Mโchaka cha maphunziro chapitachi, kukwera kwa chikoka kwa ophunzira, gulu la zaka XNUMX, kwasesa masukulu mโdziko lonselo ndi kukopa chidwi cha atolankhani. Kuchokera kugombe kupita kugombe, kuchokera ku Ivy League kupita ku mayunivesite aboma kupita ku makoleji ang'onoang'ono aukadaulo, gulu lachiwonetsero la ophunzira limayang'ana kwambiri kuyimitsa kusintha kwanyengo, kulimbikitsa malipiro amoyo, kulimbana ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuthandizira ufulu wa osamukira kumayiko ena, komanso kulimbikitsa Bernie. Sanders.
Onse ofalitsa nkhani ndi masukulu omwe akhala akukhudzidwa ndi zina mwa zionetserozi agwira mbali zina za kuwonjezeka kwa kudzudzula kapena kutamandidwa, kwinaku akunyalanyaza zina. Othirira ndemanga, akatswiri, ndi atolankhani nthawi zambiri apeputsa ndi kunyoza chilakolako cha ophunzira ndi njira zomwe zalangizidwa, monga momwe mayunivesite ayesera kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe ena amatcha "neoliberal multiculturalism.โ Ganizirani izi ngati njira, makamaka, yochepetsera mphamvu zomwe zikufunika kuti pakhale chilungamo pakati pa mafuko ndi kuwalowetsa m'dongosolo lamaphunziro apamwamba lokonda msika.
Mโzochita zawo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ophunzira amitundu yosiyanasiyana, osonkhezeredwa ndi mbali ina ya gulu la Black Lives Matter, atsutsa mkhalidwe wautundu mโmasukulu awo. Mucikozyanyo, bakali kubikkila maano kuzintu zyakumuuya, kubikkilizya azintu nzyobasyoma, kubikkilizya antoomwe, nzala, zikombelo, kubikkilizya antoomwe amakanze aanu. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa mabungwe ophunzira, Black Liberation Collective, watero akuitanidwa chiwerengero cha ophunzira akuda ndi aphunzitsi pa campus kuti pafupifupi akuda mu gulu. Idayitanitsanso maphunziro aulere kwa ophunzira akuda ndi Achimereka Achimereka, ndipo yapempha kuti masukulu achoke mabungwe a ndende. Zofuna zina za ophunzira za chilungamo cha mafuko ndi monga kukweza malipiro a moyo kwa ogwira ntchito kukoleji, kuchepetsa malipiro a oyang'anira, kutsitsa maphunziro ndi chindapusa, kuonjezera thandizo lazachuma, ndi kusintha machitidwe a apolisi apasukulu. Izi siziri, komabe, nkhani zomwe zakopa chidwi cha othirira ndemanga pawailesi kapena makoleji omwe.
M'malo mwake, kuyang'ana kwakhala pa zofuna za ophunzira za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe m'mabungwe awo omwe amayang'ana kwambiri malingaliro ozama okhudza kuyera, kugonana, ndi luso. M'mayunivesite ena, ophunzira asankha zomwe akufuna, ndikulimbikira kuchotsedwa za mamembala apadera a faculty ndi oyang'anira. Kutsindika ndale zomwe amazitcha "kuzindikira," ali nazonso adafunsidwa kuti ziwerengero zazikulu pamasukulu zimapepesa pagulu kapena kuvomereza kuti "miyoyo ya anthu akuda ndi yofunika." Ena akufuna kuti mayunivesite azitsatira m'kalasi "kuyambitsa machenjezoโ pamene zinthu zovuta zikuperekedwa ndi kulenga โmalo otetezekaโ kwa ophunzira oponderezedwa ngati malo opatulika akulimbana ndi chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Pogwira ndi kuyankha ku izi (ndi izi zokha) zomwe ophunzira akufuna, oyang'anira mayunivesite m'dziko lonselo akuyesera kutsata ndikuwongolera mayendedwe atsopanowa.
Pakalipano, olemba ndemanga a mapiko akumanja awonetsa ophunzira ngati okonda kulankhula, otchedwa, ndi adani a ufulu wolankhula. Ufulu wa ufulu wa libertarian wayambitsa kudzudzula kwapawailesi zambiri za momwe ophunzira akuvutikira. Opereka ndemanga akhala achangu chotsa ochita ziwonetsero za ophunzira monga okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi omwe ali ndi maudindo a "academic victimology." Iwo amadandaula kuti "kukhazikika kwa malingaliro aku America. " Nyanja ya Atlantic Conor Friedersdorf adatchula ophunzira "osocheraโ potsutsa zilankhulo, malingaliro, ndi zongoganiza za kusankhana mitundu, kulunjika kwawo kwa โmicroaggressionโ (ndiko kuti, ndemanga zokhumudwitsa za anthu osazindikira) ndi kusamvera, komanso nthawi zina. kuukira kwambiri munthu pa iwo amene akuwanenera. Mmodzi mwa otsutsa kwambiri andale zapampasi zatsopano, a Maziko a Ufulu Waumwini mu Maphunziro, amatsutsa kuti โufuluโ wofalikira woterowo ndi โkulondola pazandaleโ kumaphwanya ufulu wamaphunziro ndi ufulu wolankhula. (Muzimenezi, zikugwirizana ndi bungwe la liberal American Civil Liberties Union. Othandizira ufulu wa kulankhula Daphne Patai ndi Harvey Silvergate wa ACLU, mwachitsanzo, chisoni kufunikira kwatsopano kosiyanasiyana ku Yunivesite ya Massachusetts chifukwa cha "ndale zamaphunziro.")
Poyankha kuti, pansi pazimenezi, poyamba zingawoneke ngati zodabwitsa, oyang'anira koleji akhala omasuka kuzinthu zina za ophunzira - nthawi zambiri zomwe zimanyozedwa ndi ufulu. Mwanjira imeneyi, olemba ndemanga ndi olamulira akhala akuwunikira kuwala kowala pa zomwe ziri zaumwini ndi zophiphiritsira mu ndale zatsopano za otsutsa ophunzira, pamene akunyalanyaza kapena kuchepetsa zilakolako ndi zofuna zawo zowonjezereka komanso zovuta zachuma.
Yunivesite ya Neoliberal
Oyang'anira mayunivesite akhala ovomerezeka makamaka ku zofuna za ophunzira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano maphunziro apamwamba. Masiku ano yunivesite ya neoliberal ikukumana ndi zovuta za msika monga kutayika kwa ndalama za boma, kubiridwa, kukwera kwa maphunziro, ndi ngongole za ophunzira, pamene akulimbikitsa chitsanzo cha bizinesi chomwe chimatsindika kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake "kuchita bwino." Pakali pano, mโchitaganya chimene mabungwe ogwira ntchito akufooketsa nthaลตi zonse, anthu ogwira ntchito mโmaphunziro apamwamba akukhalanso chimodzimodziโpanthaลตi inoโโkusinthasintha"Kupyolera mu kufooka kwa utsogoleri, chitsimikizo cha ironclad cha ntchito ya professorial moyo wonse, ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwa ntchito yanthawi yochepa ya adjunct faculty.
M'nkhaniyi, mayunivesite akuyesetsa kuti agwirizane ndi zolimbikitsa zachilungamo zamtundu wa ophunzira pophatikizira mbali zamunthu payekhapayekha m'mapulogalamu ophunzirira zachikhalidwe omwe akuchulukirachulukira, komanso njira zamabizinesi, zomwe zimayendera msika. Nโzosadabwitsa kuti mmene ophunzira amasiku ano amapangira zofuna zawo nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza malo amene akuleredwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa. Chiphunzitso cha postmodern, njira yomwe idakalipobe m'mapulogalamu ambiri a zaluso zaufulu, imalimbikitsa kusanthula kwamawu komwe kumavumbulutsa malingaliro obisika omwe ali m'mawu; psychology yalengeza kufunikira kwa kuvulala kwamunthu payekha; ndi malingaliro oipa zomwe zafika ponseponse m'masukulu ambiri zikugogomezera khalidwe la munthu payekha monga wothandizira wofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Gwirizanitsani pamodzi mfundo zitatu zimenezi, zoloลตetsedwa mozama mโmaphunziro a ku koleji, ndipo kupanda chilungamo kumakhala nkhani ya zolakwa zimene anthu amachitira ena pamlingo wozama waumwini. Chotsimikizika ndi ndondomeko ndi machitidwe omwe amamangidwa momwe anthu (ndi yunivesite) amagwirira ntchito.
Pachifukwa ichi, pamene masukulu anyalanyaza kapena kunyalanyaza zofuna za ophunzira kuti asinthe ma admissions, maphunziro, ufulu wa mgwirizano, masikelo a malipiro, ndi udindo woyang'anira, adalumphira mkangano woopsa womwe gulu la ophunzira layambitsa "kutchingaโ โ mawu ofala, osakhulupirira omwe amaganiza kuti kuyera ndi chizolowezi ndipo amakopa chidwi cha anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, pomwe amatengera kuyera kwa masukulu apamwamba. Monga gawo la ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika pano, ophunzira amitundu, mwachitsanzo, adawunikira zomwe amakumana nazo tsiku ndi tsiku za tsankho wamba komanso zatsiku ndi tsiku - zonena kapena mafunso ngati "kodi mukuchokera kuti?" (pamene yankho liri: malo omwewo kumene inu mukuchokera) kapena โmonga [lembani mawuwo], mukumva bwanji zaโฆโ Ophunzira amatsutsa ndemanga zotere, makamaka zikapangidwa ndi maprofesa kapena oyang'anira masukulu, ndipo malingaliro omwe amapita nawo ndi omwe ali oyenera kutsutsa chifukwa kulondola kwa ndale kumasokonekera ndipo oyang'anira mayunivesite akuvomereza ngati gwero la kayendetsedwe kake kameneka.
Ku Yale, Intercultural Affairs Committee analangiza ophunzira kupewa zovala za Halloween zonyansa mtundu. Pamene membala wa faculty ndi mlangizi wanyumba wokhalamo adazungulira imelo podzudzula ubwana wa udindo woterewu, zionetsero za ophunzira zidabuka zopempha kuti achotsedwe. Pomwe Yale adakana kumuchotsa paudindo wake ngati mlangizi wanyumba, adatsika paudindo wake wophunzitsa. Ku Emory, ophunzira amatsutsa "Zowawa" zomwe adakumana nazo powona zolemba za "Trump 2016" pamsasa, ndipo pulezidenti wa yunivesite adawatsimikizira kuti "anamva uthenga [wawo] ... Oyang'anira akuyesetsa kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira ndi maphunziro apasukulu - ndikulemba ntchito makampani okwera mtengo abizinesi kuti awathandize kutero.
Ku Yunivesite ya Missouri, Purezidenti ndi Chancellor onse anasiya poyang'anizana ndi zionetsero za ophunzira kuphatikizapo njala ndi kunyanyala masewera a timu ya mpira chifukwa cha zochitika za mafuko pasukulu kuphatikizapo mawu onyoza ndi zizindikiro za tsankho. Momwemonso adachitiranso wamkulu wa ophunzira ku Claremont McKenna College (CMC), pomwe ziwonetsero zidayamba chifukwa chonena za ophunzira (amtundu wamtundu) omwe "osakwanira nkhungu yathu ya CMC. "
Wolemba mbiri komanso wotsutsa Robin Kelley akuwonetsa kuti zionetsero zamasiku ano, ngakhale pamene "amakankhira njira zomwe zingapangitse kuti masukulu azikhala ochereza kwa ophunzira amitundu yosiyanasiyana: kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikizika, chitetezo, ndi kukwanitsa," amagwira ntchito mosagwirizana ndi zomwe sizimanenedwa kawirikawiri. Kufika pati, akudabwa, cholinga cha ophunzira "kutsamira mkatiโ ndi kupanga malo owonjezereka a anthu amitundu ina pamwamba pa dongosolo losafanana ndi lopanda chilungamo la chikhalidwe cha anthu kumasemphana ndi chisonkhezero cha ochita zionetsero omwewo kuti atsutse dongosolo lopanda chilungamo limenelo?
Kelley akunena kuti chinenero cha "zopwetekedwa mtima" ndi thanzi labwino la maganizo lomwe labwera kudzalamulira masukulu amathandizanso kuti anthu azikhala payekha komanso kusokoneza maganizo omwe amapondereza mafuko. Iye akufotokoza kuti mawu akuti โkuvulala, PTSD, kuchita nkhanza, ndi zinthu zoyambitsa mavuto,โ โalowa mโmalo mwa kuponderezana, kuponderezana, ndi kugonja.โ Iye akufotokoza kuti, "Ngakhale kuti kupwetekedwa mtima kungakhale khomo lolowera m'gulu lachiwonetsero, sikuli kopita ndipo likhoza kunyenga anthu omenyera ufulu kuti atenge chinenero cha mabungwe omwe ali ndi vuto lowakana." Ichi ndichifukwa chake, akuwonjezera, chifukwa oyang'anira mayunivesite, zoyeserera zakusiyana komanso zaluso zachikhalidwe zakhala njira zothetsera "kusintha mtundu kuchokera pagulu kupita ku psyche" ndikuvula ziwonetsero zamphamvu zawo.
Ndale Zachikhalidwe ndi Kusafanana
Mโzaka zaposachedwapa, zachikhalidwe, kapena kudzizindikiritsa, ndale zakhaladi zikutsutsa njira zimene a Marxist ndi mabungwe ena akale ndi atsopano otsalira akale anatha kunyalanyaza, kapena ngakhale kuthandizira kuberekana, kusalingana kwa mafuko ndi amuna kapena akazi. Idakayikira kufunikira kwa kusanthula kwamagulu okha kapena oyambira pamitu yokulirapo ngati Chisinthiko cha Cuba - kodi idakwanitsa kuthana ndi kusalingana kwamitundu pomwe idagawiranso chuma kwa osauka, kapena idapondereza kudziwika kwa anthu akuda popereka mwayi kusanthula m'magulu? - ndi kampeni ya Bernie Sanders - kodi mapulogalamu ake okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwachuma athetse kusiyana pakati pa mafuko pothandiza osauka, kapena kodi polojekiti yake yochokera m'kalasi idzasiya nkhani ya kusiyana pakati pa mafuko? Mwanjira ina, funso loti ngati projekiti yandale yolimbana ndi kusalingana kwachuma ingathenso kupititsa patsogolo kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi jenda ndi yofunika kwambiri pazandale zamasiku ano.
Mwanjira ina, funso ndilakuti: Kodi ndale ndi munthu wamba? Katswiri wa ndale Adolph Reed akunena kuti ngati kalasi itasiyidwa, ndale zamitundu pasukulupo zimakhala "ndale za mbali yakumanzere ya neoliberalism." Monga akunenera, ndale zamtundu woyamba zomwe zikukankhidwa masiku ano ndi oyang'anira mayunivesite zimalimbikitsa "chuma chakhalidweโฆ momwe 1% ya anthu amalamulira 90% yazachuma ingakhale yolungama, malinga ngati pafupifupi 12% ya 1% anali akuda, 12% anali Latino, 50% anali akazi, ndipo zilizonse zoyenera anali LGBT.
Gulu la ophunzira lomwe lafalikira m'dziko lonselo latsutsa makoleji ndi mayunivesite pazoyambira za njira yawo (kwenikweni) yochitira bizinesi. Funso la mabungwewa tsopano ndilakuti: Kodi zofuna za ophunzira zitha kusinthidwa ndikulowetsedwa m'ndondomeko yovomerezeka ndi oyang'anira zomwe sizingasokoneze momwe masukulu amagwirira ntchito padziko lapansi pano?
Katswiri wachikazi Nancy Fraser watero yasonyezedwa momwe malingaliro achikazi a m'badwo wakale "adabwezeredwanso ndi neoliberalism" - ndiko kuti, momwe adasinthidwanso kukhala zifukwa zakusalingana kwakukulu. โLingaliro lachikazi limene poyamba linali mbali ya kawonedwe ka dziko,โ iye akutsutsa motero, โakulongosoledwa mowonjezereka mโmawu a munthu aliyense payekha.โ Zofuna zachikazi za mwayi wopeza malo ogwira ntchito ndi malipiro ofanana, mwachitsanzo, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kusokoneza phindu la ogwira ntchito pa "malipiro a banja," pamene kugogomezera kwachikazi pa kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi kwagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamasukulu kuti asokoneze chidwi pakukula kwa kusiyana pakati pa magulu.
Zofuna za ophunzira za chiwopsezo cha chilungamo chamtundu zimalowetsedwa munjira yofananira. Oyang'anira mayunivesite apeza njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zofuna za ophunzira za chilungamo chamtundu kuti alimbikitse bizinesi yawo komanso kasamalidwe kakang'ono ka aphunzitsi. Nthawi ina yomwe idagwidwa ndi anthu omasuka kulankhula, olamulira a Brandeis atayikidwa Wothandizira provost m'kalasi kuti aziyang'anira pulofesa pambuyo poti ana asukulu amuimba mlandu wa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "wetback" m'kalasi yandale ku Latin America. Nthawi zambiri, mayunivesite amagwiritsa ntchito makampani ambiri opanga upangiri ndikupanga maudindo atsopano oyang'anira "kusiyana" ndi "kuphatikiza." Maphunziro ndi magawo ophunzitsira akuchulukirachulukira, monganso "malo otetezeka" ndi "kuyambitsa machenjezo." Lingaliro loterolo la โzosiyanasiyanaโ ndiyeno likuchirikizidwa monga njira yokonzekeretsa ophunzira kupikisana pa โmsika wapadziko lonse.โ
Palinso njira zozama zomwe ndondomeko yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imayenderana ndi ndale za neoliberal. Wolemba mabuku Walter Benn Michaels akunena, mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kumeneku kungapereke chithunzithunzi cha chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ku malingaliro okhudza mpikisano wamsika ndi meritocracy zomwe kwenikweni zimalimbikitsa kusalingana. "Lamulo pazachuma za neoliberal ndikuti kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka kumakulirakulira m'malo mochepa - koma palibe chikhalidwe chomwe chiyenera kuchitiridwa mwankhanza," adatero. Akufotokoza. "Zili bwino ngati kusiyana kwachuma kukukulirakulira malinga ngati opambana omwe akuchita bwino akuwoneka ngati osachita bwino omwe akuchulukirachulukira. Kotero chitsanzo cha chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu sichikutanthauza kuti olemera sapanga zochuluka ndipo osauka amapanga zambiri, chitsanzo cha chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chakuti olemera amapanga chirichonse chimene apanga, koma peresenti yoyenera ya iwo ndi ochepa kapena akazi. " Kapena ngati Magazini ya Forbes ikani izo, "Mabizinesi akuyenera kukulitsa luso lawo lozindikira mwayi watsopano, kupanga mayankho aluso, ndikuyenda pamipatayo mwachangu kwambiri. Njira yokhayo yokwaniritsira zosinthazi ndi kusinthidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha kuntchito chomwe chimaphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kotero kuti kuzindikira, luso, komanso kuthamanga zonse zikuyenda bwino. โ
Zachidziwikire, oyang'anira mayunivesite amakonda zofuna za ophunzira zomwe zitha kutsatiridwa kapena kutengera bizinesi yawo yamakono. Kulola chikhalidwe chomwe chilipo kuti chifotokozere za ziwonetsero zawo kwasiya gulu lomwe likukula la Millennial Movement m'malo ovuta. Pomwe ophunzira - mothandizidwa ndi oyang'anira koleji ndi mayunivesite - amavomereza njira yamunthu payekhapayekha pakusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kwinaku akusiya kuthekera kwa china chilichonse choposa kusintha kwa zodzikongoletsera pamaudindo omwe alipo, pamasukulu ndi kupitirira apo, m'pamenenso amakumana ndi zonyozedwa kwambiri ndi omwe ali pasukulu. olondola omwe amawawonetsa ngati osalimba, osakhazikika, olira mwamwayi.
Komabe, kagulu kakang'ono kameneka, kamene kali ndi mphamvu ndipo kapitirizabe kusinthika. Munthawi ino yakusintha kwakukulu pazandale komanso zandale, ndizotheka kuti zigawo zake zambiri - zomenyera chilungamo pamitundu, chilungamo pazachuma, ndi chilungamo chanyengo - agwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zomwe zikukula kuti apange zipambano zaposachedwa, ngakhale zili zochepa bwanji.
Yang'anirani masukulu aku koleji. Nkhondo ya moyo wa maphunziro apamwamba aku America omwe akumenyedwa kumeneko lero ikhala yofunika padziko lonse lapansi mawa. Kaya tsogolo limenelo lidzafotokozedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha machenjezo oyambitsa ndi malo otetezeka kapena maphunziro a demokalase ndi kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kulimbana ndi kusalingana kungapambane kapena kutayika mumthunzi wa Ivory Tower. Millennium Movement ndiyofunikira. Tsogolo lathu lili mโmanja mwawo.
Aviva Chomsky ndi pulofesa wa mbiri yakale komanso wogwirizira maphunziro a Latin America ku Salem State University ku Massachusetts. TomDispatch zonse. Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Opanda Zikalata: Momwe Kusamukira Kumayiko Ena Kunakhalira Kosaloledwa.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana (Mabuku a Haymarket).
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama