Kuyambira kuponyera msuzi motsutsana ndi zojambula, kutseka misewu, kugunda chifukwa cha nyengo, kuletsa ndege zapayekha kuti zisamachoke, omenyera ufulu padziko lonse lapansi akukakamira kwambiri kuposa kale kuti achitepo kanthu kuthana ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Ndipo akupereka uthenga womveka bwino komanso wosasinthasintha: Zomwe zakhala zikuvomerezedwa kwanthawi yayitali - kukulitsa mafuta oyaka, kuyika ndalama m'mafakitale oipitsa, propaganda zamafuta ndi gasi, greenwashing, kukana kusintha kwanyengo, kuchedwa kwa boma pazochitika zanyengo - sikuloledwanso. Bungwe la zanyengo likugwira ntchito mosalekeza kuti izi zimveke bwino kwa aliyense.
Tikamalankhula za kayendedwe kalikonse, kuphatikiza kukakamiza kuchitapo kanthu kwanyengo, tikukamba za "zeitgeist, kusintha kwamlengalenga," wolemba, wolemba mbiri, komanso wogwirizira Rebecca Solnit alemba m'buku lake lotembenuzidwa. Chiyembekezo mu Mdima, yomwe imayang'ana pa mphambano ya zolimbikitsa, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndi chiyembekezo. Ndi chinthu chomaliza, chiyembekezo, chomwe chingakhale "mphamvu yopangira magetsi pakadali pano," Solnit akulemba, "lingaliro lakuti pangakhale khomo panthawi ina, njira ina yochotsera mavuto omwe alipo panopa ngakhale asanapezeke. kapena kutsatira.โ
Pamene omenyera ufulu ndi ena akugwira ntchito yolowera pakhomo ili, amatero ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti nthawi idakalipo komanso kuti nyengo ndi yoyenera kumenyedwa. Kukhudzika komweku kuli pachimake pa projekiti yaposachedwa kwambiri ya Solnit ndi wolemba nthano Thelma Young Lutunatabua, Sanachedwe, yomwe imapereka malingaliro, zothandizira, ndi "njira zabwino zopita patsogolo" kwa iwo omwe amasamala za nyengo. Awiriwa alinso kusintha polojekiti kukhala buku, ikubwera mu Epulo 2023, ndi zopereka za olimbikitsa, olemba, akatswiri, atolankhani, ndi ena ochokera padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndinafalitsa yoyamba Gasi ndime chaka chapitacho mwezi uno. Kukondwerera chaka chake chokumbukira chaka chimodzi, ndidafuna kuti ndisiye mawonekedwe anthawi zonse kuti ndiyang'ane pa gawo lofunikira lachiwonetsero komanso chiyembekezo chothana ndi kuchedwa ndi kukana. Ndinalankhula ndi Solnit za chiyembekezo ndi tsogolo la zochitika za nyengo poyang'anizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa dziko, nkhani zabodza zamakampani a mafuta ndi gasi ndi kuwotcha greenwashing, chiwawa kwa omenyera ufulu, komanso kusachitapo kanthu kwa atsogoleri andale. Zokambirana zotsatirazi zasinthidwa kuti zitheke komanso kumveka bwino.
Stella Levantesi
In Chiyembekezo mu Mdima mudalemba kuti chiyembekezo chimafuna kulingalira ndi kumveka bwino, ndi m'nkhani yanu yatsopano lofalitsidwa ndi Guardian munati vuto lililonse ndi vuto lofotokozera nkhani. Wolemba waku India Amitav Ghosh ananenanso kuti vuto la nyengo ndi vuto la chikhalidwe, motero ndi vuto lamalingaliro. Ngati sitingathe kuzilingalira, ziwuzeni, kumizidwa mwachikhalidwe mwa izo, tingakumane nazo bwanji? Kodi timagwirizanitsa bwanji magawo atatuwa: vuto la nyengo, malingaliro, ndi chiyembekezo? Ndipo ngati tikwanitsa kuwayanjanitsa, kodi zimenezi zingabweretse chiyani?
Rebecca solnit
Nthawi zonse ndimaona kuti nโkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa chiyembekezo ndi chiyembekezo. Kwa ine, chiyembekezo ndi mtundu wotsimikizika: zonse zikhala bwino, chifukwa chake, palibe chomwe chimafunikira kwa ife, chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi kukayikira komanso kukhumudwa komanso kukhumudwa. Chiyembekezo, kwa ine, ndikungozindikira kuti tsogolo likuganiziridwa mpaka pano, ndipo zomwe timachita ndizofunikira chifukwa cha zenizeni.
Ndikuganiza kuti gawo lofunikira lamalingaliro ndi chiyembekezo ndikutha kulingalira dziko losiyana ndi momwe lilili pano. [Wolemba] Adrienne Maree Brown adanenapo kuti kulinganiza zonse ndi zopeka za sayansi chifukwa mukulingalira zomwe kulibe. Koma zoona, zili ngati, ndi chiyani chomwe mukuchiganizira? Ndikupeza kuti anthu ambiri ondizungulira ali abwino kwambiri polingalira kuti chirichonse chikugwa, chirichonse chikuipiraipira; iwo ndi abwino ku dystopia, iwo ndi oipa pa utopia.
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe anthu amapeza kuti dystopia ndi yodalirika komanso utopia kapena kusintha kosavuta kumvetsa. Ndikuganiza kuti zina mwa izo zimachokera ku amnesia. Ngati simukudziwa momwe dziko lasinthira, kumlingo wina kuti ukhale wabwino, kuchuluka kwa kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kwakwaniritsa, ndiye kuti mulibe chithunzi cha momwe kusintha kumagwirira ntchito.
LEVANTESI
Timalingalira chiyembekezo ngati chinthu chokhudzana ndi tsogolo lokha, koma mwatsindika kuti sizongokhudza zamtsogolo. Kodi ntchito ya kukumbukira mu chiyembekezo ndi chiyani?
SOLINIT
Anthu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza wazamulungu Walter Brueggemann komanso wolimbikitsa zanyengo komanso loya Julian Aguon, amalankhula za kukumbukira monga kofunika kwambiri pa chiyembekezo. Ndipo ndimagawana nawo chikhulupiriro chawo. Ngati simukumvetsetsa zakale, simumvetsetsa kuti anthu adakumana ndi kutha kwa dziko lawo. Zinthu zimasintha mwamphamvu komanso mozama mobwerezabwereza - kusintha ndikomwe kosalekeza - ndiyeno mutha kuchepetsetsa ndikuyang'ananso kuti mayendedwe apansi, mabungwe a nzika, mabungwe omwe siaboma, omenyera ufulu wawo - anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amawonedwa kuti alibe mphamvu, osasamala, opanda malire. - zasintha dziko mobwerezabwereza.
LEVANTESI
In Chiyembekezo mu Mdima mwatsindika m'mene zolimbikitsa zingabweretse kusintha mopanda mzere, momwe nthawi zina zimakhala zobisika komanso zochedwa koma momwe, mkati mwake, tiyenera kuzindikira kufunikira kwa kupambana. Kodi kupambana kwakukulu kwanyengo kwamasiku ano ndi chiyani?
SOLINIT
Ndikuganiza kuti chachikulu kwambiri pa zonsezi chinachitika zaka zingapo zapitazi, koma ndi nkhani yozindikira osati malamulo kapena kusokoneza kapena chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe timafuna: Tatenga malingaliro a anthu.
Zaka zisanu zapitazo, zaka 10 zapitazo, anthu ambiri sankadera nkhawa za nyengo. Sanali kusamala nazo, sanaziganizire, sanazione kukhala zachangu, sanachitepo kanthu, komanso sanali kuchirikiza kufunika kotsatira njira zothetsera mavutowo. Izo ndi zosiyana kwenikweni tsopano.
Panali ndithu pamene ife tinali ocheperapo kapena ocheperapo kuyambira opanda kanthu, koma ife tamanga mayendedwe amphamvu, tapeza zigonjetso zambiri. Makampani opanga mafuta opangira zinthu zakale amadziwa kwambiri mphamvu zathu ndipo akulimbana nazo ndi chilichonse chomwe ali nacho. Kusintha kwa mphamvu zambiri kukuchitika. Paris [mgwirizano] ndi chigonjetso chachikulu. Ndipo m'buku lathu likubwerali, Sanachedwe, [ife] tikusintha nkhani ya nyengo kuchokera ku kukhumudwa kupita ku kuthekera. Gulu la divestment lafika [pafupifupi] $41 thililiyoni achotsedwa.
Chilichonse chomwe ndimalankhula chimakhala ndi zotsatira zake. [Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Keystone] XL idatiphunzitsa ambiri aife, kuphatikiza ine, za Mchenga wa phula wa Alberta ndi udindo wa mapaipi mumakampani opangira mafuta komanso kusakhazikika kwa mapaipi ngati popanikiza. Gulu la divestment linathandiza anthu ambiri kuzindikira mtundu uwu wa zovuta; ambiri a ife [tizindikira] zomwe ndalama zathu zikuchita, kapena zomwe ndalama za mpingo wathu kapena ndalama za yunivesite kapena ndalama za boma zikuchita. Tidawonetsanso makampani opanga mafuta oyambira kale monga momwe timawonetsera maulamuliro atsankho ndi zinthu zina ngati zoyipa.
Nthawi zonse mumapanga kusintha kwachindunji, ngakhale kusintha kwachindunji komwe mumatsata - ndipo nthawi zina kusintha kwachindunji sikumabweretsa zotsatira.
LEVANTESI
Kuponderezedwa kwa maboma ndi apolisi masiku ano motsutsana ndi olimbikitsa zanyengo m'mayendedwe monga Just Stop Oil ku UK kapena "Last Generation" ku Italy pamlingo wina wofanana ndi mabodza am'makampani opangira mafuta, komanso otsutsa nyengo ndi ochedwetsa kutsata omenyera ufulu wawo kudzera muzabodza ndi kuwukira. Chiwawachi chikunena chiyani kwa inu?
SOLINIT
Chotengera choyamba chomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndichofunika kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatayika ndikutsimikizira kuti amatiopa. Iwo amaganiza kuti ndife amphamvu, amaganiza kuti tikhala ndi chikoka, chifukwa akufunitsitsa kuti asiye. Simugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa pokhapokha ngati muli ndi nkhawa. Nkhani zabodza ndi mabodza sizinali bwino.
Chiwawa, ndikuganiza, chikuwonekeranso kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mwanjira ina, ndizosavuta kuthana nazo kuposa zomwe zidachitika - zaka zambiri zokana, kupeputsa zovuta zanyengo, kutsukidwa kobiriwira, kunamizira kuti akuchita zomwe nyengo ikufuna. Zikafika pazinthu zambiri zokhudzana ndi mafuta opangira mafuta komanso opindula ndi mafakitale, tikuwona kuchedwa, zododometsa, malonjezo onama, omwe ndi ovuta kumenyana nawo kuposa chiwawa.
Osunga zachilengedwe akhala akuwukiridwa [kwa nthawi yayitali]. Nthawi ina ndinawerenga zambiri za ndemanga za mabuku Silent Spring, buku la 1962 la Rachel Carson, ndikuwona makampani ndi anthu ochita malonda ndi makampani akuukira kukhulupilika kwake, ufulu wake wolankhula, kuganiza bwino, zowona za momwe zinthu zilili, kuti awone kuti ndi angati achilengedwe, makamaka kum'mwera kwa dziko lonse lapansi. kuphedwa chifukwa cholankhula kuyambira Chico Mendes ndi Ken Saro-Wiwa m'ma 80s ndi '90s, ndikudziwa [kuti] pakakhala ndalama zambiri ndi mphamvu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, masewerawa akhoza kukhala owopsa - ndipo akhala akutero.
LEVANTESI
Njira yodziwika bwino ya atsogoleri andale, komanso makampani opangira mafuta, ndikukana kufunika kosintha, nthawi zina pochedwetsa ndikunena kuti dziko lina silingatheke, koma nthawi zina, monga momwe mumatchulira, polimbikitsa "chiyembekezo chabodza." Kodi mungatiuze mmene โchiyembekezo chonyengaโ chimagwirira ntchito komanso ngati chimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mantha?
SOLINIT
Kumbali imodzi, ndikuganiza kuti pali zomwe ndimatcha "chiyembekezo chopanda chiyembekezo" chomwe chili chiyembekezo, lingaliro lakuti zinthu zikhala bwino, kuti zonse zikhala bwino, ndi zina. Koma โchiyembekezo chonamaโ nthawi zambiri chimakhala kusuliza kutsata zolinga zachinyengo, chifukwa anthuwa sayembekezera kuti mayankhowo agwira ntchito. Akuyembekeza kuti mukhulupirira - anthu akhulupirira - mayankho awa agwira ntchito. Sangaganize kuti dziko likhoza kukhala losiyana kwambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku - momwe timadyera, zomwe timayendera. Ziyembekezo zabodza kwa ine ndikungotsatsa ndi anthu omwe amasuliza. Ndiyeno inu mumawawona anthu akukhulupirira izo.
Ndinakhumudwa kwambiri pamene kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya kunatuluka Lawrence Livermore [National Laboratory]. Kuwona atolankhani ambiri akudumphira pa izo, monga, "Ife tikhala ndi gwero lamphamvu latsopanoli" osati kungopatsa anthu chiyembekezo chabodza chakuti kusakanikirana, komwe kwakhala "kozungulira" kwazaka zambiri, tsopano kulidi, kwenikweni pozungulira ngodya, koma idaziyikanso ngati kuti tithane ndi nyengo yomwe tikufuna yankho lomwe kulibe. [Izi] ndi zopusa komanso zachinyengo pomwe tili ndi mayankho.
LEVANTESI
Kusintha nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa ndi nsembe. Lingaliro ili loti kuyimitsa kupanga mafuta amafuta ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu zoyeretsa ndikusiya china chake, kupereka nsembe - chomwe chimayambitsa izi? Kodi makampani opanga mafuta opangira mafuta akwanitsa kukakamiza anthu kuganiza kuti mafuta ndi gasi ndizofunikira pa moyo wathu? Kodi sitingathe kulingalira dziko lina? Ndi chiyani? Nanga tingachigonjetse bwanji?
SOLINIT
Sindingathe kuyankhula padziko lonse lapansi, koma ndikudziwa kuti anthu ambiri omasuka ku US amawona kusintha kwakukulu ngati kutaya. Zakhala zochititsa chidwi kuyang'ana mikangano yaposachedwa - yolimbikitsidwa ndi ufulu [wandale] komanso makampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta - masitovu a gasi. Akuchepetsa kuopsa kwenikweni kwa thanzi la kukhala ndi methane m'nyumba mwanu, ndipo akuchepetsanso momwe kuphika kwa induction kumagwirira ntchito. Ndipo anthu ambiri amakhala ngati, "Ngati tisintha izi, moyo wanga udzakhala woyipa." Zambiri ndi zokopa, koma palinso mantha ambiri kuti kusintha kumakhala kutaya nthawi zonse.
Ndikuganizanso kuti nkhani yonse ya nyengo, kuyambira nthawi ya Al Gore, yanenedwa ngati nkhani yokana ndipo kwenikweni, ndikugwira ntchito pa chidutswa [za izi] pakali pano. Bwanji ngati ife titembenuza izo? Bwanji ngati tiwona njira zonse zomwe miyoyo yathu iliri yosauka tsopano - osauka m'chiyembekezo, osauka mu mgwirizano pakati pa anthu, osauka m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo ndi chidaliro m'tsogolo, osauka mu chiyanjano, osauka mu ubale ndi chilengedwe. Bwanji ngati tilingalira kuchuluka kwa kuchita bwino zinthu zomwe tachita zolakwika, za dziko lomwe [pafupifupi] anthu 9 miliyoni chaka musafe chifukwa chopuma mpweya wamafuta, momwe mphumu yaubwana si mliri m'malo momwe mafuta opangira zinthu zakale amayeretsedwa, momwe mafakitale opangira mafuta opangira zinthu zakale samawononga ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi. Bwanji ngati kukana kwenikweni kunali kukana chiphe, katangale, kulandidwa, kusatsimikizirika, tsogolo loipa, thanzi lomvetsa chisoni?
LEVANTESI
Imodzi mwa mitu yanu mu Chiyembekezo mu Mdima imatchedwa "Chilichonse Chikubwera Pamodzi Pomwe Chilichonse Chikugwa," zomwe ndi zina mwazolimbikitsa komanso Mtsogoleri wa Fossil Free Media Jamie Henn adanena kwa inu pokambirana mu 2014. Kodi mukumva ngati zonse zikubwera palimodzi pamene zonse zikugwera lero?
SOLINIT
ndikutero. Nthawi zambiri timamva ngati tili pa mpikisano wothamanga. Kodi zinthu zomwe zikubwera palimodzi - zomwe, ndithudi, kwa ine zikanakhala zinthu zabwino, kayendetsedwe ka nyengo ndi kusintha komwe tikuyesera kupanga - kupitirira zinthu zoipa, zomwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi masoka ake ndi chiwonongeko?
Mphamvu zomwe zikuyesera kuletsa njira zomwe tikufunikira kuthana ndi vutoli zawonjezeka kwambiri. Mu 2014, anthu adalankhulabe za kusintha kwa nyengo makamaka ngati chinthu chomwe chiti chichitike. Tsopano zili choncho mu nthawi yamakono ndi kayendedwe ka nyengo kwakhala kokulirapo, kwamphamvu kwambiri. Zapambana kwambiri mukayang'ana momwe zakhalira patsogolo pamalamulo, kumangidwanso kwa zongowonjezera, komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo.
Nthawi zambiri mumayang'ana chinachake ndipo sichikuwoneka bwino kuposa sabata yatha kapena nthawi zina chaka chatha. Koma mumayangโana kumene tinali zaka 10 kapena 40 zapitazo ndipo mukuona zambiri. Njira yayitali ndi gawo la zomwe zimandipangitsa kukhala ndi chiyembekezo.
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