Chakumapeto kwa 1936, George Orwell, monga achinyamata ambiri oganiza bwino ochokera ku Ulaya ndi USA, anapita kukamenyana ndi fascism ku Spain. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1937 anazindikira kuti anali pankhondo osati mbali ziwiri koma zitatu. USSR inali kulepheretsa kusintha kwachisipanishi komwe kunkamenyana ndi Socialists ndi anarchists kunja kwa ulamuliro wake.
Poyangโanizana ndi ndende ndi kunyongedwa kothekera iye mwini, osati kuchokera kwa achifwamba, koma magulu ankhondo ogwirizana ndi Soviet, Orwell anathaลตa Spain. Mtsogoleri wake wapafupi, Georges Kopp, anaikidwa mโndende, ndipo mtsogoleri wa gulu lake lankhondo, Andres Nin, anazunzidwa ndi kuphedwa ndi nthumwi ya apolisi achinsinsi a Stalin. Orwell adatha moyo wake wonse akuyesera kufotokoza kuti m'nthawi yake kumanzere kumatanthawuza onse omwe ali ndi malingaliro odzipereka ku ufulu waumunthu, kufanana, ndi chilungamo ndi othandizira a Stalinism yomwe inali yotsutsana ndi zinthu zonsezi.
Iye analemba atabwerera ku England:
Pamene ndinachoka ku Barcelona mu June ndende zinali zokulirakuliraโฆ Koma mfundo yoti muzindikire ndi yakuti anthu amene ali mโndende tsopano si Achifasisti koma oukira boma; iwo ali kumeneko osati chifukwa malingaliro awo ali ochuluka kumanja, koma chifukwa iwo ali ochuluka kumanzere. Ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wowayika iwo pamenepo ndiโฆachikominisi.
Ena mwa ovomereza-Stalin anasiya amakhulupirira mabodza a dzuwa okhudza USSR ndipo ena a iwo ankadziwa bwino koma anapita ndi maganizo a Stalinist kuti muyenera kuswa mazira angapo kuti mupange omelet, kuti gulags ndi mabodza ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri kunali mtengo. a tikiti yopita ku mtundu wina wa utopia womwe ukafika posachedwa china chilichonse chitathetsedwa. Pali mikangano yofanana kumanzere kwa nthawi yathu ino, yomwe ili yodziwikiratu komanso yosalongosoka.
Kumanzere ndi chiyani? Ndikanadziwa. Pamene Boma la Russia linalanda dziko la Ukraine pa February 24, 2022, mfundo yakuti gawo lina la zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa, kulungamitsidwa, kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa Putin, mwa zina, chinali chikumbutso chakuti "kuchoka" kwakhala nthawi yayitali. kutanthauza chikwama chonyamula chodzaza ndi zotsutsana. Pambuyo pake kunabwera "maulendo amtendere" omwe adatsutsa kuti US iyenera kusiya thandizo ndipo Ukraine iyenera kudzipereka.
Nkhani zaposachedwa za magawo awa akupunthwitsa kumanzere kwa boma la China ndikuchepetsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndikukumbutsa kuti ili ndi vuto lomwe likuchitika m'njira zambiri. Ndawona kukana kuphedwa kwa mafuko pakati pa izi zomwe zatsala: kukhululukira Achi China pa mlandu wa anthu a Uyghur, kulungamitsa kuwukira ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Tibet, kukana Holodomor - kuphedwa kwa mafuko aku Soviet chifukwa cha njala m'ma 1930 ku Ukraine - ngakhale kuyeretsa Nthawi ya Pol Pot ku Cambodia, ndikukhala kumbali ya Assad pamene akumenyana ndi anthu a ku Syria.
Kuyenera kukhala pempho lodzichepetsa kufunsa kuti โosiyidwaโ asatanthauze ochirikiza maulamuliro aulamuliro oviikidwa mโmwazi wa anthu awo. Koma anthu ndi magulu ndi zolinga zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi monga kumanzere zilibe zotsutsana koma adani akulumbira. Ena mwa anthu ofuula ovomereza-Putin tsopano ali mbali yakumanja; ena akupitiriza kudzitengera chobvala cha kumanzere, kupempha funso kuti kumanzere ndi chiyani.
Mutha kutchula izi kuti ndi vuto la nomenclature. Kuyika mwanjira imeneyo, likhoza kuwoneka ngati vuto laling'ono, koma kulephera kusiyanitsa ndi kufotokoza kusiyana kungakhale lalikulu. Zaka zingapo zapitazo ndidauza bambo wina yemwe amagwira ntchito pa kampeni yapurezidenti wa Elizabeth Warren, panthawi yomwe iye ndi kampeni anali kuthana ndi ziwopsezo zambiri zochokera kwa anthu omwe amadziona ngati akumanzere kwenikweni. dzina lomwelo.โ
Mwina mawu akumanzere/kumanja omwe adachokera ku French Revolution, patatha zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake, adapitilira kusagwirizana kwake. (Mu French National Assembly ya 1789, mamembala achifumu adakhala kumanja, osinthika kumanzere, ndipo motero mawuwo adabadwa.) Kumanzere komwe ndimakonda kumadzipereka kwambiri ku ufulu wachibadwidwe wapadziko lonse komanso kufanana kotheratu ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokhazikika. mayendedwe omenyera ufulu, kuphatikiza gulu la Black Civil rights movement. Nthawi zina ndimaganiza za mtundu waposachedwa waku US ngati mtundu wamasiku otsiriza a Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition.
Utawalezawu unasiya hema waukulu ndipo motero nthawi zambiri umalandiridwa bwino, kunena kuti, zinthu monga chipembedzoโpambuyo pake, tchalitchi cha Black chinachita mbali yaikulu mโgulu limenelo, Cesar Chavez ndi Dorothy Day anali mโgulu la Akatolika odzipereka kwambiri mโmbiri ya America. , ndiponso kulimbikitsa uzimu wa eni eni eniwo n'kofunika kwambiri pa nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa malo ndi nyengoโpamene anthu ambiri osiya miyambo yachipembedzo nthaลตi zambiri amanyoza chipembedzo.
Ndinganene kuti chifukwa chakumvetsetsa kwake kwamavuto ndi mayankho onse, kumanzereku ndikokhazikika kwambiri, kuphatikiza kwambiri, kofanana kwambiri - kuposa omwe amawona mtundu ndi jenda ngati zosayenera kapena zosokoneza (kuphatikiza amuna, ochokera ku Ralph Nader mu 2000 mpaka , omwe akhala akunyalanyaza ufulu wakubala ngati chilungamo chofunikira pazachuma komanso ufulu). Mwina zimawonedwa ngati zocheperako chifukwa bellicosity nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati muyeso wa kukhwima kwa munthu.
Momwemonso, utawaleza womwe umasiyidwa nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi zolinga zazikulu koma umakhala wotsimikiza za momwe ungazikwaniritsire. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa zikuphatikizapo anthu ambiri omwe ntchito zachitukuko ndi maufulu ofunikira kuti akhale ndi moyo, anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monyengerera, monga kusapeza zomwe akufuna kapena kuzipeza mochulukira pakapita nthawi. Chiyero chonse kapena chilichonse chimatanthawuza kusankha chilichonse chomwe chili gehena kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso ndikukuwuzani-kwa inu-kwa omasuka.
Ndiwo Rainbow Coalition-ish yatsala; ina kumanzere ili ndi kuphatikizika kotsutsana ndi capitalism yamakampani ndi nkhondo zankhondo zaku US, koma mfundo zogwirira ntchito zosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amamva kuti akubwerera m'mbuyo muzolinga zake ndi malingaliro ake, kuphatikizapo zomwe ndimaganiza kuti ndizokhazikika pazachuma, lingaliro lakuti gulu limagonjetsa zina zonse (ndipo nthawi zambiri masomphenya osasangalatsa a ogwira ntchito ngati ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale osati othawa kwawo kulikonse kuchokera ku salons ya misomali kupita ku pulogalamu. -ntchito zoyendetsera ntchito kuminda yaulimi).
Kumanzereku nthawi zambiri kumangoyang'ana kwambiri za machimo akulu a United States omwe amanyalanyaza kapena kukana amitundu ina, makamaka omwe akutsutsana ndi USA, kudzudzula imperialism kunyumba koma kukhululukira kunja (ndipo zikuwoneka kuti akuwona thandizo la US ku Ukraine kudzera mu magalasi akuukira kwa America ku Iraq ndi Vietnam m'malo mogwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ku US mumgwirizano waku Europe motsutsana ndi Germany ndi Italy mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse). Nthawi zambiri imakumbatira boma lililonse kapena mtsogoleri yemwe amatsutsa US, ngakhale izi zikutanthauza kugwirizana ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi kusalingana, ngati kuti machimo a winayo afufutidwa kapena kuchotsa machimo a mnzake. Amakonda kukwiyira ma Democrats kuposa ma Republican.
Uku kumakhala koterera komwe ena mwa azungu amphamvu azaka zingapo zapitazi adatsetsereka kuti awonekere momveka bwino m'malo mobisa oteteza ufulu. Iwo kaลตirikaลตiri amatero mwa kuukira otsutsa ufulu mโdzina la mfundo ina yosamvetsetseka imene imangochitika kuti atumikire choyenera; motero akhoza kunamizira kuti sakutumikira Chipani cha Republican koma amapeza cholakwika, mobwerezabwereza, ndi aliyense amene amachitsutsa.
Kuwukira kwa boma la Putin ku Ukraine kudadzetsa mikangano ina yakale pazomwe kumanzere ndikuyenera kukhala. Osati anthu owerengeka omwe amati chovala chakumanzere akhala okondwerera a Putin ndi Russia kwakanthawi. Putin, ndithudi, ndi wolamulira, oligarch wopangidwa ndi petroleum yemwe angakhale munthu wolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, cholepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa nyengo, mtsogoleri wa International white Christian nationalist chitsitsimutso, wophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe wankhanza yemwe adani ake apakhomo amakhala ndi chizolowezi chomwalira mwadzidzidzi, ndi homophobe, wonyoza akazindipo anti-Semitic, ndipo akutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wolanda dziko lodzilamulira la Ukraine. Simungathe kupitilira kumanja.
Koma ambiri mu mtundu uwu wa kumanzere amaumirira kuti mwanjira ina US idakakamiza dzanja la Russia, kapena zonse zinali zolakwa za NATO ndipo NATO inali chidole cha US, ndipo Russia inali mwanjira ina yodziteteza. Jan Smoleลski ndi Jan Dutkiewicz anali m'gulu la otsutsa ambiri a Kum'maลตa kwa Ulaya omwe adatcha "kumadzulo," akulemba kuti ngakhale mfundozi zikuyenera kukhala zotsutsana ndi imperialist ...
Amapitirizabe kulakwitsa kwa mafumu pamene akupitiriza kukana maiko omwe si a Kumadzulo ndi bungwe la nzika zawo mu geopolitics. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, vuto lapadera la America ndiloti ngakhale iwo omwe amatsutsa ziphunzitso zake zoyambira ndi kunyoza zankhondo zaku America nthawi zambiri amatha kukonzanso zachilendo zaku America poyika dziko la United States pakuwunika kwawo ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Inde, chisokonezo chonse chokhudza Russia si chachilendo. Otsatira akumadzulo akumadzulo adakondana ndi Russia panthawi ya kusintha komwe Soviet Union idachokera. Ena - a anarchist Emma Goldman pakati pawo - adakhumudwitsidwa koyambirira, koma kwa ena, palibe chomwe chingagwedeze kudziperekako. M'mbiri yonse ya USSR, inali ndi oteteza kumadzulo, pamene izi zikutanthauza kukana ma gulags, mayesero awonetsero ndi kuphedwa, kuyesa kulamulira chirichonse chimene aliyense anachita ndi kunena, kuyeretsa mafuko ndi chikhalidwe komanso nthawi zina kupha anthu ambiri. anthu omwe si a ku Russia kuchokera ku Crimea Tatars kupita kwa abusa a nyama zaku Siberia kupita ku Muslim Kazakhs. Pamene anali bwenzi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, West wamba anathandiza Stalin ndi USSR (omwe kumene kenako Ukraine). Izi zikutchulidwa ku mbiri yawo, nthawi zambiri ponyalanyaza mfundo yakuti Stalin adasaina pangano lopanda chiwawa ndi boma la Nazi, kugawa Eastern Europe pakati pa awiriwa.
Ngakhale kuti anzake ena omwe adakhumudwa ndi chikomyunizimu ndipo Stalinists adasunthira kumanja, Orwell anali wokhulupirika kumanzere ndipo adakankhira kumbuyo kwa anthu omwe ankafuna kuti amuuze iye ndi mabuku ake. Farm Farm ndi Makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu anayi. Koma adasokonezedwa moyo wake wonse ndi mikangano ndi zotsutsana za zomwe zidatsalira.
Ndikudabwa tsopano ngati kuzunzidwa koopsa kwa otsalira, achikomyunizimu, socialists, ndi opita patsogolo ndi ufulu wa America pambuyo pa nkhondo, adapangitsa anthu kupewa kusanthula ndi mawu omwe angafooketse kapena kugawanitsa mbali yawo. Ndiko kuti, pakadakhala kuti palibe McCarthyism, kodi kumanzereko kukadayeretsa nyumba ndikuwunikira malo ake? Kodi zikanatengera kulakwitsa kwakukulu kothandizira Stalin ndi maulamuliro ena?
Palibe yankho kwa izo, chifukwa panali McCarthyism ndipo zinali zankhanza. Zinatisiya ndi zolembedwa zachindunji, kuphatikiza zomwe munthu wakumanja wa McCarthy, Roy Cohn, adaphunzitsa mnzake Donald Trump za nkhanza, chinyengo, kunama, komanso kupambana kulikonse. (Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa zomwe ndimatcha amuna akumanzere akumanja chinali kunena kwawo kosalekeza kuti nkhani za kulowererapo kwa Russia m'malo mwa Trump zinali McCarthyism, ngati mwanjira ina anticommunism inali ndi chochita ndi zowona pamilandu kapena kuwunika kwa boma la Russia lamakono.)
Koma kusamveka bwino kumeneku komwe kumanzere ndi mfundo zomwe zili zofunika kuti zipitirize kusokoneza ndikufalitsa ngongole ndi mlandu pakati pa makampu awiri osiyana. Ndizovuta zakale koma mwina yankho lake ndi losavuta monga chowonadi polemba komanso kumveka bwino m'magulu.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Popeza malingaliro a Kumanzere ndi Kumanja mu ndale adapangidwa - Kumanzere kwa iwo omwe anali olingana ndi chitukuko cha capitalist, ndi Ufulu kwa iwo omwe anali otsutsana ndi kukula kapena chitukuko cha capitalist - Kumanzere kwapanga mikangano yambiri mwanzeru komanso mwanzeru kuti mwambo kapena chizindikiritso. zabvunditsidwa ndithu. Mwina tiyenera kusiya kulankhula za "Kumanzere". Zipembedzo zina zandale zapangitsanso kukhala zopanda tanthauzo m'zaka zapitazi - republican, husite, patarian kapena ayi - ndipo mwina tiyenera kupanga zatsopano zanzeru kunkhondo zamasiku ano.
Zina mwazosokoneza zowopsa za Kumanzere zinali 1. kulolerana ndi Boma, gulu lankhondo la Kumanzere lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ngati kutsutsana ndi mphamvu za chikapitalist koma potsirizira pake sakanatha, ndipo 2. kulolerana ndi kulingalira kwa Azungu, a mwambo wopangidwa kuti uchepetse anthu akumidzi komanso atsamunda. Osanditanthauzira molakwika - sindine wotsutsa koma ndikukhulupirira kuti mphamvu iyenera kukhala kwina kulikonse, ndipo sindine wachipembedzo koma ndimakhulupiriradi, monga Craig Calhoun, kuti anthu osamala ndi okhawo omwe angakhale osintha, chifukwa amalumikizidwa ndi moyo wowonongeka: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo12274786.html.
Ndiye zikhala za chiyani?
Ndikukhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zitatu zokha zomwe ndizovuta kuzifera, kapena kuyika moyo wamunthu pachiwopsezo - dziko lofanana kwambiri, dziko lopanda poizoni, komanso mtendere. Zina zonse ndi zapamwamba.
Zina mwa izo ndi izi:
Ndikugwirizana nanu kuti amene amakhululukira boma la Russia ndi zitsiru. Izo sizingakhoze kukhululukidwa. Koma ndizowonanso kuti nkhondo yopitilira ipangitsa Ukraine kukhala yosatha kukhalamo. Idzapha anthu masauzande ambiri ndikuthamangitsa mamiliyoni, idzanyamula Ukraine ndi ngongole yowonjezereka, ndipo pamapeto pake idzapereka chigonjetso ku Russia - chifukwa chakuti ili ndi maballions akuluakulu komanso chifukwa palibe dziko lina lidzalola. lokha kukhetsa magazi chifukwa cha Ukraine. Kotero njira yabwino kwa onse kupatula ogulitsa zida ndi mtendere mwamsanga. Zikadafika zaka ziwiri zapitazo, zikanakhala kuti Zelensky wopusayo adasiya zokambirana zamtendere chifukwa cha lonjezo loyipa la Boris Johnson.
Zilibe kanthu kuti dziko kapena dzikolo lipindula kapena kuluza mtendere. Mayiko ndi mafia, akutero Charles Tilly, https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4239309/mod_resource/content/0/AULA%202%20-%20C%20-%20Tilly%20-%20warmaking%20and%20state%20making.pdf, ndipo munthu sayenera kulola kuti alembedwe ngati wothandizira aliyense wa iwo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu. Nkhondo yozizira yomwe tikuwoneka kuti tikulowa idzatipangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti tonsefe tizilimbana ndi moyo wabwino - osati ku Russia, mwa njira. Monga nthawi ya nkhondo yozizira yomaliza tidzanamiziridwa ngati nthumwi za mdani ngati tiyesa, kumbali zonse ziwiri za kugawa. Pachifukwa chimenecho tidzathetsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko ndi kukana kulolera kunyozana, ndipo tidzayenera kusonyeza kutchuka kwa gulu la ndale, kumbali zonse ziwiri, monga chinyengo ndi nkhanza monga momwe ziliri.
Osachepera sitiyenera kufunsa gulu limodzi la mafioso - gulu limodzi la mayiko - kulanga lina. Zimenezo zidzangowonjezera masautso; kwenikweni, ngati iwo ali magulu amphamvu zazikulu za nyukiliya mwina adzatchula kutha kwa chitukuko cha anthu.
Popanda mtendere ndi kutha kwa mikangano yomwe ilipo pano pali tsogolo lochepa kwambiri la aliyense wa ife. Palibenso ngati osankhika omwe ali pano akuloledwa kumasuka - mbali iliyonse ya magawo.