechinangwa chimwe chete maRoyal Orders, ayo aive akatongwa nehupfumi, akapihwa munaKurume 2011.
Muna Kukadzi 2011, Mambo Abdullah akavimbisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu neshanu emadhora edzimba, kuwedzera mihoro yevashandi vehurumende, kudzidza kunze kwenyika uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Mwedzi wakatevera mambo akazivisa imwe bhajeti remari inodarika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe emadhora ekuwedzera dzimba, masangano ezvitendero uye kuwedzera mihoro yemauto nemauto.
Kubvisa vanhu kubva mukuratidzira kwehupfumi kwaiita sekusina kukwana kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemukati sezvo humambo, pachinzvimbo chekuzorodza mamiriro emukati, nguva pfupi yadarika yakasimbisa zvigadziriso nekuburitswa kwePenal Law yeCrimes of Terrorism uye Mari Yayo muna Ndira wapfuura 31, the Royal Decree No. .
"Mitemo iyi ichangoburwa nemirau inoshandura chero kutaura kwakatsoropodza kana mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira kuita mhosva dzehugandanga," akadaro Joe Stork, mutevedzeri wemukuru weHuman Rights Watch kuMiddle East neNorth Africa. "Mitemo iyi inoparadza tariro yekuti Mambo Abdullah anotarisira kuvhura nzvimbo yerunyararo kana mapoka akazvimirira," Stork akawedzera.
Mukati nekunze, humambo hwakanyanya kuzvivimbika hunoratidzika kunge huine chinangwa chekugadzira vavengi vazhinji, kusaita chero, kutsausa nyika nemasimba edunhu, maSunni, maShiite, rusununguko, mauto eArabu uye mauto ekuruboshwe, kuparadza mhirizhonga mudunhu, zvese mune zvinoita sekunge kusawirirana kuita. kutyisidzira, chaiko uye kunoonekwa, kukupona kwedzinza rinotonga. Nekudaro, humambo hunoratidzika sekupfura kupona kwahwo mumakumbo.
Nicola Nasser mutori wenhau weArab anogara muBirzeit, West Bank yenzvimbo dzePalestine dzakatorwa neIsrael.[email inodzivirirwa]) Shanduro yakagadziridzwa yechinyorwa ichi yakatanga kuburitswa neMiddle East Eye musi waKubvumbi 15, 2014.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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