Ndemanga za Aviva Chomsky za More Than A Wall, wolemba David Bacon
โTinafa mโmapiri anu, tinafa mโzipululu zanu, / Tinafera mโzigwa zanu ndi kufa mโzigwa zanu. / Tinafa 'pansi pa mitengo yanu ndipo tinafera mu tchire lanu, / Mbali zonse ziwiri za mtsinje, tinafa chimodzimodzi," Woody Guthrie anaimba nyimbo yake ya "Deportee" ya 1948 (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "Plane Wreck ku Los Gatos") . Pomwe nyimbo ya Guthrie imanena za bracero Alendo omwe adabwera kudzakolola ku California pakati pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndi 1960s, the bracero Pulogalamuyi inali imodzi yokha yogwiritsa ntchito malire a US-Mexico.
ZAMBIRI KUPITA KOMA / MรS QUE UN MURO
Wolemba David Bacon
Mawu azilankhulo ziwiri Chingerezi/Chisipanishi
Lofalitsidwa ndi Colegio de la Frontera Norte
masamba 440, zithunzi 357
In Kuposa Khoma / Mรกs que un Muro, mtolankhani wa zantchito ndi wojambula zithunzi David Bacon akupereka zithunzi ndi zilankhulo ziwiri zolemera kwambiri za ndale zojambulidwa ndi mbiri yapakamwa (komanso mbiri ya Bacon ndi kutanthauzira kwake) zomwe zimakhala ngati zosintha zoyenera ku nyimbo ya Guthrie. Anthu ambiri akumwalirabe mโmalo onsewo, mbali zonse za mtsinje/malire, osati mwangozi. Imfa yawo idabwera chifukwa cha kusagwirizana komanso kuzunza kwa ubale wa US-Mexico, womwe umakhudzanso nkhani ndi zithunzi za bukuli. Mabungwe sadziwa malire, pomwe iwo (ndi ogula aku US) amadalira malire a US-Mexico kuti malipiro azikhala ochepa komanso mapindu awo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwa US kukwera. Mabungwe aku Mexico amagwirizana ndi dongosololi. Zida zodula komanso zotsogola zamalamulo olowa, kutsata malire, kutsekeredwa, ndi kuthamangitsidwa kumathandizira kuti anthu aku Mexico ndi ena ochokera ku Latin America agwire ntchito molimbika komanso motalika, m'mphepete mwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ambiri akumenyananso, kukonza ndi kupanga maukonde a mgwirizano, chikondi, ndi chiyembekezo zomwe zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha dziko lolungama kwa ife tonse. Monga wogwira ntchito ya maquiladora Omar Gil akuuza Bacon m'bukuli, "Palibe chomwe chidzasinthe ngati tingokhala pamanja. Muyenera kupitiriza kuyesera. "
Mutu wapakati womwe ukuwunikiridwa mu Kuposa Khoma / Mรกs que un Muro ndiko kufanana kwa nkhani za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe anthu a mbali zonse za malire akukumana nazo m'mayesero awo kuti apulumuke ndi kuwongolera mikhalidwe yawo. "Dera lamalire," akutero Bacon, "ndi malo amodzi, ovuta kwambiri. Kupyola mu izo zimadutsa malire, ndi makoma ake. Koma khoma silingathe kugawanitsa ndi kulekanitsa anthu ndi madera okhala kuno.โ
Khoma, Bacon akufotokoza mโchigawo china cha bukhulo ponena za mbali zakuthupi za chotchingacho, โsikuti ndi malo chabe, kapena khoma, kapena mtsinje. Ndi njira yamoto, vuto lomwe liyenera kupulumuka kuti mutumize ndalama kuchokera kuntchito ku United States kubwerera ku banja lanjala, kukapeza ana ndi achibale ... Amalemba zopusa za kapangidwe kake, zotsatira zake zakupha, komanso miyoyo ya omwe adagwidwa pa intaneti yothamangitsidwa, olekanitsidwa ndi ntchito ndi mabanja ndikupulumuka m'misewu ya Tijuana ndi matauni ena akumalire.
Omwe atsalira kumalire a Mexico ndi ogwiranso ntchito pazachuma chamayiko ena, "gawo lalikulu la ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale, pakupanga ndi kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zimapereka zinthu kwa ogula aku US." Gawo lachiwiri la bukhuli, lotchedwa "Zipanduko za Malire," limayambira ku Tijuana, komwe makampani a maquiladora adakula monga kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malipiro, Pangano la Free Trade Agreement la North America, ndi mabungwe ogwirizana ndi makampani adakopa anthu ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana mumzindawu. Mbali ya Mexico ya malire ndi poizoni wa m'mafamu ndi mafakitale omwe amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo osinthika a chilengedwe ndi kukakamiza kosalekeza kumbali imeneyo ya khoma.
Bacon amabweretsa pamodzi zithunzi zomwe adajambula panthawi yolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito kufakitale ya Han Young pomwe ogwira ntchito amafuna kumanga mgwirizano wodziyimira pawokha ndikukweza malipiro kumeneko. Tijuana idakhala bwalo lankhondo pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, ndipo zolimbikitsana kumeneko zidalimbikitsa mgwirizano mbali zonse zamalire. "Pamene zoyesayesazo zidalephereka, monga momwe amachitira nthawi zambiri, ogwira ntchito osasankhidwa, kapena ogwira ntchito omwe ataya chiyembekezo chakusintha, adapeza malo awo pamafunde akulu a anthu akuwoloka malire," alemba a Bacon.
Kuposa Khoma / Mรกs que un Muro ikuwunikanso njira zomwe zimachitika pamalire amakhudza ena onse a Mexico, kuchokera kumidzi yakumidzi yomwe ambiri osamukira kwawo adachokera, kupita kumizinda ikuluikulu ndi minda yamafakitale yomwe imayang'ana kunja zomwe zatenga dera lamalire. M'malo olumikizana awa, ogwira ntchito ndi osamukira kumayiko ena amakonza zovuta zomwe zimapitilira malo antchito: kumenyera nyumba, malo, chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maphunziro, komanso zomwe bungwe la Binational Front of Indigenous Organisations limatcha "ufulu wosasamuka." Kwa FIOB, izi zikutanthauza kumenyera "boma ndi ndale zomwe zimayankha madera, alimi, ndi antchito ena." Ndi mitu m'madera akutali, m'mafamu otumizidwa kunja ndi maquiladoras pafupi ndi malire, ndi ku California, FIOB ikukumana ndi mphamvu zofanana zapadziko lonse zomwe zimakhudza anthu othawa kwawo komanso omwe sali othawa kwawo. Malo omenyera malire okhala ndi mayina ngati Derechos Humanos ndi Fuerza y โโLibertad akuwonetsa momwe zovuta za ogwira ntchito zimalumikizidwanso ndi mabungwe ndi zipani zina zotsalira, kuphatikiza magulu odziyimira pawokha a Zapatista ku Chiapas.
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane Kuposa Khoma / Mรกs que un Muro amamva ngati kulowa m'malo owonetsera zakale momwe zinthu zowoneka, zokhazikika zokha, zimakhala ndi matanthauzo atsopano ndi kumvetsetsa zikafotokozedwa ndi mawu ofotokozera omwe amatsagana nazo. Pachifukwa ichi, zithunzi ndi zolembazo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi maumboni a munthu woyamba komanso kusanthula kwa Bacon ndi kulingalira pa moyo wake monga wojambula zithunzi. Ngakhale mmene matembenuzidwe a Chingelezi ndi Chisipanishi amalembedwera patsambalo, amakokera woลตerenga mu ulusi wopotana umene umagwirizanitsa mbali ziลตiri za malirewo. Masamba ena amaika zilankhulo ziwirizo mโmagawo a mbali ndi mbali, ena mโmasamba a mbali ndi mbali.
Zithunzi zakuda ndi zoyera za ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena, mabanja, makamaka ana zimatikumbutsa zithunzi zoyambirira zazaka za zana la 20 ndi nthawi ya Kuvutika Maganizo za Lewis Hine, Dorothea Lange, ndi Walker Evans. Koma zithunzi za Bacon sizonena zakutali. Mawu ofotokozera, zolemba, ndi mbiri zokambidwa zimamveketsa bwino kuti: Kudyerana masuku pamutu, umphawi, chiwawa, ndi kuponderezana ndi zotulukapo za malonda aufulu atsopanowo. Kuphatikiza apo, bukuli limayang'ana kwambiri pakulimbana, kulimbikitsana, ndi kukana monga momwe zimakhalira pakuvutika kwa anthu. Kujambula zionetsero, Bacon akuumirira kuti, "zimathandizira kulimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti anthu akhoza kumenyana ...
Pazokhudza zake zonse pagulu komanso pamalamulo, chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha Dorothea Lange, Mayi Osamuka, mwachiwonekere inali ntchito ya wakunja osati wotengamo mbali. Mutu wa chithunzicho amatsutsa, zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, kuti wojambulayo anajambula chithunzicho ndi kuchigwiritsa ntchito popanda chilolezo chake ndi popanda kulankhula naye, ndipo anali atapeka ndi kufufuta tsatanetsatane wa moyo wakeโimodzi ya zomalizirazo inali yakuti iye anali Mbadwa Yaku America. Ubale wa Bacon ndi anthu ake ndi wosiyana: Iye wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito mwakhama m'maderawa ndi zovuta zawo kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwake ngati chida chokonzekera.
Ngakhale zimamveka ngati zazing'ono kukangana ndi ntchito yodabwitsa komanso yamphamvu ngati iyi, pali zinthu ziwiri zovutirapo zomwe ndikukhumba kuti Bacon apitirire patsogolo. Ngakhale amatsutsa momveka bwino mabungwe aboma ku Mexico komanso kulephera kwawo kuteteza kapena kuyimira antchito, ndi wodekha pamabungwe aku US, kuphatikiza AFL-CIO ndi United Farm Workers, omwe mbiri yawo ndi yovuta. AFL-CIO ndipo ngakhale, pang'ono, UFW inali yochedwa kuthandizira ufulu wonse wa anthu othawa kwawo-ndipo makamaka osalembedwa-ogwira ntchito, ndipo AFL-CIO ikupitirizabe mpaka lero kugwirizanitsa ndondomeko yake yakunja ndi ya Boma. Dipatimenti, m'malo molimbikitsa mkangano wademokalase m'bungwe za momwe dongosolo ladziko lonse lothandizira ntchito lingawonekere. Bacon amawunikiranso nthawi zawo zenizeni za mgwirizano ndikuthandizira ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo komanso zovuta zawo.
Ndikadakondanso kuwona zambiri za moyo ndi zovuta za Amwenye kumpoto ndi kumpoto kwa malire. Zithunzi ndi maumboni amazama kwambiri pazochitika za Amwenye a ku Mexico, zifukwa zawo zosamukira kudziko lina, komanso mbiri yovuta ya nkhanza, kusankhana mitundu, ndi kusalidwa, koma ndikadakonda kuwona kuvomereza kofananako kwa zovuta za madera akumidzi kumpoto kwa malire. ndi momwe mbiri izi zimalumikizirana. Gawo la Joaquรญn Murrieta, mwachitsanzo, likutsatira nkhani yachikale yaku Chicano yomwe imayika "anthu aku Mexico" ngati mbadwa za anthu okhala Kumwera chakumadzulo, ndikuchotsa kupezeka kwa Amwenye amderali. Nkhani ya ku Chicano ikugogomezera kuti โanthu a ku Mexico akubwera kumpoto lero monga osamukira kudziko lina akubwerera kudziko limene anthu ambiri a ku Mexico anathamangitsidwako zaka zana limodzi ndi theka zapitazo.โ Awo ndi "mbiri ya kulandidwa," akutero Bacon. Inde, koma mbali yaikulu ya dzikolo inali โya ku Mexikoโ mโdzina lokha, popeza kuti unyinji wa anthuwo unali wa Amwenye omwe sanagonjetsedwe kwa iwo amene Asipanya, Mexican, ndi Anglos onse anabweretsa mafunde a chigonjetso ndi kulandidwa kwawo, ndi amene mbadwa zawo zikukhalabe kumalire. dera mpaka lero.
Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zili mโbukuli, nโzovuta kukana tanthauzo la bukuli. Mafotokozedwe a Bacon ndi zithunzi za kuwonongeka kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe chifukwa cha ulimi wa mafakitale, migodi, ndi kupanga maquiladora kumbali zonse za malire, ndi zolemba zake mosamala za omwe amatsutsa chiwonongeko ichi, ndi zamphamvu komanso zosuntha. Amabwerezanso mafunso osalongosoka amene Guthrie anafunsa mโnyimbo yake yomaliza: โKodi iyi ndi njira yabwino koposa imene tingakulire minda yathu yaikulu ya zipatso? / Kodi iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yokulira zipatso zathu zabwino?โ
Monga momwe pulezidenti wakale wa UFW Arturo Rodriguez ananenera kuti: โKulemera kwa ntchito yaulimi kwamangidwa pamwamba pa kuzunzika kwa mibadwo ya antchito a mโmafamu, kuchokera ku nkhanza zachindunji mโminda mpaka kuwononga nthaka ndi chilengedwe.โ Bacon ndi Kuposa Khoma / Mรกs que un Muro ndi kuitana komvekera bwino kuchitira umboni, kudzudzula kupanda chilungamo, ndi kumenyera nkhondo kusintha.
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