Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Greece, Zoe Konstantopoulou, wakhazikitsa bungwe loyang'anira ngongole yachi Greek ndipo adandipempha kuti ndichitepo kanthu mwachangu. Ndavomereza kutenga mgwirizano wa sayansi. Komitiyi idakhazikitsidwa pa 17th March 2015 ku Athens. | |1|Posachedwa mtolankhani waku Athens wa Le dziko analemba kuti, "Mneneri wa nyumba yamalamulo adalonjeza kuti akhazikitsa komiti yowunikira ngongole yachi Greek m'masabata akubwerawa, pofuna kudziwa ngati gawo la ngongole yachi Greek ndi yonyansa, yosaloledwa kapena yosaloledwa. Adalengeza kuti 'Anthu ali ndi ufulu wofuna kuti gawo la ngongole yomwe bungwe lawona kuti sililoledwa lichotsedwe'โ. | |2| | Izi ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe ndimalemba.
Popanda kunena kuti ndizokwanira, tikhoza kupereka matanthauzo awa:
- Ngongole yosaloledwa ndi boma: ngongole yomwe boma linachita popanda kuganizira anthu chidwi kapena kupeputsa zofuna za onse.
- Ngongole yosaloledwa: Ngongole yomwe wapangana mophwanya malamulo kapena malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino.
- Ngongole zaboma zonyansa: ngongole ku maboma aulamuliro or zoperekedwa pamikhalidwe yophwanya ufulu wa anthu okhudzidwa, zachuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi ndale.
- Ngongole ya anthu yosakhazikika: ngongole yomwe ingabwezedwe ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu monga kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa moyo wake, chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi maphunziro, kuwonjezeka kwa ulova. Mwachidule, ngongole yomwe imasokoneza ufulu waumunthu. Mโmawu ena, ngongole imene kubweza kwake kumapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kwa maboma kupereka ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu.
Ndime 9 ya Ndime 7 ya Regulation No 472/2013 ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Europe ndi Council of 21 May 2013 (yomwe imanyoza mwamphamvu ufulu wa mayiko omwe ali mamembala omwe akuyenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zosintha) imati mayiko omwe ali ndi udindo kukonza kamangidwe awonetsetse kuti ngongole za boma zidachuluka bwanji kuti afotokoze chifukwa chomwe ngongole idachulukira kwambiri ndikuzindikira zolakwika zilizonse. Nayi malemba onse: โBoma lokhala ndi membala lomwe lili ndi ndondomeko yosintha chuma chambiri lidzawunika bwino chuma chake kuti, mwa zina, liwunike zifukwa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ngongole ikhale yochulukira komanso kutsata kusakhazikika kulikonse komwe kungachitike.โ. | |3|
Boma la Greece, motsogozedwa ndi Antonis Samaras, silinagwiritse ntchito lamuloli kuti libisale kwa anthu achigiriki, zifukwa zenizeni za kuwonjezereka kwa ngongole, ndi zolakwa zogwirizanitsidwa nazo.
Pazonse, akatswiri pafupifupi makumi atatu achi Greek ndi mayiko akunja atenga nawo gawo pantchitoyi ndipo lipoti loyambirira likuyembekezeka mu June. Kutengapo gawo kwa nzika ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika kozama komanso kodziyimira pawokha.
Nazi mfundo zazikulu zomwe zingawululidwe pochita kafukufuku.
Ngongole yachi Greek, yomwe inali pa 113% ya GDP mu 2009 mavuto a ku Greece asanayambe komanso kulowererapo kwa a Troika, yomwe tsopano ili ndi 4/5 ya ngongole yonse, inafika ku 175% ya GDP mu 2014. Choncho tikuwona kuti kulowererapo kwa Troika kunatsatiridwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ngongole yachi Greek.
Pakati pa 2010 ndi 2012, ngongole zomwe Troika inapereka ku Greece zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kubweza omwe anali ofunika kwambiri pa nthawiyo, makamaka mabanki achinsinsi a chuma chachikulu cha ku Ulaya, kuyambira ndi mabanki a ku France ndi Germany. | |4| | Mu 2009, pafupifupi 80% ya ngongole zaboma zaku Greece zidasungidwa ndi mabanki apadera a mayiko asanu ndi awiri a EU. Maperesenti makumi asanu anali osungidwa ndi mabanki aku France ndi Germany okha. M'zolemba zaposachedwa za ARTE |5| | Paulo Nogueira Batista, m'modzi mwa iwo IMFAkuluakulu, akuti mamembala onse a IMF adadziwa kuti ngongoleyo idapangidwa kuti ipulumutse mabanki aku France ndi Germany osati Greece. | |6| | Philippe Legrain, mlangizi wa Purezidenti wa European Commission Josรฉ Manuel Barroso mu 2010 pomwe Troika idapereka ngongole yake, akuti "IMF Opanga zisankho adalepheretsedwa ndi Woyang'anira wamkulu wa IMF panthawiyo, a Dominique Strauss-Kahn, yemwe panthawiyo amathamangira utsogoleri wa France ndipo chifukwa chake amafuna kuletsa mabanki aku France kuti asatayike. Momwemonso mabanki aku Germany adakakamiza Angela Merkel kuti zitha kukhala zoyipa ngati atataya ndalama. Choncho maboma a Eurozone anaganiza zongoyerekezera kuti dziko la Greece likukumana ndi mavuto akanthawi.' Anayenera kulambalala 'mfundo yofunikira mu Pangano la Maastricht, yomwe ndi gawo lopanda belo. Ngongole za ku Athens sizinali zoti zipulumutse Greece koma mabanki a ku France ndi ku Germany amene anapusa kwambiri kupereka ngongole ku Boma lolephera.'
Kufufuza ngongole yachi Greek kudzawonetsa kuti mabanki aku Europe adakulitsa kwambiri ngongole zawo ku Greece pakati pa kumapeto kwa 2005 ndi 2009 (adachoka pa โฌ โโโโ80 biliyoni kufika pa โฌ โโโโ140 biliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa โฌ 60 biliyoni) osaganizira za kulephera kwenikweni kwa Boma. . Komanso ngongole zawo zinali zotsika kwambiri chiwongoladzanja (0.35% pa ngongole za miyezi itatu ndi 4.5% kwa zaka 10 mu October 2009 |7| | pomwe kuchuluka kwa ma bond aku Germany nthawi yomweyo kunali pafupifupi 3.3%). | |8| | Mabanki anali opusa, otsimikiza chifukwa anali olondola kuti mabungwe aku Europe angawapulumutse mulimonse.
Monga tanenera kale, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zomwe zimatchedwa bail-out of Greece zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe a ku Ulaya mothandizidwa ndi IMF, zathandiza kuti mabanki a mayiko ena a ku Ulaya akhale ndi chikoka chachikulu pa mabungwe a ku Ulaya kuti apitirize kusonkhanitsa. kubweza ngongole pamene nthawi yomweyo kusamutsa chiwopsezo kwa Amembala States kudzera mu Troika. Si Greece yomwe yapulumutsidwa, koma mabanki akuluakulu ochepa omwe ali m'mayiko amphamvu kwambiri a EU.
Mabanki achinsinsi aku Europe adasinthidwa ndi Troika monga wobwereketsa wamkulu ku Greece kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2010.
Kafukufukuyu adzasanthula ngati njira yoperekera belo ndiyovomerezeka komanso yovomerezeka. Kodi zikugwirizana ndi mapangano a ku Ulaya (makamaka Ndime 125, yomwe imaletsa mayiko a EU kutenga nawo mbali pazachuma kudziko lina la EU)? Kodi idatsatira njira yopangira zisankho za EU? Kodi obwereketsa anthu mu 2010 (maiko 14 a EU omwe adapereka ngongole ku Greece โฌ 53 biliyoni, IMF, ECB, European Commission etc.) kulemekeza wamkulu wa ufulu wosankha wa wobwereketsa, Greece, kapena iwo phindu kuchokera kumavuto a Greece poyang'anizana ndi malingaliro aukali kuti akhazikitse mapangano osagwirizana ndi zofuna zake? Kodi obwereketsawa anaika zinthu za mbali imodzi monga chiwongola dzanja chochulukira pa ngongolezo? | |9| | Kodi Maiko 14 omwe ali mamembala omwe adapatsa Greece ngongole iliyonse adalemekeza malamulo awoawo ndi malamulo awo, komanso aja a Greece?
Cholinga china ndikuwunika zochita za IMF. Tikudziwa kuti mamembala angapo a IMF Executive Board (a Brazil, aku Swiss, aku Argentina, aku India, aku Iran, aku China, ndi membala waku Egypt) adawonetsa kukayikira kwakukulu pa ngongole yomwe IMF idapereka, ndikuwonetsa, pakati pawo. zinthu zina, kuti Greece sakanatha kubweza chifukwa cha ndondomeko zomwe zinali kukhazikitsidwa pa dziko |10| |. Kodi boma la Greece, mogwirizana ndi Managing Director wa IMF panthawiyo, lidapempha kuti dipatimenti yake ya ziwerengero isokoneze zenizeni kuti ipereke lipoti loyipa lazachuma cha dzikolo kuti IMF ikhale yoyenera kukhazikitsa belo? -ndi plan? Antchito angapo aboma achi Greek amatero.
Kodi bungwe la ECB linapyola mwachidwi udindo wake pofuna kuti Nyumba yamalamulo ku Greece ikhazikitse malamulo okhudza ufulu wonyanyala ntchito, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ufulu wosonkhana, maphunziro, ndi kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa malipiro?
Mu March 2012, Troika inakonza kukonzanso ngongole yachi Greek yomwe inaperekedwa panthawiyo ngati yopambana. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti a George Papandreou, Prime Minister, adalengeza kumayambiriro kwa Novembara 2011, msonkhano usanachitike. G20, kuti mu February 2012 adzaitana referendum pa kukonzanso ngongole ya Greece yokonzedwa ndi Troika. Pokakamizidwa ndi Troika, referendum imeneyo sichinachitikepo ndipo anthu achi Greek anakanidwa ufulu wawo wofotokoza maganizo awo pa ngongole zatsopano. Atolankhani ambiri adafotokoza nkhaniyi yomwe idati kukonzanso kudzachepetsa ngongole ya Greece ndi 50%. Zowona, ngongole ya Greece ndi yayikulu mu 2015 kuposa 2011, chaka chomwe chimatchedwa 50% kuchotsedwa. Kufufuzaku kudzawonetsa kuti ntchito yokonzanso izi, yomwe inalidi chidaliro chachikulu, idalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndondomeko zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zofuna za Greece ndi anthu ake.
Kufufuzaku kuyeneranso kuwunika ngati mikhalidwe yokhwima yomwe idaperekedwa ku Greece ndi Troika posinthanitsa ndi ngongole zomwe idalandira ndikuphwanya kwakukulu kwa mapangano ndi mapangano omwe akuluakulu aboma kumbali ya onse omwe ali ndi ngongole komanso wobwereketsa, Greece. , amafunikira kutsatira. Pulofesa wa malamulo Andreas Fischer-Lescano, wolamulidwa ndi Vienna Chamber of Labor, |11| | wasonyeza mosatsutsika kuti mapulogalamu a Troika ndi oletsedwa pansi pa malamulo a ku Ulaya ndi apadziko lonse. Miyezo yomwe imatanthauzidwa m'mapulogalamu osintha omwe aperekedwa ku Greece ndi ndondomeko za konkire zomwe ziri zotsatira zawo zenizeni zimaphwanya mndandanda wa ufulu wofunikira - monga ufulu wa chithandizo chamankhwala, maphunziro, nyumba, chitetezo cha anthu, malipiro oyenera, komanso ufulu woyanjana ndi kukambirana. Ufulu wonsewu umatetezedwa ndi malamulo ambiri a mayiko ndi a ku Ulaya, monga Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, European Convention on Human Rights, European Social Charter, Mapangano awiri a UN Human Rights Covenants, Charter ya UN. , UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN Convention on the Rights of Persons Disabilities, komanso misonkhano ya International Labor Organization (ILO), yomwe ili ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zalamulo. Mndandanda wa zolemba zomwe zinaphwanyidwa ndi Memoranda yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku Greece, yolembedwa bwino ndi pulofesa Fischer-Lescano, ndi yochititsa chidwi komanso mabungwe omwe amapanga Troika kapena anaikidwa ndi iwo ( European Stability Mechanism, mwachitsanzo) ali ndi udindo wophwanya malamulowo.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa Margot E. Salomon, Mtsogoleri wa Center for the Study of Human Rights pa London School of Economics and Political Science, akupanga malingaliro ofanana ndi a pulofesa Fischer-Lescano. M'masamba amenewo akuti Of Austerity, Human Rights and International Institutions |12| | amakumbukira kuti mabungwe omwe amapanga Troika ayenera kutsatira malamulo a mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi mayiko monga European Social Charter kapena International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. M'nkhaniyi saloledwa kukakamiza mayiko zomwe zingawachititse kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, monga momwe Komiti ya UN ya Ufulu wa Economic, Social and Cultural (CESCR) imatchulidwira mobwerezabwereza. | |13| | Kenaka, phunziroli likuwonetsa udindo walamulo wa Troika pophwanya ufulu wa anthu achi Greek popeza wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito popanga ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pamagulu onse. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la IMF linanena zonena za mayiko omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu wokonza ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo, dziko la Greece likuperekedwa ku Troika kuti liziyang'anira popanda mwayi kapena mwayi woyendetsa. | |14| | Zinthu zosaloledwa ngati izi, zomwe ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi komiti yowona za ndalama, ziyenera kupangitsa kuti zomwe boma la Greece likuchita ku Troika (tsopano lotchedwa 'mabungwe') zisakhale zachabechabe, ndipo izi zikukhudza ngongole zomwe Greece idalandira ngati chipukuta misozi pokwaniritsa izi. mapangano osaloledwa.
Kufufuzaku kudzafunika kutsimikizira ngati, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Regulation (EU) No. 472/2013 of the European Parliament and Council of 21 May, 2013, zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, โPulogalamu yokonza macroeconomic adjustmentโฆ 152 TFEU ndi Article 28 ya Charter of Fundamental Rights ya European Union.โ Kafukufukuyu akuyeneranso kutsimikizira ngati ndime yotsatirayi ya Lamuloli ikutsatiridwa: "Ntchito zophatikizira bajeti zomwe zafotokozedwa mundondomeko yakusintha kwachuma chachikulu zikuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti pali njira zokwanira zoyendetsera mfundo zofunika, monga maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo." Ziyeneranso kudziwa ngati mfundo zotsatirazi za Regulation zagwiritsidwa ntchito: "Article 9 ya Pangano la Ntchito ya European Union (TFEU) ikupereka kuti, pofotokozera ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi ntchito zake, Union iyenera kutenga. poganizira zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kukwezedwa kwa ntchito zapamwamba, chitsimikizo cha chitetezo chokwanira cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, kulimbana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa anthu, ndi maphunziro apamwamba, maphunziro ndi chitetezo cha thanzi la anthu." Zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa potsatira lipoti loyesa lomwe linafalitsidwa mu April 2014 ndi EU pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu yachiwiri yokonzanso mapangidwe, pomwe olembawo akuwonetsa kukhutira pakuchotsedwa kwa 20% ya ntchito zonse ku Greece. boma |15| |. M'nkhani yamutu wakuti "Nkhani Zopambana pa Economic Adjustment Programme," tikuphunzira kuti kusintha kwa msika wa anthu ogwira ntchito kwakhala chifukwa chochepetsera malipiro ovomerezeka komanso kuti ntchito za 150,000 zachotsedwa m'boma ("Kuchepa kwakukulu ntchito za boma ndi 150,000 ", p. 10).
Mkhalidwe wangongole asanayambe kulowererapo kwa Troika mu Meyi 2010 |16|
Choyamba, pali ngongole yopangidwa ndi utsogoleri wankhanza wa asilikali ndipo inawonjezeka kanayi pakati pa 1967 ndi 1974. Izi mwachiwonekere zikuyenera kukhala ngongole yonyansa |17|.
Pambuyo pake, tili ndi vuto la Masewera a Olimpiki a 2004. Malinga ndi Dave Zirin, pamene boma lidalengeza monyadira kwa nzika zaku Greece mu 1997 kuti Greece idzakhala ndi mwayi wochita Masewera a Olimpiki zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri motero, akuluakulu a Athens ndi International Olympic Komiti idakonza zogwiritsa ntchito madola 1.3 biliyoni. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mtengowo unakwera kanayi kufika pa madola 5.3 biliyoni. Masewera atangotha, ndalama zovomerezeka zidafika pa 14.2 biliyoni. | |18| | Masiku ano, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, mtengo weniweni ukupitirira madola 20 biliyoni.
Mapangano ambiri osainidwa pakati pa akuluakulu achi Greek ndi makampani akuluakulu akunja akhala akunyozedwa kwa zaka zingapo ku Greece. Makontrakitalawa apangitsa kuti ngongole ziwonjezeke. Nazi zitsanzo zomwe zakhala nkhani zazikulu ku Greece:
kunyozedwa kwa sitima zapamadzi za ku Germany (zopangidwa ndi HDW, pambuyo pake zomwe zinatengedwa ndi Thyssen) pamtengo wa 5 biliyoni wa euro, sitima zapamadzi zomwe kuyambira pachiyambi zinali ndi chilema cholembera kumanzere (!) Kufufuzidwa kwa milandu pa milandu yomwe ingachitike (yakatangale) kwa nduna zakale zachitetezo pakali pano.
mapangano angapo adasainidwa ndi Nokia transnational yaku Germany, akuimbidwa mlandu - onse ndi makhothi aku Germany komanso makhothi achi Greek - kuti adapereka makomiti ndi ziphuphu zina kwa akuluakulu andale, ankhondo ndi oyang'anira achi Greek omwe amafika pafupifupi ma euro biliyoni imodzi. Mkulu wamkulu wa kampani Siemens-Hellas, |19| | omwe adavomera kuti "adapereka ndalama" zipani ziwiri zazikulu zandale ku Greece, adathawira ku Germany mu 2010 ndipo makhoti aku Germany adakana zomwe Greece idapempha kuti abwezedwe. Zoyipa izi zikuphatikiza malonda, opangidwa ndi Nokia ndi anzawo apadziko lonse lapansi, a Mnyamata Antimissile systems (1999, 10 miliyoni mayuro mu ziphuphu), digito ya OTE - Hellenic Telecommunications Organization - malo a telefoni (ziphuphu za 100 miliyoni euro), chitetezo cha "C41" chomwe chinagulidwa pa nthawi ya Olimpiki ya 2004 ndipo sichinayambe. adagwira ntchito, kugulitsa zida ku njanji yachi Greek (OSE), ya Hermes telecommunications system kwa gulu lankhondo lachi Greek, zida zodula kwambiri zogulitsidwa ku zipatala zaku Greece.
Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi 2015 mlandu wokhudza nkhani ya OTE, imodzi mwamilandu yambiri yazakatangale yokhudza Siemens, idatsegulidwa ku Athens. | |20| | 13 mwa 64 omwe akuimbidwa mlandu ndi oyang'anira aku Germany a kampani ya makolo. Siemens akuti adalipira mpaka โฌ 70 miliyoni kuti apeze mgwirizano wopanga digito ya Greek public telecommunications network, OTE (mgwirizanowu udasainidwa mu 1997). Mmodzi mwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu ndi mtsogoleri wakale wa Siemens Hellas, Michalis Christoforakos, yemwe anathawira ku Germany ndipo akuluakulu a boma la Germany sakanawatumiza ku Greece. Zolipiritsa zikuphatikizapo 'kubera ndalama' komanso 'kubera mogwira mtima'. Theodoros Tsoukatos, mlangizi wa Prime Minister wakale wa PASOK Kostas Simitis, |21| | alinso m'gulu la oimbidwa mlandu. Ena omwe akuimbidwa mlandu ndi akuluakulu a kampani ya Siemens yachi Greek komanso nzika zaku Germany zomwe zidachita katangale. Pakadali pano wandale m'modzi yekha waku Greece adaweruzidwa motere, yemwe anali nduna ya Transport Tasos Mantelis, yemwe mu 2011 adalandira chigamulo choyimitsidwa m'ndende zaka zitatu pomwe adapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa pakuvomera DEM450,000 (โฌ 230,000) kuchokera ku Nokia kuyambira 1998 kupita ku 2000. XNUMX.
Kwa nthawi yomwe chaka cha 2010 chisanafike, komiti yowona zangongole iyenera kuwonetsa zomwe Goldman Sachs akuchita posokoneza maakaunti aku Greece ndi momwe zidakhudzira ngongoleyo. | |22| | Iyeneranso kusonyeza zotsatira za mphatso za boma lachi Greek kwa mabanki achigiriki ndi momwe imodzi mwa maufumu akuluakulu azachuma achi Greek, omwe ndi tycoon Latsis, mopanda chilolezo, ngakhale mosaloledwa, adapindula nawo. Zotsatira za ngongole ya Greece yaku Greece kulowa mu Eurozone idzawunikidwanso.
Kutsiliza. Bungwe loyang'anira kafukufuku liyenera kudziwa kuti ndi gawo liti la ngongole yomwe boma la Greece linachita ndi Troika isanalowererepo komanso pambuyo poti ndi losavomerezeka, losaloledwa, lonyansa komanso losakhazikika. Idzawululanso udindo wa omwe adapindula nawo, ku Greece ndi kunja, m'magulu azachuma, pakati pa ma CEO a mabungwe akunja, komanso mabungwe aku Europe.
Pamene adalumbiritsidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Greece, Zoe Konstantopoulou adalonjeza kuti achitapo kanthu kuti awonetsetse kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo yapereka chithandizo chofunikira pochirikiza zomwe akuti ngongole zambiri ziyenera kuthetsedwa komanso kuti malingaliro omwe ali ndi vuto lachitukuko lomwe lilipo pano. zinayenera kuphatikizidwa. Iye adati zokambirana zanyumba yamalamulo simwambo chabe kapena zofanana ndi ubale wapagulu. Ananenanso kuti payenera kukhala kufunikira kwa nyumba yamalamulo kuti ipeze yankho labwino lomwe lingapindulitse anthu achi Greek, ndikuchotsa gawo lina langongole ndikuyimitsa kubweza, ndikuyitanitsa aphungu ena ndi anthu ena aku Europe omwe akuguba kale kuti awonetse mgwirizano wawo. ndi anthu achi Greek. |23|
Monga Zoe Konstantopoulou adauza Le Monde pa 7 Marichi 2015'Anthu ali ndi ufulu wofuna kuti mbali ina iliyonse yangongole yomwe bungweli iwonetsetse kuti ndi yosaloledwa ichotsedwe.'
Kumasulira: Christine Pagnoulle et Vicki Briault
Mawu a M'munsi
|1| | Mwaona http://cadtm.org/The-Speaker-of-the-Greek
|2| | Mwaona http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2015/03/07/l-incorruptible-de-la-vouli-figure-de-syriza_4589258_3210.html lofalitsidwa 7 March 2015 kapena http://fischer02003.over-blog.com/2015/03/biographie-de-zoe-konstantopoulou.html
|3| http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013R0472
|4| | C. Lapavitsas, A. Kaltenbrunner, G. Lambrinidis, D. Lindo, J. Meadway, J. Michell, JP Painceira, E. Pires, J. Powell, A. Stenfors, N. Teles : โEurozone pakati pa austerity ndi default โ, Seputembara 2010. http://www.researchonmoneyandfinancโฆ
Onaninso Eric Toussaint, "Greece-Germany: ndani ali ndi ngongole? (Gawo 2) Obwereketsa amatetezedwa, anthu aku Greece apereka nsembe โ, lofalitsidwa 6 Novembara 2012, http://cadtm.org/Greece-Germany-whoโฆ
|5| | ARTE zolemba za Harald Schumann "Puissante et incontrรดlรฉe : la troรฏka". Onani zolemba za CADTM pafupifupi zonse http://cadtm.org/Comment-la-Troika-s-est-erigee-en, 11 March 2015 (mu French).
|6| http://www.marianne.net/on-renfloue-grece-sauver-les-banques-francaises-allemandes-100231807.html
|7| | Mwaona http://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/greece-10-year-bond-yield-historical-data
|8| | Mwaona http://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/germany-10-year-bond-yield-historical-data
|9| | Chiwongola dzanja chomwe chinaperekedwa mu 2010-201 chinali pakati pa 4% ndi 5.5%. Mu 2012 iwo anali, pambuyo pa zionetsero (kuphatikiza kuchokera ku boma la Ireland omwe adafunsidwanso kuti alipire chiwongoladzanja chachikulu mu 2010), adachepetsedwa mpaka 1%. Kutsitsa mtengowo kunali kuvomereza mwachibwanabwana kwa Mayiko 14 kuti chiwongola dzanja chinali chokwera kwambiri.
|10| | Onani mavumbulutso opangidwa ndi The Wall Street Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/10/07/imf-document-excerpts-disagreements-revealed/ Onaninso: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/10/08/secret-imf-report-shows-greek-bailout-worries/
|11| | Onani lipoti lake la โHuman Rights in Times of Austerity Policyโ, lofalitsidwa pa 17 February, 2014, likupezeka pa http://www.etui.org/content/download/13817/113830/file/Legal+Opinion+Human+Rights+in+Times+of+Austerity+Policy+(final).pdf.
|12| http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2550773 lofalitsidwa pa 29 November 2014
|13| | CESCR, General Comment No. 18, Ufulu Wogwira Ntchito (art 6), (35th gawo, 2005) UN Doc. E/C12/GC/18 (2005), ndime. 30; CESCR, General Comment No. 19, Ufulu wa Social Security (Art. 9), (39th gawo, 2008) UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/19, ndime. 58'Maphwando a mayiko akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zochita zawo monga mamembala a mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi aziganizira za ufulu wachitetezo cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, maphwando a mayiko omwe ali m'mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka International Monetary Fund, World Bank, ndi mabanki achitukuko amderali, akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti awonetsetse kuti ufulu wachitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ukuganiziridwa mu ndondomeko zawo zobwereketsa, mapangano angongole ndi njira zina zapadziko lonse lapansi. Maphwando a mayiko akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ndondomeko ndi machitidwe a mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi madera, makamaka zokhudzana ndi ntchito yawo pakusintha kamangidwe komanso kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa machitidwe a chitetezo cha anthu, zimalimbikitsa komanso sizikusokoneza ufulu wa chitetezo cha anthu. ".
|14| | Tsamba 8: "Malinga ndi IMF, 'dziko lomwe lili membala lili ndi udindo waukulu wosankha, kupanga, ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zomwe zingapangitse kuti pulogalamu yothandizidwa ndi IMF ikhale yopambana. 'Zofunikira' ndi zofunikira zomwe zaperekedwa mu Memoranda ndi Greece zomwe zili m'gulu la momwe Troika imayang'anira komanso zomveka bwino m'malamulo ake: 'Akuluakulu a [Greece] adzipereka kukambirana ndi European Commission, ECB ndi IMF pakulandila mwana. za ndondomeko zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi memorandum'; 'Zoyenera kuwunika' zikuphatikiza kuvomereza kusintha kwanyumba yamalamulo (kwantchito za penshoni kuti ziwonetsetse kuti zikugwira ntchito munthawi yapakati ndi yayitali); '... kukonzanso kudzapangidwa mogwirizana ndi European Commission, IMF ndi ECB ogwira ntchito, ndipo zotsatira zake pakukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi EU Economic Policy Committee'. ndi European Commission, ECB ndi ogwira ntchito ku IMF pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zomwe zili mkati mwa Memorandum iyi yolola nthawi yokwanira kuti iwunikenso "ndiponso: 'Kubweza ndalama kumayenera kuwunikanso kotala pakadutsa nthawi yonseyi".
|15| | European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, The Second Economic Adjustment Program for Greece, Fourth Review - April 2014, p. 3, onani http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2014/pdf/ocp192_en.pdf (Masamba a 304).
|16| | Zina mwazotsutsana zomwe zatchulidwa apa zikupezeka mu pepala la 2011 http://cadtm.org/Greece-the-very-symbol-of. Idasindikizidwanso mu Elena Papadopoulou ndi Gabriel Sakellaridis (eds), The Political Economy of Public Ngongole ndi Austerity mu EU (Transform, Athens, 2012). Othandizira ena anali Yanis Varoufakis, Alexis Tsipras, Nicos Chountis, Yiannis Dragasakis, Euclid Tsakalotos. http://transform-network.net/uploads/tx_news/public_debt.pdf
|17| | Malinga ndi Alexander Sack, yemwe adapereka chiphunzitso cha ngongole yonyansa, "Ngati wopondereza ali ndi ngongole osati chifukwa cha zosowa kapena zofuna za Boma, koma kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wake wopondereza, kupondereza anthu omwe akulimbana nawo, ndi zina zotero, ngongoleyi ndi yonyansa kwa anthu onse a boma. Ngongole iyi si udindo wa dziko; ndi ngongole ya boma, ngongole yaumwini ya mphamvu yomwe yakhalapo, chifukwa chake imagwa ndi kugwa kwa mphamvuyi.โ (Sack, 1927). Kuti muwone mwachidule, onani (mu Chifalansa) " La dette odieuse ou la nullitรฉ de la dette ", zopereka ku semina yachiwiri ya malamulo a mayiko ndi Ngongole yomwe inakonzedwa ndi CADTM ku Amsterdam mu December 2002, http://www.cadtm.org/La-dette-odieuse-ou-la-nullite-de . Onaninso "Topicality of the odious debt doctrine", http://www.cadtm.org/Topicality-of-the-odious-debt,3515 ndi http://www.cadtm.org/Topicality-of-the-odious-debt
|18| | Dave Zirin, "The Great Olympics Scam, Mizinda Iyenera Kungonena Ayi", www.counterpunch.org/zirin07052005.html : โKoma kwa amene ali ndi zikumbukiro zazifupi, munthu afunikira kungoyangโana ku Masewera a Chilimwe a 2004 ku Athens, omwe anawononga chuma cha Greece. Mu 1997 pamene Athens 'inapambana' masewerawa, atsogoleri a mizinda ndi International Olympic Committee anayerekezera ndalama zokwana 1.3 biliyoni. Pamene kukonzekera mwatsatanetsatane kunachitika, mtengowo unakwera kufika pa $5.3 biliyoni. Pamene Masewerawo ankatha, dziko la Greece linali litawononga ndalama zokwana madola 14.2 biliyoni, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ndalama za dzikolo zikhale zocheperako.โ
|19| | Onani chidule chatsatanetsatane chamwano wa Siemens-Hellas pa http://www.scribd.com/doc/14433472/Siemens-Scandal-Siemens-Hellas . Milandu yomwe makhoti a ku Germany adatsutsa Siemens anali osatsutsika kotero kuti pofuna kupewa chilango choyenera, kampaniyo inavomera kupereka chindapusa cha 201 miliyoni euro kwa akuluakulu a boma la Germany mu October 2007. Chisokonezocho chawononga chithunzi cha Siemens kwa oterowo. pomwe, poyesa kuthetsa vutoli, kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi imalengeza momveka bwino patsamba lake kuti yapereka ndalama zokwana mayuro 100 miliyoni ku thumba lothana ndi ziphuphu. Onani: http://www.siemens.com/sustainability/en/compliance/collective_action/integrity_initiative.php
|20| | Mwaona http://www.greece.com/news/7358/Court_says_64_to_be_tried_in_Siemens_bribery_scandal.html ndi http://www.okeanews.fr/20150309-scandale-siemens-ote-proces-pour-64-suspects-dont-13-allemands
|21| | Kostas Simitis anali Purezidenti wa PASOK ndi PM kuyambira 1996 mpaka 2004.
|22| | Onani zolemba za ARTE Goldman Sachs - La banque qui dirige le mondekuyambira mphindi 39, https://vimeo.com/49904381
|23| | Mwaona http://cadtm.org/Discours-prononce-par-Zoe lofalitsidwa 14 February 2015 (mu French, Sindinapezepo gwero lililonse lodalirika la mawu ake mu Chingerezi)
Eric Toussaint, PhD mu sayansi ya ndale, ndi mneneri wa CADTM padziko lonse komanso membala wa bungwe la sayansi la ATTAC France. Iye ndi wolemba wochuluka; pakati pa maudindo mu Chingerezi Bancocracy; Moyo ndi Zolakwa za Munthu Wachitsanzo; Yang'anani mu Kalilore Wowona Kumbuyo. Neoliberal Ideology Kuchokera Pachiyambi Chake Mpaka Pano.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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โMabanki amakono amapanga ndalama popanda kanthu. Njirayi mwina ndiyo njira yodabwitsa kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo. Banking anaimiridwa mu Kusaweruzika ndipo anabadwira mu uchimo. Mabanki ali ndi Dziko Lapansi. Chotsani kwa iwo, koma asiyeni mphamvu zopangira ndalama, ndipo ndi cholembera apanga ndalama zokwanira kuti agulenso ... ziyenera kutha, chifukwa dziko lino likanakhala dziko labwinoko ndi losangalala kukhalamo. Koma ngati mukufuna kupitiriza kukhala akapolo a mabanki ndi kulipira mtengo wa ukapolo wanu, ndiye kuti osunga mabanki apitirize kupanga ndalama ndi ulamuliro. ngongole.โ
Sir Josiah Stamp: Director, Bank of England 1928-1941, (Munthu wachiwiri wolemera kwambiri ku England panthawiyo)
โKafukufuku wa ndalama, koposa zonse pankhani yazachuma, ndi njira imene zovuta zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kubisa kapena kupeลตa chowonadi, osati kuchivumbula.โ
John Kenneth Galbraith: katswiri wazachuma.