Pa 5 July 2015, ndi referendum yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi boma la Alexis Tsipras ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Agiriki, anthu achigiriki anakana kwambiri njira zochepetsera zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi mabungwe omwe amadziwika kuti Troika. Chinali chipambano chodabwitsa kwa demokalase.
Komabe mgwirizano womwe udakwaniritsidwa Lolemba, 13 Julayi ubweretsa njira zatsopano zochepetsera ndalama pazaka zingapo. Izi zikusemphana kotheratu ndi chifuniro cha anthu achi Greek chomwe chafotokozedwa mu referendum. Usiku wa 15th mpaka 16th July, adalandiridwa chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi maphwando anayi oyenerera (PASOK, Potami, New Democracy, Independent Greeks) omwe adabweretsa mavoti awo ku Tsipras pamene aphungu a 32 a Syriza adavotera ndipo 7 adakana.
Mgwirizanowu umakakamiza Syriza kusiya zomwe adalonjeza pa zisankho za 25 Januware 2015, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti apambane. Syriza ali ndi udindo womanga anthu achi Greek ndipo ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti sanalemekezedwe, makamaka popeza anthu adawonetsa momveka bwino thandizo lawo pa 25 January ndi 5 July 2015.[1]
Zopereka kwa Ongongole
Zomwe boma la Greece limapereka kwa obwereketsa kumaphatikizapo kudulidwa kwa penshoni (Syriza adalonjeza kubwezeretsa mwezi wa 13 kwa anthu omwe amalandira penshoni zosakwana 700 euro pamwezi) ndikuwonjezera zaka zopuma pantchito; malipiro adzakhala oletsedwa; mgwirizano wa antchito udzakhala wovuta kwambiri; padzakhala kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho yosalunjika, kuphatikizapo yomwe imaperekedwa ndi omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa; kupitiriza ndi kufulumizitsa privatization; kuwunjika kwa ngongole zatsopano zobweza ngongole zakale; kusamutsidwa kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali zachi Greek ku thumba lodziimira; kusiyanso zinthu zazikuluzikulu zaulamuliro, kupereka mphamvu kwa obwereketsa pankhani zamphamvu zamalamulo, ndi zina zotero.
Mosiyana ndi zonena kuti pobwezera zowononga izi Greece ipeza mpumulo kwa zaka zitatu ndipo idzalimbikitsa kwambiri ntchito zake zachuma, sikudzakhala kotheka kupanga ndalama zochulukirapo zomwe zalengezedwa mu dongosololi poganizira cheke chopitilira mphamvu zogulira nyumba ndi ndalama za boma.
Zotsatira zovulaza ndizosapeลตeka: m'miyezi ingapo kapena kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa posachedwa, obwereketsa adzaukira akuluakulu achi Greek chifukwa cholephera kutsatira zomwe adalonjeza potengera ndalama zoyambirira zandalama ndipo adzabweretsa zatsopano. Ngakhale anthu achi Greek kapena boma lawo silidzakhala ndi mpumulo. Obwereketsa adzawopseza kuti athetsa kubweza komwe adalonjeza ngati njira zatsopano zochepetsera ndalama sizitsatiridwa. Akuluakulu achi Greek adzatengedwa mumkhalidwe wololera.
Komiti Yowona pa Ngongole Zaboma
The Komiti Yowona pa Ngongole Zaboma yokhazikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Greece yalemba mu lipoti lake loyambirira lomwe lidalengezedwa pa 17 ndi 18 June 2015 kuti ngongole yomwe amabwereketsa omwe ali pano iyenera kuwonedwa ngati yosaloledwa, yosaloledwa komanso yonyansa.[2] Komiti yawonetsanso kuti kubweza kwake sikungatheke. Potengera mikangano yochokera ku malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi apakhomo, boma la Greece likanayenera kuchita chigamulo choyimitsa kubweza ngongole kwa nthawi yomwe kafukufukuyu amatenga kuti agwire ntchito yake yonse. Kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole koteroko ndizotheka. Kuyambira February 2015, Greece yapereka โฌ 7 biliyoni kwa obwereketsa popanda kulandira โฌ 7.2-biliyoni yomwe inagwirizana kale mu pulogalamu ya bailout yomwe inatha 30 June 2015. Ndalama zina zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa ku Greece sizinasamutsidwe: chiwongoladzanja chomwe chinapezedwa. ndi European Central Bank (ECB) pa zisungiko zachi Greek, ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kubwezeredwa kwa mabanki, ndi zina zotero. Ngati Greece isiya kubweza ngongole kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole yapadziko lonse lapansi, idzapulumutsa pafupifupi โฌ 12 biliyoni pakutha kwa 2015 ndipo omwe amabwereketsa kukakamizika kupanga mayanjano.[3] Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa ngongole kungayambitse kukambirana kapena kukana.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amanena kuti kuyimitsa kulipira kungabweretse kutuluka kwa yuro, zikadakhala zotheka kukhalabe mu Yuro ngati njira zingapo zodzitetezera komanso kubwezeretsa chuma monga kulamulira mwamphamvu mabanki, ndalama, ndi msonkho. (onani pansipa) zidakhazikitsidwa. Zikadakhala zotheka kuti tipewe malamulo a ECB, a Eurogroup ndi EC osavomerezeka komanso osavomerezeka. Boma la Tsipras lidasankha mwanjira ina, ndipo izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale kugonjera kowopsa kwa oyang'anira EU, kuti achepetse komanso kugulitsa cholowa cha dziko la Greece.
Tsopano zikuwonekeratu kuti zokambirana sizingathe kutsimikizira bungwe la European Commission, International Monetary Fund (IMF), ECB ndi maboma a neoliberal m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya kuti achite zinthu zomwe zimalemekeza ufulu wa nzika zachi Greek komanso za anthu onse. Referendum ya 5 Julayi, yomwe mabungwewo adatsutsa kwambiri, sanawatsimikizire. Mโmalo mwake, mosemphana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wademokalase, iwo asintha zofuna zawo. Popanda kutenga njira zolimba komanso zodzitetezera, akuluakulu achi Greek ndi anthu achi Greek sangathe kuyimitsa kuphwanya ufulu waumunthu wochitidwa ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole. Njira zambiri ziyenera kuchitidwa pamlingo wa EU kuti abwezeretse chilungamo cha anthu ndi demokalase yeniyeni. Mwaukadaulo, sizovuta koma ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ndi mphamvu zomwe zili mu European Union, mayiko omwe ali ndi maboma omwe akupita patsogolo sangayembekeze kuti sadzamva kapena kuthandizidwa ndi European Commission, ECB, kapena European Stability Mechanism. ESM). M'malo mwake, mabungwewa komanso IMF ndi maboma a neoliberal akutsutsa mwamphamvu kuyesera kwachi Greek komweko kuti awonetsere anthu onse aku Europe kuti palibe njira ina yotengera chitsanzo cha neoliberal. Komabe, ngati akuluakulu a ku Greece achitapo kanthu mwamphamvu atha kupeza zovomerezeka zenizeni kapena kungokakamiza mabungwe kuti azindikire zisankho zomwe zatengedwa. Ndikofunikiranso kupeza njira ina poyambitsa kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri ku Greece ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Akuluakulu aku Greece atha kutengera izi kuti alepheretse kuyesa kuwapatula - zoyesayesa zomwe otsutsa asinthe mokomera chilungamo cha anthu sizingataye nthawi kupanga. Kenako, kaimidwe kotere ka boma la Greece kukanalimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri ndi kulimbikitsa anthu osonkhanitsidwawo kuti azidalira mphamvu zawo.
njira zina
Pamwamba pa kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro a ngongole yapathengo, yoletsedwa, yonyansa komanso yosasunthika, apa pali njira zingapo zomwe zingagwirizane ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Tsipras ndi obwereketsa, kuti aperekedwe mwachangu ku zokambirana za demokalase, zomwe zingathandize Greece. chira:
1. Dziko la Greece ndilo gawo lalikulu la mabanki akuluakulu achi Greek (omwe akuyimira oposa 80% a mabanki aku Greece) ndipo ayenera kuyang'anira mabanki onse kuti ateteze ndalama za nzika ndikukweza ngongole zapakhomo kuti zithandizire kugwiritsidwa ntchito. . Choyamba, Boma likanatenga gawo lalikulu m'mabanki ndikuwasandutsa makampani aboma. Kenako, Boma likadakonza zoti mabanki awa athetsedwe mwadongosolo ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha eni ake ang'onoang'ono ndi osunga ndalama (kutsimikizira ma depositi mpaka โฌ 100,000). Boma likadabweza ndalama zoyeretsa mabanki kuchokera kwa eni ake akuluakulu omwe adayambitsa vutoli ndikuzunza anthu. Kuti achite izi zikanayenera kulanda gawo la chuma chawo chomwe chimafika kutali kwambiri ndi mabanki. 'Banki yoyipa' iyenera kuti idapangidwa kuti ikhale yodzipatula ndikusunga zinthu zapoizoni kuti zithetsedwe. Amene adayambitsa vuto la banki amayenera kuimbidwa mlandu kuti alipire kamodzi kokha. Gawo lazachuma liyenera kuyeretsedwa bwino ndikupangidwa kuti litumikire anthu komanso chuma chenicheni.
2. Akuluakulu aku Greece akuyenera kuwongolera banki yayikulu. Yannis Stournaras, Mtsogoleri wamkulu wamakono (wosankhidwa ndi boma la Antonis Samaras), amaika mphamvu zake zonse poletsa kusintha komwe anthu amafuna. Iye ndi Trojan Horse yemwe amatumikira zofuna za mabanki akuluakulu akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu a neoliberal European. Banki yayikulu yaku Greece iyenera kupangidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofuna za anthu achi Greek.
3. Akuluakulu achi Greek analinso ndi mwayi wopanga ndalama zamagetsi (zopangidwa mu euro) kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mkati mwa dzikoli. Akuluakulu aboma atha kukweza penshoni ndi malipiro m'mabungwe aboma ndikupereka chithandizo kwa anthu powatsegulira maakaunti angongole ndi ndalama zamagetsi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalipiro amitundu ingapo: magetsi ndi madzi, kulipira zoyendera ndi misonkho, zogula chakudya ndi zinthu zofunika, etc. Mosiyana ndi tsankho lopanda maziko, ngakhale mabizinezi wamba angachite bwino kuvomereza mwaufulu njira yamagetsi yolipirira chifukwa idzawalola kugulitsa katundu wawo ndikukhazikitsa malipiro ku boma (kulipira misonkho ndi zosiyanasiyana. ntchito zaboma zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito). Kupanga ndalama zowonjezera zamagetsi izi kungachepetse zosowa za dziko mu euro. Ndalama zamagetsizi zitha kupangidwa ndi mafoni am'manja monga momwe zilili masiku ano ku Ecuador.
4. Zoletsa pakuyenda kwachuma ziyenera kusungidwa pomwe mtengo wazinthu zogula uyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
5. Bungwe la privatization liyenera kuthetsedwa ndikulowedwa m'malo ndi bungwe loyang'anira chuma cha dziko (ndipo kuyimitsa kwachinsinsi) lomwe lidzakhala ndi udindo woteteza katundu wa boma pamene likupanga ndalama.
6. Njira zatsopano ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti pakhale chilungamo chamisonkho, kulimbikitsa zomwe zatengedwa kale, makamaka pokhometsa misonkho yolemetsa kwa anthu olemera 10% (makamaka olemera 1%), pazopeza zawo komanso pazinthu zawo. Mofananamo, zingakhale zopindulitsa kuonjezera kwambiri msonkho pa phindu la makampani akuluakulu ndikuchotsa misonkho ya eni zombo. Misonkho yokulirapo iyenera kukhomedwa ku Tchalitchi cha Orthodox, chomwe chinangopereka misonkho mamiliyoni ochepa chabe mu 2014.
7. Misonkho ya ndalama zing'onozing'ono ndi chuma komanso pazinthu zofunika ndi ntchito ziyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Izi zingathandize anthu ambiri. Ntchito zonse zofunikira zofunikira ziyenera kukhala zaulere (zoyendera za anthu onse, magetsi, ndi madzi kumlingo wina wochepera, ndi zina zotero.) Njira zoyendetsera chilungamo izi zingatsitsimutsenso kumwa.
8. Kulimbana ndi kuzemba misonkho kuyenera kukulirakulira pokhazikitsa zolepheretsa kwambiri. Ndalama zochulukirapo zitha kubwezedwanso.
9. Dongosolo lalikulu la anthu lokhazikitsira ntchito liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pomanganso ntchito zaboma zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi zaka zovuta (mwachitsanzo, zaumoyo ndi maphunziro) ndikutsegulira njira yofunikira kusintha kwachilengedwe.
10. Thandizoli ku mabungwe aboma liyenera kutsagana ndi miyeso yomwe imapereka chithandizo chogwira ntchito kumakampani ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ofunika kwambiri pazachuma cha Greek.
11. Njira zobwereketsa zapanyumba za boma zitha kutsatiridwa popereka zisungiko zangongole m'malire a mayiko. M'malo mwake, Boma liyenera kubwereka kuti lipititse patsogolo moyo wa anthu, mwachitsanzo pogwira ntchito zapagulu. Zina mwa ntchitozi zitha kulipidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zilipo pakalipano posankha mfundo zodzidalira, koma kubwereka kwa boma kutha kupangitsa kuti mapulojekiti ena akhale okulirapo - mwachitsanzo, kutukuka kwakukulu kwa zoyendera za anthu kuti zilowe m'malo mwa magalimoto awo; kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera; kupanga kapena kutseguliranso njanji zam'deralo m'matauni ndi matawuni ocheperako mdziko muno; kukonzanso, kukonzanso kapena kumanga nyumba za anthu ndi nyumba za anthu pamene akuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kupereka zinthu zabwino. Njira zotere zingathandizenso kuti pakhale ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.
Ndikofunikira kuti ndondomeko yowonekera bwino yobwereketsa anthu ifotokozedwe. Malingaliro athu ndi:
1 Kubwereketsa pagulu kuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chotsimikizira kusintha kwa moyo, kusiya malingaliro owononga chilengedwe.
2. Ngongole zaboma ziyenera kuthandizira kugawanso chuma ndikuchepetsa kusagwirizana. Ndicho chifukwa chake tikupempha kuti mabungwe azachuma, mabungwe akuluakulu akuluakulu ndi mabanja olemera azigula mwalamulo - molingana ndi chuma chawo ndi ndalama zawo - zomangira zaboma zomwe sizinalembedwe pa chiwongoladzanja cha 0%. Anthu otsalawo atha kupeza mwaufulu ma bondi a boma pa chiwongola dzanja chomwe chidzatsimikizira kubweza kwenikweni ndi zabwino (monga 3%), pamwamba pa inflation. Chifukwa chake ngati kukwera kwa mitengo yapachaka ndi 2%, chiwongola dzanja chomwe Boma chimalipira chaka chofananira chidzakhala 5%. Ndondomeko yotereyi ya tsankho labwino (lofanana ndi lomwe linatengedwa motsutsana ndi kuponderezana kwa mafuko ku US, kachitidwe ka anthu ku India, kapena kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi) zidzabweretsa chilungamo cha msonkho komanso kuchepa kwa kugawa chuma.
Pomaliza, akuluakulu a ku Greece ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti Komiti Yofufuza komanso makomiti ena omwe akugwira ntchito pa ma memorandamu ndi zowonongeka pa nkhondo apitirize ntchito yawo.
Njira zina zowonjezera zomwe zingakambidwe mwademokalase ndikukhazikitsidwa mwachangu zitha kuthandizira njira zoyambirira zadzidzidzi kutengera zipilala zisanu zotsatirazi:
- Kuyanjana ndi mabanki ndi gawo lopanga ndalama.
- Kupewa kuzemba misonkho ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha kwa misonkho mwachilungamo kuti boma lipereke zinthu zofunika pakukwanilitsa mfundo zake.
- Kuteteza katundu wa boma, kuphatikizapo cholowa cha dziko, ndikuziyika pa ntchito ya anthu onse.
- Kukonzanso ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito za boma.
- Kuthandizira mabizinesi am'deralo.
Ndikofunikiranso kuyambitsa Greece kukhala njira yosinthira demokalase ndikutengapo mbali kwa nzika. Kuti akwaniritse izi, dziko la Greece liyenera kuyitanitsa zisankho za Constituent Assembly kuti lilembe Constitution yatsopano yosankhidwa mwademokalase. Bungwe la Constituent Assembly - lomwe liyenera kugwira ntchito malinga ndi madandaulo ndi malingaliro omwe anthu alandira kuchokera kwa anthu - livomereza ndondomekoyi, idzaperekedwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Kutuluka mu Euro Zone
Nyumba yamalamulo yachi Greek itavomereza mgwirizano wowopsa wa 13th July pa 16th, njira ina iyenera kuphatikizapo mwayi wotuluka mwaufulu ku Euro Zone ngati anthu achi Greek akugwirizana ndi izi. Izi zimatonthozedwa ndi kugonjera kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Greece pa Julayi 16th ndi zomwe zili m'mapanganowo. Komanso anthu achi Greek adzamvetsetsa posachedwapa kuti ngati akufuna tsogolo lomwe limaphatikizapo chilungamo ndi kumasulidwa, Greece iyenera kutuluka m'dera la euro. Pankhaniyi, malingaliro omwe ali pamwambawa amakhalabe ovomerezeka, makamaka kuyanjana kwa mabanki ofanana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanki aku France pambuyo pa Liberation. Njirazi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwandalama, kolimbikitsidwa ndi dongosolo lomwe boma la Belgian lidachita pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Kukonzanso uku kudzafuna kutsitsa ndalama za omwe adalemera movutitsa anzawo. Mfundoyi ndi yophweka: panthawi yosinthira ndalama zina, sikuyenera kukhala mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa ndalama zakale ndi zatsopano (yuro yomwe ilipo potsutsana ndi drachma yatsopano, mwachitsanzo) kupitirira malire ena.
Ndalama zomwe zimadutsa malire ziyenera kutsekedwa mu akaunti ya escrow ndipo chiyambi chake chiyenera kukhala chovomerezeka ndikutsimikiziridwa. M'malo mwake, ndalama zilizonse zopitilira denga lomwe zatchulidwazi zidzasinthidwa pamtengo wocheperako (mwachitsanzo, ma euro awiri akale motsutsana ndi drachma imodzi yatsopano). Ngati upandu ungatsimikiziridwe, ndalama zake zitha kutayidwa. Kusintha kwachuma kotereku kukanagawa gawo la chumacho mwachilungamo. Cholinga china cha kusinthaku ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zikuyenda pofuna kuthana ndi kukwera kwa mitengo. Kuti zikhale zogwira mtima, kuwongolera mosamalitsa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama ndi ndalama zakunja ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
Nachi chitsanzo (zowonadi mitengoyo ndi yowonetsera ndipo ingasinthidwe pambuyo kupenda kagawidwe ka ndalama zapakhomo zamadzimadzi komanso kutengera njira zokhwima):
โฌ 1 ingasinthidwe motsutsana ndi 1 drachma yatsopano (n.D.) mpaka ma euro 200,000
โฌ1 = 0.7 n. D. pakati pa 200,000 ndi 500,000 mayuro
โฌ1 = 0.4 n. D. pakati pa 500,000 ndi 1 miliyoni mayuro
โฌ1 = 0.2 n. D. pamwamba pa 1 miliyoni mayuro
Ngati nyumba ili ndi ndalama za โฌ 200,000, imapeza 200,000 n.D posinthanitsa.
Ngati ili ndi โฌ400,000, ipeza 200,000 + 140,000 = 340,000 n.D
Ngati ili ndi โฌ800,000, ipeza 200,000 + 210,000 + 120,000 = 530,000 n.D
Ngati ili ndi โฌ2 miliyoni, ipeza 200,000 + 210,000 + 200,000 + 200,000 = 810,000 n.D
Lingaliro lina lenileni likhoza kuyambika ndipo Greece ikhoza kudzimasula yokha ku ulamuliro wa omwe amabwereketsa. Anthu a ku Ulaya akanathanso kukhulupirira kusintha komwe kumakonda chilungamo. โข
Eric Toussaint ndi wolemba mbiri, wasayansi wandale komanso Purezidenti wa Komiti Yothetsa Ngongole Yachitatu Padziko Lonse (CADTM), pomwe nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba. Kuyambira pa 4 Epulo 2015 ndi wogwirizira wa Truth Commission on Public Debt.
Kumasulira kwa Suchandra de Sarkar mogwirizana ndi Christine Pagnoulle, Mike Krolikowski ndi Snake Arbusto.
Mapeto:
1. Wolembayo akuyamikira Stavros Tombazos, Daniel Munevar, Patrick Saurin, Michel Husson ndi Damien Millet chifukwa cha malangizo awo pamene ankalemba chikalatachi. Komabe, wolemba amatenga udindo wonse pazomwe zili m'mawu awa.
2. Onani: cadtm.org/Executive-Summary-of-the-report.
3. โฌ 6.64-biliyoni ndi โฌ 5.25-biliyoni motsatira, idzaperekedwa ku ECB ndi IMF pofika 31 December 2015. Gwero: Wall Street Journal, graphics.wsj.com/greece-debt-timeline, adakambirana pa Julayi 12, 2015.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
eurozone inali projekiti ya neoliberal kuyambira tsiku loyamba
ndi maganizo atsankho sali osiyana kwambiri ndi a chipani cha Nazi, mwachitsanzo, aryans (nordics) ndi abwino, olemekezeka; pamene anthu a ku Mediterranean ndi ochepa chabe, kuti aphwanyidwe / kuwonongedwa.
malingaliro ochuluka pakati pa osati azungu okha a US, komanso a Israeli
malingaliro atsankho akhazikika pa bodza la Ulamuliro wa 'chilengedwe', womwe kulibe kwina kulikonse kunja kwa malingaliro a iwo omwe amafotokoza zamoyo zake.