Zochitika zimatsimikizira kuti mapiko akumanzere amatha kukhala m'boma, komabe alibe mphamvu. Demokalase, mwa kuyankhula kwina kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa Anthu ndi kwa Anthu, kumafunikira zambiri. Vuto panopa akukumana Greece ndi SYRIZA, ndipo adzayenera kukumana ku Spain ndi Podemos (ngati chipani chikapambana zisankho kumapeto kwa 2015), monga adakumana nazo m'mbuyomu, ku Venezuela ndi chisankho cha Hugo Chรกvez. monga pulezidenti mu December 1998, ku Bolivia ndi Evo Morales mu 2005, ku Ecuador ndi Rafael Correa mu December 2006, kapena zaka makumi angapo m'mbuyomo ndi Salvador Allende ku Chile mu 1970 |1|.
Ndipotu, funsoli likuyang'anizana ndi gulu lililonse lamanzere lomwe limapanga boma m'magulu a capitalist. Pamene mgwirizano wa chisankho kapena chipani chamanzere chikafika m'boma, sichikhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni: mphamvu zachuma (kudzera mwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro wamagulu a zachuma ndi mafakitale, zofalitsa zazikulu zachinsinsi, malonda akuluakulu, ndi zina zotero) zimakhalabe manja a gulu la capitalist, "olemera 1%" (osati ngakhale!, ndi ochepera 1% ya anthu). Komanso, gulu la capitalist limayang'anira Boma, zida zamalamulo, maunduna a Economy and Finance, banki yayikulu, ndi zina zambiri. Ku Greece ndi Spain, monga ku Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela kapena Chile | 2|, boma lidatsimikiza kunyamula kusintha kwenikweni kwadongosolo kumayenera kulowa mkangano ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu pazachuma kuti afooke ndikuchotsa kuwongolera ndi gulu la capitalist la njira zazikulu zopangira, ntchito ndi kulumikizana, ndi zida za Boma.
Tiyeni tiyese kuyerekeza mbiri. Pambuyo pa 1789, pamene, mwa kuukira boma, a Bourgeoisie analanda mphamvu za ndale za dziko la France, anali atatenga kale mphamvu yazachuma. Asanakwanitse mphamvu zandale, ma capitalist aku France anali Mfumu ya angongole a ku France komanso eni ake amphamvu zazikulu zachuma (mabanki, malonda, kupanga ndi malo ena). Atalowa mโmaulamuliro andale, anathamangitsa oimira magulu olamulira akale (olemekezeka ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo) mโgulu la Boma, ndi kuwalamulira kapena kugwirizana nawo. Boma linakhala makina opaka mafuta ambiri omwe amatumikira kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi phindu.
Mosiyana ndi gulu la capitalist, Anthu sangathe kutenga mphamvu pazachuma ngati savomereza boma. Sizingatheke kuti Anthu abwereze kukwera kwapang'onopang'ono ku mphamvu zomwe a Bourgeoisie amapeza pazochitika za Feudal Society kapena kupanga malonda ang'onoang'ono. Anthu sadziunjikira chuma chambiri, ndipo samatsogolera makampani opanga mafakitale, mabanki, malonda akuluakulu kapena ntchito zina. Ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu za ndale (ie boma) kuti Anthu ayesetse kusintha ndondomeko ya zachuma ndikuyamba kumanga mtundu watsopano wa Boma podziyendetsa okha. Pokhala ndi ulamuliro wa boma, Kumanzere kungathe kupeza njira zothandizira mabungwe, ndale ndi zachuma zomwe zimafunikira kuti ayambe kusintha kwakukulu mokomera anthu ambiri. Zofunikira zofunika pa ndondomeko yonseyi ndizodzipanga nokha kwa Anthu, ndi kudzipangira nokha pagulu komanso kuntchito.
Kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwenikweni kwamapangidwe, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhazikitsa ubale wolumikizana pakati pa boma lakumanzere ndi Anthu. Chotsatiracho chiyenera kuonjezera mlingo wake wa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Ubale wogwirizaniranawu ukhoza kukhala wotsutsana ngati boma lizengereza kukhazikitsa njira zomwe anthu amazifuna. Thandizo la Anthu pakusintha kolonjezedwa komanso kukakamizidwa komwe Anthu angachite ndikofunikira kuti akhutiritse gulu lamanzere kuti lipitilize kutsata njira yosinthira kakhazikitsidwe, kuphatikizapo kugawanso chuma mozama m'malo mwa omwe akuchitulutsa. Ndikofunikiranso kuteteza boma kwa obwereketsa, kwa omwe anali ndi ulamuliro wakale, kwa eni njira zazikulu zopangira, ndi maboma akunja. Kukwaniritsa kusintha kwadongosolo kumaphatikizapo kuthetsa umwini wa capitalist m'malo ofunikira monga zachuma ndi mphamvu powasamutsira ku mabungwe aboma (ntchito zaboma zomwe zili pansi paulamuliro wa nzika) komanso kuthandizira kapena kulimbikitsa umwini wamtundu wina wopindulitsa: kanyumba kakang'ono (makamaka zaulimi, zazing'ono). -mafakitale, mashopu ndi ntchito), umwini wamgwirizano, ndi umwini wagulu kutengera mayanjano aulere |3|.
M'mayiko awiri mwa atatu a ku South America omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa (Venezuela mu 2002-2003 | 4| ndi Bolivia pakati pa 2006 ndi 2008 | 5 | ), boma linali pa mkangano wowonekera ndi gulu la capitalist | 6|, koma kusintha kwakukulu kwa kachitidwe dongosolo lazachuma silinachitike (panobe) Magulu a mayikowa amakhalabe akapitalist momveka bwino |7| . Pakhala kupita patsogolo koonekeratu kokomera anthu: kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo onse atatu m'maiko onse atatu chifukwa cha njira zokhazikitsira demokalase (kusankhidwa kwa msonkhano wachigawo ndi ufulu wa anthu onse; kupanga malamulo atsopano ovomerezedwa ndi msonkhano wachigawo pambuyo pa dziko lonse. mkangano, referendum yovomereza lamulo lalikulu ladziko; kulamuliranso kwachilengedwe kwa anthu mokulira |8|; misonkho yowonjezereka ya olemera kwambiri (makamaka ku Ecuador) ndi makampani akuluakulu apadziko lonse ndi akunja; kusintha kwakukulu kwa ntchito za boma ndi zolinga zawo; kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu; kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu amtundu; kubwezeretsanso ulemu wadziko ku maulamuliro akuluakulu, makamaka United States.
Titha kumvetsetsa ndale za mayikowa ngati tiganizira za zionetsero zazikulu zotchuka zomwe zatsimikizira mbiri yawo. Ku Ecuador, apurezidenti anayi akumanja adakakamizika kusiya mphamvu pakati pa 1997 ndi 2005 chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zazikulu. Ku Bolivia, nkhondo zazikulu zolimbana ndi kusungidwa kwa madzi kunachitika mu April 2000 ndi kumapeto kwa 2004. Zionetsero zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa gasi mu October 2003 zinapangitsa kugwa kwa Purezidenti Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, yemwe adathawa m'dzikoli (ku United States). Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1989, dziko la Venezuela linasautsidwa ndi mikangano yodziwika bwino, yomwe idayambitsa nkhondo zazikulu zolimbana ndi International Monetary Fund zomwe zidagwedeza dziko lapansi mzaka za m'ma 1990 ndi koyambirira kwa 2000. Koma panali zochitika zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zikubwera, ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu zotchuka za 12 April 2002, ziwonetsero zodziwikiratu za kukana kwa putsch motsutsana ndi Hugo Chavez. Ziwonetserozi zidapangitsa kuti Chavez abwerere ku nyumba yachifumu ya Miraflores tsiku lotsatira.
Kusintha kwa ndale zademokalase m'mayiko atatuwa sikunatchulidwe mwadongosolo m'manyuzipepala a mayiko otukuka kwambiri. M'malo mwake, kampeni yonyoza anthu imakonzedwa mwadongosolo kuti awonetse atsogoleri a mayiko atatuwa ngati atsogoleri opondereza komanso aulamuliro.
Zokumana nazo za maiko atatu a Andeswa pakukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ayenera kukhala gwero la chilimbikitso kwa anthu ndi ndale za mayiko ena. Ingoyerekezani momwe zinthu zilili ndi ku Europe, ndi kusowa kwa demokalase yokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pangano la Constitutional Treaty mu 2005 kapena TSCG mu 2014. Izi zati, njira zatsopano zomwe zikuyesedwa ku Venezuela, Bolivia ndi Ecuador zimagwirizananso ndi zotsutsana. ndi zolepheretsa zazikulu, zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa |9|.
Ziwonetsero zazikulu zodziwika bwino ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti maboma akumanzere akhale ndi moyo. Titha kunenanso za zionetsero zodziwika bwino za 1936 ku France, zomwe zidatsogolera Lรฉon Blum - yemwe akanangokhutira ndi "kuwongolera moona mtima" dongosolo la a Bourgeoisie - kukhazikitsa njira zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu, osatchulanso zionetsero zomwe zikuchitika. Spain nthawi yomweyo, kapena zomwe zidagwedeza kwambiri ku Europe pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Bwererani ku Syriza ndi Podemos
Ngati maboma, motsogozedwa ndi SYRIZA komanso mtsogolomo ndi Podemos, akufunadi kuswa mfundo zochepetsetsa komanso zabizinesi zomwe zikutsatiridwa ku Europe konse, nthawi yomweyo adzalowa mkangano ndi magulu ankhondo amphamvu osamala pamlingo wapadziko lonse komanso European Union. Pongonena kuti boma lawo likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe anthu akufunira, omwe amakana kukakamiza kwakukulu, SYRIZA tsopano ndi Podemos m'tsogolomu, akukumana ndi chitsutso cholimba kwambiri kuchokera ku mabungwe a ku Ulaya, ambiri mwa maboma a European Union, ndi otsogolera. ndi omwe ali ndi makampani akuluakulu abizinesi, osaiwala IMF.
Ngakhale modzifunira amachepetsa pulogalamu yawo yosintha, akukumana ndi chitsutso champhamvu chifukwa magulu oyenerera ndi mabungwe aku Europe (omwe ali olumikizana kwambiri komanso amathandizirana) akufuna kupititsa patsogolo kuukira koopsa kwambiri, kogwirizana ndi Europe, motsutsana ndi ufulu wazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anthu, osatchulanso chikhumbo chochepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa demokalase |10|.
Kungakhale chinyengo kuganiza kuti n'zotheka kutsimikizira akuluakulu a ku Ulaya ndi atsogoleri a makampani akuluakulu (makamaka zachuma ndi mafakitale) kuti asiye maphunziro a neo-liberal omwe alimbikitsidwa kuyambira 2010. Tiyenera kutsindika kuti Franรงois Hollande ndi Matteo Renzi, yemwe mwamantha akufuna kumasula pang'ono m'mawu ochepetsetsa, panthawi imodzimodziyo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Germany m'mayiko awo: kusokonezanso ufulu wokambirana pamodzi ndi kupita patsogolo komwe ogwira ntchito amapeza |11|. Iwo sali ogwirizana ndi Syriza lero kapena Podemos mawa.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa tikayerekeza momwe boma lakumanzere ku Greece lero (kapena ena m'tsogolomu) ndi zomwe Hugo Chavez adakumana nazo (monga 2004), Evo Morales kapena Rafael Correa. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2004, kukwera kwakukulu kwa mtengo wazinthu zopangira (mafuta, gasi, ore ...) zomwe mayiko awo amatumiza kunja, zidawathandiza kuti achulukitse ndalama zamisonkho, zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ambiri azachuma komanso ma projekiti akuluakulu azachuma. Maboma a mayiko atatuwa a Andes adagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chomwe chingathe kudziwika kuti ndi Neo-Keynesian developmentalist | 12|: ndalama zambiri za anthu, kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, kukweza malipiro ochepa, kupititsa patsogolo dziko (ku Venezuela ndi Bolivia) ndi chipukuta misozi mowolowa manja kwa eni dziko ndi makampani makolo akunja.
Mikhalidwe ya anthu osauka kwambiri m'mayikowa inasintha kwambiri, monga momwe zinalili ndi zomangamanga, ndipo phindu la ma capitalist am'deralo silinakhudzidwe (mu gawo lazachuma, phindu laumwini linawonjezeka). Ndikosavuta kuona kuti boma lamanzere m'dziko la European Union lakutali silingakhale ndi malo omwewo kuti liyendere monga momwe maboma a mayiko atatu a Andes atchulidwa. Mayiko omwe ali m'mphepete mwa European Union aphwanyidwa ndi ngongole yosapiririka. Akuluakulu a ku Ulaya akufuna kuchita zonse zomwe angathe, monga momwe European Central Bank inachitira ndi Greece kumayambiriro kwa February 2015.
Mapeto osapeลตeka ndiwakuti palibe njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimasweka ndi kusasamala komanso kubisa. Maboma akumanzere adzayenera kusamvera omwe ali ndi ngongole, akuluakulu a ku Ulaya ndi IMF (omwe amasakanikirana pamodzi) kuti akhale okhulupirika ku malonjezo awo a chisankho. Iwo ali ndi kuvomerezeka kwakukulu ndi chithandizo m'mayiko awo komanso mayiko ena, poganizira kukula kwa kukana kwachinyengo ndi ma diktats a European Union. Kukana kulipira gawo lalikulu la ngongoleyo kudzakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mundondomeko ya boma |13|, monganso ganizo loti tisapitirire ndi kusungitsa anthu wamba ndikukhazikitsanso bwino ufulu wa anthu okhudzidwa ndi mfundo zachitukuko. Kuphatikiza uku ndikofunikira chifukwa, pakati pa omwe ali ndi ngongole, pali cholinga chokweza mawu a omwe akufuna kuchepetsa ngongole zachi Greek kuti apititse patsogolo ndondomeko zokonzanso (zomwe zimawerengera kukonzanso, kubisa, kusokoneza ntchito. makontrakitala ndi ufulu wa anthu ...).
Zimakhala zovuta kuwona momwe boma lakumanzere lingapewere kuyanjana ndi mabanki (mwanjira ina kulanda ma sheya eni eni ndikusintha mabanki kukhala ntchito zaboma zoyendetsedwa ndi People), kutenga njira zolimba zowongolera kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, kuyika a msonkho wamavuto pachuma cha olemera kwambiri 1 %, kukana ngongole kuchokera ku Troika malinga ndi kupitiliza kwachuma komanso kusungitsa anthu wamba, ndikukana kubweza ngongole yomwe imakhala yosavomerezeka, yosaloledwa, komanso yosapiririka malinga ndi ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale wonyansa. Chimodzi mwa zida zambiri zomwe boma la mapiko akumanzere limapereka kuti lilimbikitse kutenga nawo mbali ndikuthandizira anthu ambiri pomwe likulimbikitsanso udindo wake motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole zosavomerezeka, ndikuwunika ngongoleyo ndikukhala ndi chidwi ndi nzika kuti adziwe gawo la ngongoleyo. ngongole yomwe ayenera kukana kulipira ndipo iyenera kukanidwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, zonse zimakhala zotheka pamapeto pake.
Yomasuliridwa ndi Adam Clark-Gimmig
Nayi mtundu waku Italy: http://cadtm.org/Syriza-et-Podemos-โฆ
Mawu a M'munsi
| 1 | Zokumana nazo zaku Chile onani (mu French): Franck Gaudichaud, Chile 1970-1973: Mille jours qui รฉbranlรจrent le monde, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013.
| 2 | Cuba idachita njira yosiyana ndi Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia kapena Chile, chifukwa kumanzere kunabwera ku boma pambuyo pa nkhondo yankhondo yomwe idatenga zaka zingapo, mothandizidwa ndi zipolowe zodziwika bwino panthawi yomaliza (kumapeto kwa 1958-kuyambira kwa 1959). Onani, pakati pa ena, (mu French): Fernando Martinez wofunsidwa ndi Eric Toussaint, "Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19 mpaka 20th: kuika Revolution ya Cuba m'mbiri yake", lofalitsidwa 24 December 2014, http://www.europe-solidaire .org/spiโฆ
|3 | M'mayiko atatu a Andes omwe atchulidwa, makamaka Ecuador ndi Bolivia, ndikofunikiranso kuthandizira miyambo yachikhalidwe ya anthu amtundu wamtunduwu (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi umwini wambiri).
| 4 | Ku Venezuela, nkhondo zowopsa kwambiri zomenyedwa ndi ufulu zidayamba pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za boma la Chรกvez, mwachitsanzo, koyambirira kwa 2002. Izi zidatenga mawonekedwe a mikangano yayikulu monga kuukira boma kwa Epulo 2002, kutsekeka kwa Disembala 2002-Januwale 2003. , ndi kulanda kwa Altamira Square ku Caracas ndi akuluakulu opanduka ndi atsogoleri a zipani zotsutsa ndale. Mikanganoyo idacheperachepera pambuyo pa Ogasiti 2004 chifukwa cha kupambana kwa No voti mu referendum ngati akumbukire Purezidenti Chรกvez. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ufulu wakhala ukufunafuna mwayi wogwiritsanso ntchito ntchitoyi koma mphamvu zake zolimbikitsa anthu zachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kuyambira 2013, gawo lalikulu la gulu la capitalist lakhala likutenga nawo gawo pakusokoneza boma poyambitsa kusowa kwa zinthu zambiri zofunika komanso zofunika, monga mankhwala, ndikupanga msika wofananira wandalama (pamsika wakuda dola yaku US ndi kusinthanitsa pafupifupi nthawi 10 mtengo wake wovomerezeka)
|5| Ku Bolivia, kumanja kunachitikadi ku 2007 pambuyo pa 2008 patatha zaka zosakwana ziwiri za boma la Morales. Anagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kangapo ndikusankha njira yomenyera nkhondo kumutu ku 2008. Kupambana kwa Evo Morales mu referendum yokumbukira mu August 2008 ndi 67.43 % ya mavoti sikunapangitse kuchepetsa chiwawa cha ufulu. . M'malo mwake, ziwawazi zidafika pachimake kwa milungu ingapo zitataya referendum, makamaka chifukwa zikuwona kuti zitha kukhala ndi chithandizo chambiri m'zigawo zingapo zazikulu kum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Zomwe boma lachita komanso ziwonetsero zodziwika bwino pakuphedwa kwa otsatira a Evo Morales m'chigawo cha Pando (pamodzi ndi kutsutsidwa kwamayiko, makamaka USAN, yomwe idachita msonkhano wodabwitsa mu Seputembara 2008 kuti iwonetse thandizo lawo ku boma. a Evo Morales) pamapeto pake adatsogolera kunkhondo (yosakhalitsa). Atainyanyala kwa chaka chimodzi, ufuluwo unavomera kuvomereza kuti pakhale chisankho cha referendum pa malamulo atsopano. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Evo Morales apambanenso kumapeto kwa Januware 2009: malamulo atsopano adavomerezedwa ndi 62% ya ovota. Mu Okutobala 2014, Evo Morales adasankhidwanso ndi 61% ya mavoti.
| 6 | Ku Ecuador kunalibe nthawi yolimbana pakati pa boma ndi gulu la capitalist lonse, ngakhale panali mikangano yayikulu, makamaka mu 2008 padoko lalikulu la dzikolo, Guayaquil.
| 7 | Ndinasanthula njira zomwe zikugwira ntchito m'mayikowa mu phunziroli (mu French): "Venezuela, Ecuador et Bolivia : la roue de l'histoire en marche" (Venezuela, Ecuador et Bolivia: gudumu la mbiri yakale likutembenuka), lofalitsidwa 2 November. 2009, http://cadtm.org/Venezuela-Equateurโฆ. Zosindikizidwazo zidawonekera mu magazini ya Inprecor mu 2009. Mu Chingerezi, onani: http://cadtm.org/Venezuela-Nationalโฆ http://cadtm.org/Venezuela-Nationalโฆ http://cadtm.org/Is- Mutu waku Boliviaโฆ http://cadtm.org/Ecuador-at-the-croโฆ Onaninso (mu Chifalansa): Eric Toussaint, Banque du Sud et nouvelle crise internationale (Bank of the South and new international crisis), รditions Syllepse , Liรจge-Paris, 2008, 207 p. (ikupezeka pa www.cadtm.org), yomwe ili ndi kusanthula kwa zomwe zikuchitika ku Venezuela, Bolivia ndi Ecuador mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2008. Onaninso buku lachi French (mu French) lamutu wakuti โLe Volcan latino-amรฉricain. Gauches, mouvements sociaux et nรฉolibรฉralism en Amรฉrique latineโ(The Latin America Volcano. Left-wing and social movements and neo-liberalism in Latin America), lofalitsidwa motsogozedwa ndi Franck Gaudichaud ndi Textuel, Paris mu December 2008, 448 p.
| 8 | Dziko la Bolivia linavomereza kupanga mafuta ndi gasi m'chaka cha 2006. Evo Morales anatumiza asilikali kuti aziyang'anira minda ya mafuta, koma mayiko ambiri akugwirabe ntchito. Boma lili ndi zachilengedwe, koma mayiko akuluakulu omwe amadyera masuku pamutu mafuta ndi gasi.
| 9 | Onani momwe CADTM ikuonera pa ubale wa boma la Ecuador ndi bungwe la Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) ndi magulu ena a chikhalidwe cha anthu (mu French): http://cadtm.org/Lettre-du-CADTM-Ayโฆ, lofalitsidwa 27 December 2014 Kuyambira tsiku limenelo, boma la Ecuador linasintha zimene linagamula ndipo silinakakamize CONAIE kuti achoke pamalo ake.
| 10 | Onani http://cadtm.org/European-Union-socโฆ, lofalitsidwa 16 December 2014.
| 11 | Onani http://cadtm.org/EU-follows-the-Gerโฆ, lofalitsidwa pa 7 January 2015.
| 12 | Mawu akuti "developmentalist" ndi kumasulira kwa Spanish "desarrollista", yomwe imadziwika ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimachitidwa ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Latin America panthawi ya 1940-1970. Ndondomekozi zinali mu Boma lomwe limapereka chithandizo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha zachuma (dessarrollo economico) pamene chikutsogolera nthawi yomweyo. Onani tanthauzo (mu Spanish) la katswiri wazachuma waku Argentina, Claudio Katz: http://katz.lahaine.org/?p=232
| 13 | Maboma a Venezuela, Bolivia ndi Ecuador adatha kupitiliza kubweza ngongoleyo kwinaku akugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zodana ndi kuwononga ndalama chifukwa ngongoleyo inali yolemetsa potengera bajeti. Ecuador, yomwe idayimitsa kubweza gawo lina la ngongole yake pambuyo pofufuza, idakwanitsa kugonjetsa omwe adabwereketsa ngakhale kuti pazachuma akanapitiliza kubweza ngongole yonseyo. Zinali ndi cholinga chokana kubweza ngongole zosavomerezeka, ndikusunga ndalama zamisonkho zomwe ziyenera kubweza ngongolezo kuti zigwiritse ntchito phindu la People, kuti boma la Ecuadorian linapanga chisankho chovomerezeka kukana kupitiriza kulipira gawo la ngongoleyo. . Venezuela, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ina, tsopano ikukumana ndi mavuto akulu pakubweza ngongole zake.
Dokotala wa Sayansi Yandale ku Yunivesite ya Liรจge ndi Paris VIII, komanso wophunzitsidwa ngati wolemba mbiri, รric Toussaint ndi wolankhulira CADTM International. Iye wakhala akulimbana kwa zaka zambiri kuti athetse ngongole ya mayiko akummwera ndi ngongole za boma za mayiko akumpoto. Anali membala wa Komiti ya Ecuadorian ya Integral Audit of Public Credit yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ndi Purezidenti Rafael Correa. Chaka chomwecho, adalangizanso Nduna ya Zachuma ku Ecuador ndi Purezidenti za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bank of the South. Mu 2008, adalangiza Minister of Economic Development and Planning of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama