Chitsime: Chowonadi
Ngongole zazikulu ndi mbali ya ukapitalizimu wamakono womwe sungathe kuthetsedwa popanda kusintha kwakukulu, akutero wasayansi yandale รric Toussaint.
"Kukongola kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa umphawi komanso kusagwirizana, komanso kuwonongedwa kwa boma lomwe maboma ambiri akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira m'ma 1980," akutero Toussaint mu zokambirana zapaderazi. Wopanda.
Toussaint - wolemba mbiri komanso wolankhulira mayiko a Komiti Yothetsera Ngongole Yosavomerezeka (CADTM), komanso wolemba mabuku angapo okhudza ngongole, chitukuko ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko - akugawana maganizo ake pa ngongole, kusalingana ndi kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu masiku ano pazokambirana zotsatirazi.
CJ Polychroniou: Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kusalingana kukuchulukirachulukira m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudera lonse la Global North ndi Global South, ndikupanga zomwe Chief UN Antรณnio Guterres adazitcha m'mawu ake oyamba ku World Social Report 2020 "osafanana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. malo.โ Kuphatikiza apo, 1 peresenti yapamwamba ya anthu ndi omwe apambana pachuma chadziko lonse cha capitalist chazaka za zana la 21. Kodi kusagwirizana ndi chitukuko chosapeลตeka poyang'anizana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, kapena zotsatira za ndale ndi ndondomeko pamlingo wa mayiko?
รric Toussaint: Kukwera kosagwirizana sikungapeweke. Komabe, nโzachidziลตikire kuti kuphulika kwa kusalingana kuli kofanana ndi gawo limene dongosolo la chikapitalist cha dziko lonse lapansi likuchita. adalowa mu 1970s. Chisinthiko cha kusalingana mu dongosolo la capitalist chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa magulu ofunikira a chikhalidwe cha anthu, pakati pa chuma ndi ntchito. Ndikagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti โantchito,โ amatanthauza olandira malipiro akutawuni komanso ogwira ntchito kumidzi komanso alimi angโonoangโono.
Chisinthiko cha capitalism chingagawidwe munyengo zotakata molingana ndi chisinthiko cha kusalingana ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu kwa chikhalidwe. Kusagwirizana kunakula pakati pa chiyambi cha Industrial Revolution mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 19 ndi ndondomeko zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi utsogoleri wa Franklin D. Roosevelt ku United States m'ma 1930, kenako zinatsika mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Ku Ulaya, kutembenukira ku kuchepa kwa kusalingana kunatsalira zaka 10 kumbuyo kwa United States. Sizinali mpaka kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndi kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Nazism pamene ndondomeko zochepetsera kusiyana zinakhazikitsidwa, kaya ku Western Europe kapena Eastern Europe motsogozedwa ndi Moscow. M'mayiko akuluakulu a zachuma ku Latin America, panali kuchepa kwa kusiyana pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 1970, makamaka panthawi ya utsogoleri wa Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas ku Mexico ndi Juan D. Perรณn ku Argentina. Mโzaka za mโma 1930 mpaka mโma 1970, panali mikangano yaikulu. Mโmaiko ambiri achikapitalisti, likulu linkafunikira kubweza ntchito kuti likhazikitse dongosolo. Nthawi zina, mikangano yayikulu idadzetsa zipolowe, monga ku China mu 1949 ndi Cuba mu 1959.
Kubwereranso ku ndondomeko zomwe zinakulitsa kusalingana kunayamba m'ma 1970 ku Latin America ndi gawo lina la Asia. Kuyambira 1973 kupita mโtsogolo, ulamuliro wankhanza wa Gen. Augusto Pinochet (wolangizidwa ndi โAna a Chicago,โ akatswiri azachuma a ku Chile omwe anaphunzira za chuma cha laissez-faire ku yunivesite ya Chicago ndi Milton Friedman), ulamuliro wankhanza wa Ferdinand Marcos ku Philippines, ndi maulamuliro ankhanza ku Argentina ndi Uruguay ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za mayiko omwe ndondomeko za neoliberal zinali zoyamba. khazikitsani zochita.
Ndondomeko za neoliberal izi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusalingana, zinafalikira kuyambira 1979 ku Great Britain pansi pa Margaret Thatcher, kuyambira 1980 ku United States pansi pa ulamuliro wa Reagan, kuyambira 1982 ku Germany pansi pa boma la Kohl, ndi 1982-1983 ku France. pambuyo pa kutembenukira kwa Franรงois Mitterrand kumanja.
Kusalingana kunakula kwambiri ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa chikapitalist mโmaiko omwe kale anali bloc ya Soviet ku Central ndi Eastern Europe. Ku China kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1980 kupita mtsogolo, ndondomeko zomwe Deng Xiaoping adalemba zinapangitsanso kuti pang'onopang'ono kubwezeretsedwe kwa capitalism ndi kukwera kwa kusagwirizana.
Zikuwonekeranso momveka bwino kuti kwa malingaliro a dongosolo la capitalist ndi mabungwe ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi, kukwera kwa kusalingana ndikofunikira kuti chuma chikule.
Ngongole za ogwira ntchito zimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa umphawi komanso kuchuluka kwa kusalingana.
Kuyenera kudziwidwa kuti Banki Yadziko Lonse siliwona kukwera kwa kusalingana kukhala koipa. Zowonadi, zimatengera chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu 1950s ndi katswiri wazachuma Simon Kuznets, malinga ndi momwe dziko lomwe chuma chake chimayambira ndikupita patsogolo chiyenera kudutsa gawo la kusagwirizana kowonjezereka. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, kusalingana kudzayamba kutsika dziko likangofika pachimake cha chitukuko. Ndi mtundu wa chitumbuwa chakumwamba chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu olamulira kuti akhazikitse oponderezedwa omwe amaika moyo wovutika.
Kufunika kwa kukwera kwa kusalingana kwakhazikika mu filosofi ya World Bank. Eugene Black, pulezidenti wa World Bank mu April 1961, anati: โKusafanana kwa malipiro ndi zotsatira zachibadwa za kukula kwachuma komwe kuli njira yopulumutsira anthu ku umphaลตi.โ Komabe, maphunziro amphamvu a World Bank mu 1970s panthawi yomwe Hollis Chenery anali katswiri wazachuma amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Kuznets.
In Capital m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, Thomas Piketty akupereka kusanthula kosangalatsa kwambiri kwa curve ya Kuznets. Piketty akunena kuti poyamba, Kuznets mwiniwakeyo ankakayikira chidwi chenicheni cha mapindikidwewo. Izi sizinamulepheretse kupanga chiphunzitso cha zachuma chomwe chimangobwerera mmbuyo ndipo, monga akatswiri onse azachuma omwe amatumikira bwino, kulandira Nobel Memorial Prize mu Economic Sciences (1971). Kuyambira pamenepo, kusagwirizana kwafika pamlingo umene sunaonekepo mโmbiri ya anthu. Izi ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ya capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso thandizo lomwe limalandira kuchokera ku mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi "chitukuko" ndi maboma omwe amakondera zokomera 1 peresenti kuposa za unyinji wa anthu, monga momwe zilili ndi otukuka. m'mayiko monga dziko lonse lapansi.
Mu 2021, Banki Yadziko Lonse idawunikiranso za Arab Spring ya 2011 ponena, motsutsana ndi umboni wonse, kuti kuchuluka kwa kusalingana kunali kochepa m'chigawo chonse cha Aarabu, ndipo izi zidawadetsa nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa zinali zisonyezo za zolakwika zomwe zidachitika mderali. Monga otsatira okhulupirika a chiphunzitso cha Kuznets, Vladimir Hlasny ndi Paolo Verme kutsutsana mu pepala lofalitsidwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse kuti โkuchepa kwa kusalinganika sikumasonyeza kuti chuma chikuyenda bwino.โ
Gilbert Achcar akufotokoza mwachidule zomwe Paolo Verme wa Banki Yadziko Lonse adachita motere:malinga ndi kafukufuku wa World Bank wa 2014, ndiko kunyansidwa kofanana, osati kusalingana mโmoyo uliwonse, kuyenera kunyansidwa, popeza kuti kusalingana kuyenera kukwera mosapeลตeka ndi chitukuko chochokera ku lingaliro la Kuznetsia.โ
Maboma ndi ndalama zazikulu sizidzalephereka kukhumudwitsa anthu pokhapokha ngati gulu lalikulu ndi lotsimikiza mtima liwakakamiza kuti avomereze.
Pomaliza, mliri wa coronavirus wawonjezeranso kusalingana pakugawa ndalama ndi chuma. Kusafanana pakati pa matenda ndi imfa nakonso kwawonjezeka kwambiri.
Ndondomeko za Neoliberal zapanga ngongole zazikulu zomwe zimatchedwa misika yomwe ikubwera ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, ndi ngongole zomwe zikuwopseza kuti pakhale chitukuko chadzidzidzi padziko lonse lapansi. Kodi njira yeniyeni yothetsera vuto la ngongole m'mayiko osauka ndi iti?
Yankho lake ndi lodziwikiratu. Kulipira ngongole kuyenera kuyimitsidwa popanda malipiro aliwonse a chilango omwe amalipidwa chifukwa cha kuchedwa. Kupitilira kuyimitsidwa kwa kulipira, dziko lililonse liyenera kuchita kafukufuku wangongole mothandizidwa ndi nzika, kuti adziwe mbali zosayenera, zonyansa, zosaloledwa ndi/kapena zosakhazikika, zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Pambuyo pavuto la kukula kwa masiku ano, masiletiwo ayenera kuchotsedwa, monga zakhala zikuchitika nthaลตi zambiri mโmbiri yonse ya anthu. David Graeber adatikumbutsa izi m'buku lake lofunika kwambiri, Ngongole: Zaka 5,000 Zoyambirira.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a CADTM, network yapadziko lonse lapansi makamaka ikugwira ntchito ku Global South komanso kumpoto, kufunika koimitsa malipiro ndi kuchotsera ngongole sikukukhudza mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, kaya akutuluka kapena ayi. Zimakhudzanso mayiko ozungulira kumpoto monga Greece ndi madera monga Puerto Rico.
Yakwana nthawi yoti tiyerekeze kuyankhula za kuletsa ngongole zankhanza zomwe anthu ogwira ntchito amafuna. Mabanki apadera ndi mabungwe ena apadera ayika mphamvu zambiri popanga ndondomeko yobwereketsa kwa anthu wamba omwe amayamba kubwereka chifukwa ndalama zomwe amapeza sizikwanira kulipira maphunziro apamwamba kapena chithandizo chamankhwala. Ku US, ngongole za ophunzira zafika pa $ 1.7 thililiyoni, ndi ngongole za ophunzira zokwana $ 165 biliyoni, pamene gawo lalikulu la ngongole zanyumba zimakhala zowawa (monga momwe vuto la subprime linasonyezera bwino kuyambira 2007). Zolinga za ngongole zina za ogula zimakhalanso zankhanza, monganso ngongole zambiri zolumikizidwa ndi ngongole zazing'ono ku South.
Ngongole za anthu ogwira ntchito zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa umphawi ndi kuchuluka kwa kusalingana, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe maboma ambiri akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira m'ma 1980. Izi ndi zoona padziko lonse lapansi: kaya ku Chile, Colombia, dera lolankhula Chiarabu, Japan, Europe kapena United States. Pamene ndondomeko za neoliberal zikusokoneza machitidwe awo a chitetezo, anthu amakakamizika, kuti abwere ndi ngongole monga anthu payekha kuti alipirire mfundo yakuti mayiko sakukwaniritsanso udindo womwe ali nawo woteteza, kulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Cinzia Arruzza, Tithi Bhattacharya ndi Nancy Fraser anatsindika zimenezi mโbuku lawo, Ukazi kwa 99%: Manifesto.
Kodi njira zina zachitukuko chokhazikika ndi ziti?
Monga tafotokozera mu manifesto, "Kuthetsa dongosolo la ma patent apadera!":
Mavuto azaumoyo ali kutali kuti athetsedwe. Dongosolo la capitalist ndi neoliberal policy zakhala zikutsogola pamagawo onse. Pachiyambi cha kachilomboka ndi kusintha kosalamulirika kwa ubale pakati pa mitundu ya anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mavuto azachilengedwe ndi azaumoyo akulumikizana kwambiri.
Maboma ndi ndalama zazikulu sizidzalephereka kukhumudwitsa anthu pokhapokha ngati gulu lalikulu ndi lotsimikiza mtima liwakakamiza kuti avomereze.
Zina mwa ziwopsezo zatsopano zomwe ziyenera kutsutsidwa ndi kuthamangitsa ma automation/robotization of work; kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito zapakhomo, kumene ogwira ntchito ali okhaokha, amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yolamulira ndipo iwonso ayenera kulipira ndalama zambiri zokhudzana ndi zida zawo zogwirira ntchito kuposa momwe amagwirira ntchito m'maofesi awo; chitukuko cha kuphunzira patali komwe kumakulitsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe; kulimbikitsa ulamuliro pa moyo wachinsinsi ndi deta yachinsinsi; kulimbikitsa kuponderezana, etc.
Masiku ano, polojekiti ya Socialist iyenera kukhala yachikazi, ecologist, anti-capitalist, anti-racist, internationalist komanso kudzilamulira.
Funso la ngongole za boma likadali chinthu chachikulu cha mikangano ya anthu ndi ndale. Ngongole zaboma zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa maboma akubwereka ndalama zambiri pofuna kupewa msonkho olemera kuti alipire zomwe achita pothana ndi mliri wa COVID-19, ndipo sipatenga nthawi kuti ayambirenso kukhumudwitsa. Ngongole zachinsinsi zapayekha zidzakhala zolemetsa tsiku lililonse kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kulimbana kuti athetse ngongole yapathengo kuyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Kulimbana komwe kudabuka m'makontinenti angapo mu June 2020, makamaka mikangano yolimbana ndi tsankho kuzungulira gulu la Black Lives Matter, zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata ndi ogwira ntchito savomereza momwe zinthu ziliri. Mu 2021, kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kodziwika ku Colombia ndipo posachedwapa ku Brazil apereka umboni watsopano wa kukana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu aku Latin America.
Tiyenera kuthandizira momwe tingathere pakukula kwa gulu latsopano ndi lamphamvu lazachikhalidwe ndi ndale lomwe lingathe kusonkhanitsa mikangano ya anthu ndi kufotokozera ndondomeko yomwe imachoka ku capitalism ndikulimbikitsa masomphenya odana ndi capitalist, anti-racist, chilengedwe, feminist ndi socialist. . Ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti a kuyanjana kwa mabanki ndi kulanda ma sheya akuluakulu; ku kuyimitsa kubweza ngongole za boma pomwe kawuniwuni yomwe nzika zikutenga nawo gawo ikuchitika pofuna kukana mbali yake yosaloledwa.; kukhazikitsidwa kwa misonkho yambiri pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza; kuthetsedwa kwa ngongole zopanda chilungamo (ngongole za ophunzira, ngongole zanyumba mopanda chilungamo); kutsekedwa kwa misika yamasheya, yomwe ndi malo ongoyerekeza; kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa maola ogwira ntchito (popanda kutaya malipiro) kuti apange ntchito zambiri zothandiza anthu; kukwera kwakukulu kwa ndalama za boma, makamaka zachipatala ndi maphunziro; kuyanjana kwamakampani opanga mankhwala ndi gawo lamphamvu; kukonzanso malo opangira zinthu zambiri momwe zingathere komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa maunyolo ochepa, komanso zofunikira zina zambiri.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mudanena kuti pulojekiti ya socialist yaperekedwa ndipo ikufunika kuyambiranso m'zaka za zana la 21. Kodi sosholizimu iyenera kuoneka bwanji masiku ano, ndipo ingatheke bwanji?
Masiku ano, polojekiti ya Socialist iyenera kukhala yachikazi, ecologist, anti-capitalist, anti-racist, internationalist komanso kudzilamulira. Mu 2021, timakumbukira zaka 150 za Paris Commune pamene anthu adakhazikitsa boma la demokalase. Kunali kuphatikizika kwa kudzipanga nokha ndi mitundu ya kugawa mphamvu zomwe zitha kufunsidwa nthawi iliyonse, popeza kuti maulamuliro onse amatha kuthetsedwa mwakufuna kwa anthu. Ziyenera kunenedwa momveka bwino kuti kumasulidwa kwa oponderezedwa kudzabweretsedwa ndi oponderezedwa iwo eni, kapena sichidzachitika konse. Socialism idzafikiridwa kokha ngati anthu adziko lapansi adzipangira okha cholinga chochimanga, ndipo ngati adzipatsa okha njira zopewera kunyozetsa kwaulamuliro kapena nkhanza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu atsopano.
Zimene Rosa Luxemburg ananena mu 1918 nโzothandizanso masiku ano monga mmene zinalili panthaลตiyo: โpopanda makina osindikizira aulere ndi osasunthika, opanda ufulu wopanda malire wa kusonkhana ndi kusonkhana, ulamuliro wa khamu lalikulu la anthu ngwosatheka nkomwe.โ
Ufulu kwa otsatira boma okha, kwa mamembala a chipani chimodzi - ngakhale atakhala ochuluka bwanji - siufulu konse. Ufulu nthawi zonse ndi ufulu wokhawokha kwa amene amaganiza mosiyana. Osati chifukwa cha lingaliro lirilonse lotengeka maganizo la โchilungamoโ koma chifukwa chakuti zonse zimene ziri zophunzitsa, zabwino ndi zoyeretsa muufulu wandale zadziko zimadalira pa mkhalidwe wofunikira umenewu, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwake kumazimiririka pamene โufuluโ ukhala mwaลตi wapadera.
Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zamitundumitundu za capitalism ikugwera kuphompho chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe, kusintha capitalism sikulinso njira yoyenera. Zingakhale zoipa zochepa zomwe sizikanabweretsa njira zothetsera vutoli.
Kuyankhulana uku sikusinthidwa pang'ono kuti kumveke bwino.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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