Chitsime: TomDispatch.com
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Ron Adar/Shutterstock
A Joe Biden adalowa ku White House ali ndi maudindo olimbikitsa koma otsutsana pa olowa ndi Central America. Adalonjeza kuti asintha malingaliro a a Donald Trump odana ndi olowa m'mayiko ena pomwe, kudzera mu "Konzekerani Kumanga Chitetezo ndi Kupambana mu Mgwirizano ndi Anthu aku Central America, "kubwezeretsa "utsogoleri wa US m'derali" omwe adanena kuti Trump wasiya. Komabe, kwa anthu a ku Central America, “utsogoleri” woterowo ndi wochititsa mantha.
Ngakhale theka lachiwiri la dzina la dongosolo lake limachita, makamaka, likufanana ndi lamanzere, mabungwe apansi monga Komiti ya Solidarity ndi People of El Salvador.CISPES), zomwe zili mkati mwake zikuwonetsa mtundu wachitetezo ndi chitukuko m'dera lomwe lili ndi Cold War-monga ngati CISPES. M'malo mwa mgwirizano (kapena mgwirizano) ndi Central America, mapulani a Biden amalimbikitsa mtundu wakale wachitukuko chachuma chomwe chapindulitsa kale mabungwe aku US. Ikufunanso kukakamiza anthu amderali kuti akhale ndi "chitetezo" chankhondo. Kuphatikiza apo, imayang'ana kwambiri kulembetsa maboma aku Central America ndipo, makamaka, asitikali awo kuti azikhala ndi kusamuka pogwiritsa ntchito kuponderezana.
Kulumikiza mfundo za Immigration ndi Foreign Affairs
Mawu omveka bwino a zolinga za Purezidenti ku Central America akuwonekera mu "US Citizenship Act ya 2021", adatumizidwa ku Congress pa Januware 20. Lingaliroli likupereka kusintha kwakukulu komwe kukufuna kuthetseratu kusankhana mitundu kwa Purezidenti Trump, kubwezeretsanso ufulu wothawirako, ndikutsegula njira yovomerezeka ndikukhala nzika kwa anthu obwera. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yotsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo kwa zaka zinayi zapitazi, lingaliro limenelo likuwoneka loyenera kukondwerera. Zikutsatira m'mapazi am'mbuyomu "zambiri" zapadziko lonse lapansi monga lamulo la 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act komanso chikalata cholephera kusamukira ku 2013, zonse zomwe zidaphatikiza njira yokhala nzika za anthu ambiri omwe alibe zikalata, kwinaku akupereka chuma chofunikira kumalire a "chitetezo".
Werengani mwatsatanetsatane, gawo lalikulu lamalingaliro a Biden osamukira kumayiko ena amayang'ana kwambiri mfundo yakuti kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto aku Central America kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kumalire a US. M'mawu ake omwe, dongosolo la Biden likulonjeza kulimbikitsa "ulamuliro wamalamulo, chitetezo, ndi chitukuko chachuma ku Central America" kuti "athane ndi zofunikira" zomwe zimathandizira kusamuka. Okwiriridwa m'chinenero chake chovuta, komabe, ndi zolinga zakale za bipartisan Washington zomwe ziyenera kumveka zodziwika bwino kwa iwo omwe akhala akumvetsera m'zaka izi.
Zofunikira zake: kuti ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri mu "thandizo" ziyenera kutsanuliridwa pakukweza asitikali am'deralo ndi apolisi kuti ateteze mtundu wachuma potengera ndalama zachinsinsi komanso kutumizira phindu kunja. Koposa zonse, mwayi wa osunga ndalama akunja sayenera kuwopsezedwa. Zomwe zimachitika, ichi ndi chitsanzo chomwe Washington idakhazikitsa kumayiko aku Central America zaka zana zapitazi, yomwe idasiya maiko awo kukhala achinyengo, achiwawa, komanso osauka, ndipo adapitilizabe kuzula anthu aku Central America ndikuwatumiza kuthawira ku United States. Mayiko.
Chofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro a Biden, monga a omwe adamutsogolera, ndichinthu china chofunikira kwambiri: kukakamiza Mexico ndi Guatemala kukhala ngati ma proxies a khoma. omangidwa pang'ono okha m'malire akum'mwera kwa US ndipo monyadira amalimbikitsidwa ndi apurezidenti ochokera Bill Clinton kwa Donald Trump.
Ngakhale njira yazachuma yomwe idali kumbuyo kwa mapulani a Biden ikhoza kukhala yakale ndithu, kuyesa kutulutsa zigawenga za US osamukira ku US ku asitikali aku Mexico ndi Central America ndi apolisi kwatsimikizira kukhala kupotoza kwazaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi pamalire.
Kutulutsa Border (kuchokera ku Bush kupita ku Biden)
Lingaliro loti mfundo zolowa ndi anthu olowa ndi kutuluka kunja lidayamba kale a Donald Trump asanawopseza, mkati mwa 2019, kuti akhazikitse mitengo yamitengo ku Mexico kuti akakamize purezidenti watsopano wadzikolo kuti avomere zake. kufunika kuti agwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya Washington yotsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo. Izi zikuphatikizanso, mfundo zotsutsana za Trump za "kukhalabe ku Mexico" zomwe zapitilira kusamutsa anthu masauzande ambiri omwe akufunafuna chitetezo kumeneko.
Pakadali pano, kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri dziko la United States lakhala likuvutitsa (komanso kupereka ndalama) asitikali ndi apolisi kumwera kwake kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zakusamuka, ndikutembenuza malire a mayiko ena kukhala owonjezera a US. Pochita izi, magulu ankhondo aku Mexico akhala akutumizidwa kumalire akumwera kwa dzikolo, ndipo Guatemala ili pamalire ake ndi Honduras, zonse kuti zikhazikitse mwankhanza mfundo zakusamukira ku Washington.
Kuthamangitsidwa kotereku kunali, mwa zina, kuyankha pakuchita bwino kwa gulu lomenyera ufulu wa olowa m'dziko lino. Atsogoleri aku US akuyembekeza kupeŵa kufufuzidwa mwalamulo ndikuchita ziwonetsero kunyumba popangitsa Mexico ndi Central America kutsatira zoyipa za mfundo zawo.
Zonse zidayamba ndi Mérida Initiative mu 2007, a George W. Bush-anayambitsa ndondomeko yomwe idzatsogolera mabiliyoni a madola ku zida zankhondo, thandizo, ndi zomangamanga ku Mexico (ndi ndalama zing'onozing'ono zopita ku Central America). Chimodzi mwa zipilala zake zinayi chinali kupanga "malire a zaka za zana la 21" pokankhira Mexico kuti ipange nkhondo kumalire ake akumwera. Pofika chaka cha 2013, Washington anali Ndalama Maziko ankhondo atsopano a 12 m'malire ndi Guatemala ndi "njira yachitetezo" ya 100-mile kumpoto kwake.
Poyankha zomwe zinkawoneka ngati vuto la ana osamukira kumayiko ena m'chilimwe cha 2014 (kumveka bwino?), Purezidenti Barack Obama adakakamizanso Mexico kuti iyambenso Pulogalamu ya Southern Border. Kuyambira pamenepo, makumi mamiliyoni ndalama zokwana madola pachaka zapita kunkhondo zamalirewo ndipo posakhalitsa Mexico idasunga masauzande masauzande ambiri mwezi uliwonse. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuthamangitsidwa ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu osamukira ku Central America adawombera modabwitsa pamenepo. "Malire athu lero ndi malire a Mexico ndi Honduras ndi Guatemala," kukondwera czar wakale wakumalire a Obama Alan Bersin mu 2019. kutsutsa kuti pulogalamuyo “inasandutsa chigawo cha malire kukhala malo ankhondo.”
Purezidenti Trump adasokoneza ndikuzunza Mexico ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana aku Central America momasuka kwambiri kuposa apurezidenti awiri am'mbuyomu potengera mfundo zotere. Pansi pa malamulo ake, Mexico anapanga National Guard yatsopano, yankhondo ndipo idatumiza mamembala ake 12,000 kumalire a Guatemalan, ngakhale ndalama zochokera ku Washington zidathandizira kupanga zida zamatekinoloje apamwamba kumalire akumwera kwa Mexico, kupikisana. kuti kumalire a US.
Trump adafuna kuchepetsa thandizo ku Central America. Komabe pansi pa ulonda wake, ndalama zambiri za $ 3.6 biliyoni zoperekedwa ndi Congress anapitiriza kuti ziyendere kumeneko, pafupifupi theka lake cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa magulu ankhondo ndi apolisi. Trump adachita, komabe, kwakanthawi sungani ndalama zothandizira anthu wamba zokakamiza Guatemala, Honduras, ndi El Salvador kusaina mapangano a "dziko lachitatu lotetezeka" lomwe lingalole United States kuthamangitsa anthu omwe ali ndi ziwopsezo zovomerezeka zachitetezo kumayiko omwewo.
Trump adafunanso kuti Guatemala iwonjezere chitetezo m'malire ake akumwera "kuti athetse kusamuka kwachilendo" ndi "tumizani Akuluakulu aku US Customs and Border Protection ndi US Immigration and Customs Enforuction kuti alangize ndikuwalangiza apolisi adziko, chitetezo cha m'malire, olowa ndi kutuluka, ndi anzawo akadaulo. " Mayiko aku Central America atavomereza zofuna za Trump, thandizo linali kubwezeretsedwa.
Mwezi wa February, Purezidenti Biden adayimitsa mapangano otetezeka a dziko lachitatu, koma ali wokonzeka kupitiliza kupititsa patsogolo malire ku Mexico ndi Central America.
Mbali Ina Yankhondo: "Chitukuko Chachuma"
Monga momwe maulamuliro a Democratic ndi Republican adathandizira kuyankha kwamagulu osamukira kumayiko ena, adafunanso kugulitsa zolinga zawo ndi malonjezo othandizira chitukuko chachuma ku Central America. Komabe, iwo nthawi zonse amalimbikitsa mtundu womwewo wa chithandizo chomwe m'mbuyomu chimabweretsa ziwawa ndi umphawi m'derali - zomwe zidatsogolera kumavuto amasiku ano osamukira kwawo.
Chitsanzo chomwe Washington akupitiriza kulimbikitsa chimachokera ku lingaliro lakuti, ngati maboma a ku Central America angathe kukopa osunga ndalama akunja ndi zowonongeka, zopuma misonkho, ndi malamulo ofooka a chilengedwe ndi antchito, "msika waulere" udzapereka ndalama, ntchito, ndi kukula kwachuma. kuti (mwachiganizo) adzaletsa anthu kufuna kusamuka poyamba. Mobwerezabwereza m’mbiri yozunzika ya ku Central America, komabe, zosiyana ndendende zachitika. Ndalama zochokera kumayiko ena zinabwera chifukwa chofunitsitsa kupezerapo mwayi pa malo achonde, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndiponso anthu otsika mtengo. Mtundu wa chitukuko - kaya kuthandiza nthochi ndi khofi m'minda chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi kapena shuga, thonje, ndi ng’ombe Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse itatha - idabweretsa Central America pakusintha kwake kwazaka za m'ma 1980s komanso kusamuka kwake komwe kumalowera kumpoto masiku ano.
Monga chitsanzo, imadalira maboma ankhondo kuti alande alimi olima, kumasula malo kwa osunga ndalama akunja. Mofananamo, mphamvu ndi mantha zimabweretsedwa kuti zikhalebe ndi anthu ogwira ntchito otsika mtengo komanso opanda mphamvu, zomwe zimalola osunga ndalama kulipira pang'ono ndikupeza phindu lalikulu. Ntchito zoterezi zabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumidzi, pamene katundu wawo wotsika mtengo ku United States ndi kwinakwake wathandiza kulimbikitsa moyo wokonda kudya kwambiri womwe umangowonjezera kusintha kwa nyengo - kubweretsa nyengo yoopsa, kuphatikizapo kukwera kwa nyanja, mvula yamkuntho yowonjezereka, chilala, ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zimene zasokonezanso moyo wa anthu osauka a ku Central America.
Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1970, ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito osaukawo ndi anthu wamba anakakamizika kukonzanso nthaka ndi kuikapo ndalama pa ufulu wofunikira monga chakudya, thanzi, ndi maphunziro m’malo mongolemeretsa anthu akunja ndi akunja. Pamene zionetsero zamtendere zinakumana ndi ziwawa, zigawenga zinatsatira, ngakhale kuti ku Nicaragua kokha ndi kumene kunapambana.
Washington idakhala muzaka za m'ma 1980s kuyesa kuphwanya kusintha kopambana kwa Nicaragua komanso mayendedwe osintha motsutsana ndi maboma ankhondo akumanja aku El Salvador ndi Guatemala. Mapangano a mtendere a m’ma 1990 anathetsa mikangano ya zida, koma sanayang’anirepo kugaŵanika kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma komwe kunayambitsa mikanganoyo. M'malo mwake, kutha kwa mikanganoyi kunangotsegula njira zopezera ndalama zakunja zakunja ndi kuchulukira kwachuma. Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwa zina, kufalikira kwa zomera za maquiladora zomwe zimagulitsa kunja ndi kulima kwa zipatso zatsopano zomwe sizinali zachikhalidwe ndi zogulitsa kunja. masamba, komanso kukula kwachuma mafakitale ogulitsa monga golide, faifi tambala, ndi petroleum, osanenanso za kupangidwa kwa zomangamanga zatsopano zokopa alendo.
M’zaka za m’ma 1980, othawa kwawo anayamba kuthaŵira kumpoto, makamaka kuchokera ku El Salvador ndi Guatemala, kenaka n’kukanthidwa ndi nkhondo, kuponderezana, ndi chiwawa cha magulu ankhondo akumaloko ndi opha anthu. The mtendere m’ma 1990 sizinathetse umphaŵi, kuponderezana, ndi chiwawa. Asitikali aboma komanso achinsinsi adapereka "chitetezo" - koma kwa osankhika okha komanso maprojekiti akuluakulu akumidzi ndi akumidzi omwe adathandizira.
Ngati boma lidawopseza phindu la osunga ndalama mwanjira ina iliyonse, monga momwe dziko la El Salvador lidalengeza kuti liyimitsa ziphaso zamigodi, mgwirizano wapakati pa America ndi Central America Free Trade Agreement wothandizidwa ndi US udapangitsa mabungwe akunja kuimbidwa mlandu ndikuukakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi bungwe la World Bank. . M'zaka za Obama, pamene wosankhidwa, pulezidenti wosintha kusintha wa Honduras adayesa kukhazikitsa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe, Washington idavomereza kuti apandukire kumeneko ndikukondwerera pamene pulezidenti watsopanoyo adanyadira. analengeza dziko "lotseguka kwa bizinesi" ndi phukusi la malamulo okomera osunga ndalama akunja.
Mtolankhani David Bacon amatchedwa njira yatsopano ya dzikolo kukhala “chitsanzo cha malipiro a umphaŵi” chimene chinangolimbikitsa kukwera kwa zigawenga, kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi chiwawa. Zionetserozo zinaponderezedwa kwambiri, ngakhale pamene thandizo la asilikali la US linkabwera. Chigamulochi chisanachitike, anthu a ku Honduras anali asanapezepo pakati pa anthu a ku Central America omwe anasamukira ku United States. Kuyambira 2009, nzika zake zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira pakati pa omwe akuthawa kwawo ndikulowera kumpoto.
Pulezidenti Obama mu 2014 Alliance for Prosperity inapereka chithandizo chatsopano cha chitukuko cha zachuma choyendetsedwa ndi Investor. Mtolankhani Dawn Paley chodziwika kuti Alliance monga "gawo lalikulu ndondomeko yomanga zomangamanga zatsopano zomwe zingapindulitse mabungwe a mayiko," kuphatikizapo "kupuma misonkho kwa ogulitsa makampani ndi mapaipi atsopano, misewu yayikulu, ndi zingwe zamagetsi kuti afulumizitse kuchotsa zinthu ndikuwongolera njira yoitanitsa, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kutumiza kunja pa maquila otsika mtengo. Ntchito imodzi yaikulu inali njira yatsopano yopangira gasi kuti athandizire kutumiza gasi wachilengedwe ku US kupita ku Central America.
Anali a Obama omwe adayang'anira kuvomereza kwa Washington za kulanda boma ku Honduras. Anali a Trump omwe adawoneka mwanjira ina pomwe Guatemala mu 2019 ndi Honduras mu 2020. kuchotsedwa mabungwe othana ndi katangale padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo anali Trump yemwe adavomera kutsitsa milandu yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira ya katangale ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa mnzake, Purezidenti wa Honduras, Juan Orlando Hernández, bola ngati adalimbikitsidwa chuma chochezeka ndi osunga ndalama ndipo adavomera kuti agwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya pulezidenti wa US yotsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo.
Caravan ya Januware 2021 Ikuwonetsa Kufika kwa Zaka za Biden
Zizindikiro zonse zikuwonetsa kuti zaka za Biden zikupitilira zomwe zakhala chizolowezi cha Washington ku Central America: kuthamangitsa mfundo za anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, chitetezo chankhondo kumeneko, ndikulimbikitsa njira yachitukuko yomwe imati imalepheretsa kusamuka kwinaku ikukulimbikitsani. M'malo mwake, a Purezidenti Biden pempholo imasankha $4 biliyoni m'zaka zinayi kuti Dipatimenti ya Boma ndi US Agency for International Development igawire. Kubweza kotereku, komabe, kungakhazikitsidwe ndikupita patsogolo kovomerezeka ndi Washington zolinga monga “kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha m’malire,” “kudziwitsa[a]… nzika zakuopsa kwa ulendo wopita kumalire akumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States,” ndi “kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza kulanda katundu weniweni wa mabungwe a United States. .” Zothandizira zazikulu zidzatumizidwanso kupititsa patsogolo luso lamakono la "malire" m'derali ndi ntchito za Border Patrol ku Central America.
Kuwoneratu momwe izi zingagwire ntchito zidabwera pomwe Biden adayamba kugwira ntchito mu Januware 2021.
Chotsatira chimodzi chodziwikiratu cha Washington kuthamangitsa anthu olowa m'dzikolo ndikuti ulendo wochoka ku Central America wakhala wokwera mtengo komanso wowopsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu ena osamukira m’mayiko ena ayamba kusonkhana m’magulu akuluakulu a anthu onse kuti atetezedwe. Cholinga chawo: kuti afike kumalire a US bwinobwino, adzipereke kwa oyang'anira malire, ndikupempha chitetezo. Chakumapeto kwa Januware 2021, gulu la anthu aku Honduras pafupifupi 7,500 anafika kumalire a Guatemalan ndikuyembekeza kuti purezidenti watsopano ku Washington, monga analonjezera, asintha mfundo zotsutsana za Trump zakukhalabe ku Mexico zokhala ngati kutsekeredwa kosatha m'misasa ya anthu ambiri, yoperewera yomwe ili pafupi ndi US.
Sanadziwe kuti a Biden apitilizabe kubweza kwa omwe adatsogolera omwe adasamukira ku Mexico ndi Central America. Zomwe zidachitika, apolisi ndi asirikali aku Guatemala okhala ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi okwana 2,000 (okhala ndi zida, ophunzitsidwa komanso othandizidwa ndi United States) misa kumalire a Guatemala-Honduras kuti awabweze.
Mmodzi wakale wa Trump (wosungidwa ndi Purezidenti Biden) tweeted kuti Guatemala “inachita [ntchito] zake moyenerera ndi mwalamulo.” Boma la Mexico nalonso, adatamandidwa Guatemala pamene inasonkhanitsa zikwi za asilikali ake kumalire ake akumwera. Ndi Juan González, mkulu wa Biden National Security Council ku Western Hemisphere kutamandidwa Guatemala "kasamalidwe ka anthu othawa kwawo".
Pakati pa Marichi, Purezidenti Biden adawonekera kulumikiza kuyankha kwabwino ku pempho la Mexico la katemera wina wa Washington wowonjezera wa Covid-19 kuti apitilize kudzipereka pakuthana ndi osamukira. Mmodzi kufunika: kuti dziko la Mexico liyimitse malamulo ake omwe amatsimikizira kuti mabanja omwe ali ndi ana ang'onoang'ono atsekeredwa m'ndende. Palibe dziko lomwe lidakwanitsa kupereka izi kwa mabanja ambiri omwe adamangidwa kumalire koyambirira kwa 2021, koma oyang'anira a Biden adakonda kukakamiza Mexico kuti itero. samanyalanyaza malamulo ake, kotero kuti athe kuthamangitsa ambiri a mabanja amenewo ndi kusunga vuto pamaso pa anthu US.
Chakumapeto kwa Januware 2021, CISPES idalowa nawo mgwirizano waukulu wamtendere, mgwirizano, ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe. wotchedwa pa boma la Biden kuti liganizirenso mapulani ake aku Central America. "Mavuto omwe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku Central America akukumana nawo ndi chifukwa cha zaka zambiri zakuponderezedwa kwa demokalase kwazaka zambiri ndi maboma akumanja komanso kukhazikitsa njira zachuma zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zithandizire oligarchs ndi mabungwe akunja," idalemba CISPES. "Nthawi zambiri, United States yakhala ikulimbikitsa kwambiri mfundozi, zomwe zasautsa anthu ambiri komanso kuwononga chilengedwe."
Mgwirizanowu udapempha a Biden kuti akane kudzipereka kwanthawi yayitali kwa Washington pachitetezo chankhondo chomwe chikugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsa chuma chokomera ndalama ku Central America. "Kulimbana ndi kusamutsidwa kumafuna kuunikanso kwathunthu kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US," CISPES idalimbikitsa. Pofika pakati pa Marichi, Purezidenti sanayankhe mwanjira iliyonse pempholi. Langizo langa: musagwire mpweya wanu kudikirira kuyankha koteroko.
Copyright 2021 Aviva Chomsky
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Ndikudziwa ntchito za Aviva Chomsky ndipo mabuku ake ali pashelufu yanga ya library. Zomwe akunena zili pa cholinga.
Njira zankhondo ndi zopondereza zomwe zili mbali ya mfundo za purezidenti watsopano ndizochepa kapena sizikuchoka pamiyeso yolephera komanso yolanga zakale.
Ngakhale "kusintha" kupita ku chitukuko cha zachuma kudera ngati Latin America kuli ndi zovuta komanso zoopsa chifukwa izi zikutanthauza kuchita zinthu zomwe zingapindulitse US (mabungwe, zokonda, ndi zankhondo) osati Latin America.
Ife ku US kuyambira pano tilibe luntha, chidwi, umunthu, kapena nzeru zenizeni zothetsera vuto la kusamuka. Ichi ndi chowonadi chomvetsa chisoni. Kunena zowona, kusamukira kumayiko ena kwakhala kopindulitsa m'kupita kwanthawi kwachitukuko cha US koma nthawi zonse kumatsagana ndi kukanidwa koyambirira, kupezerapo mwayi olowa, kutsata mfundo ndi malamulo oyipa, ndikuyambitsa kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena. (Ndimalankhula ngati mlendo—wobadwira ku US koma anasamukira ku Latin America–ndiponso ngati wokwatiwa ndi mlendo yemwe wagwira ntchito molimbika ndipo wapeza Ph.D. popanda kudzipereka pang’ono ndi khama ndipo tsopano akuphunzitsa mu US!)