Pofuna kupambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha November 2006, Daniel Ortega anapambana kuti chisankho chake chikhale chovomerezeka ku magulu olamulira, makamaka ku COSEP (Superior Council for Private Enterprise), utsogoleri wa Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, choimiridwa ndi Kadinala Obando. y Bravo, Purezidenti wakale Arnoldo Alemรกn ndi Enrique Bolaรฑos, ndi IMF. Daniel Ortega adachitanso zonse zomwe angathe kuti azithandizira atsogoleri angapo a mabungwe otchuka a Sandinista. Anakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi, ndipo akupitirizabe kuchita zimenezi mpaka lero. Atsogoleriwa amawona Ortega kukhala woteteza mndandanda wazinthu zomwe mabungwe amapeza, komanso koposa zonse utsogoleri wawo.
Zomwe Daniel Ortega adachita bwino pakati pa 2007 ndi 2018 zimakumbukira zomwe Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) idachita m'ma 1960 ndi 1970 (onani bokosi pa ulamuliro wa PRI): kuteteza zofuna za ndalama zazikulu, kutsegulira chuma kumakampani akuluakulu akunja, ndikusunga ubale wabwino ndi IMF, ndi Banki Yadziko ndi mabungwe ena am'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndikukhalabe ndi chithandizo cha mabungwe ambiri otchuka omwe ali ndi chikoka champhamvu kwambiri, ndi kusunga ndondomeko ya chithandizo chochepa cha anthu (ndalama ndi zinthu zothandizira anthu osauka kwambiri, koma popanda kulowererapo pazomwe zimayambitsa umphawi), zonsezi zinathandizidwa ndi mkhalidwe wachuma wapadziko lonse umene unali wokomera kutumizidwa kunja ndi chithandizo chochokera ku Venezuela. Monga PRI mu 1968, Ortega sanazengereze kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa motsutsana ndi ziwonetsero zamagulu. Koma, molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, mu 2018 adazichita pamlingo waukulu kuposa momwe analili ndi PRI. Monga PRI panthawiyo, Ortega akadali ndi chithandizo cha maboma angapo odana ndi imperialist (Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia) ndi gawo la Latin America Kumanzere. Kodi zimenezo zitenga nthawi yaitali bwanji? Izi zidzadalira pazifukwa zingapo: kuchuluka kwa mavuto azachuma, omwe amachepetsa malo oyendetsera ndondomeko ya kugawa zinyenyeswazi ku gawo losauka kwambiri la anthu, kuthekera kwamagulu a anthu komanso kumanzere ku Nicaragua kuti athetse kusokonezeka kwawo. ndi kunyansidwa, kuponderezana mwankhanza, kunyozetsa kwa Sandinism ndi socialism chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha caricatural cha ulamuliro wa Daniel Ortega ndi Rosario Murillo, ndi kuthekera kwa mayiko Kumanzere kuti athetse kusokonezeka kwake.
Ulamuliro wa PRI ku Mexico
PRI, yomwe idakhalapo mu 1946, idachita bwino, kuyambira 1950-1960, pakusankha ndikupatutsa zomwe zidatsalira zakusintha kwa Mexico mu 1910-1920 komanso kupita patsogolo kwakukulu komwe kunachitika pautsogoleri wa Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas pakati pa 1934 ndi 1940. 16: kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafuta ndi njanji, kulandidwa mahekitala 90 miliyoni kuchokera kwa eni eni akunja kapena akunja komanso kugawanso malo kwa anthu amtundu wawo kuti agwiritse ntchito limodzi, ndipo kupambana kudapambana mabanki - makamaka ku USA. -, kuchepetsa ngongole ya anthu ndi XNUMX% (onani รric Toussaint, Ngongole System [1]). PRI idalamulira mphamvu ndikudzizungulira ndi maphwando a satellite. Unali kuyangโanira mabungwe a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito mโboma, limodzi ndi mabungwe ambiri a alimi. Idayang'anira zigawo zonse za Boma, gawo la mafakitale aukadaulo komanso njira zolumikizirana ndi anthu ambiri. Zinachita kupondereza koopsa panthawi ya zionetsero za ophunzira za 2 October 1968, zomwe zinachititsa kuphedwa kwa Tlatelolco. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha akufa chifukwa cha kuponderezedwa kumeneko sichinawululidwe. Magwero ozama amalingalira kuti ndi 300. Boma la PRI pamapeto pake linazindikira kuti anthu makumi atatu amwalira, koma chiwerengerocho sichikukhutiritsa. Monga gawo la kuponderezedwa kwa 1968, a PRI anali ndi mazana a zigawenga zakumanzere omwe adachotsedwa pakusoweka kuti apitirizebe kulamulira. Inagwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo kuti akonzekere kupondereza ndi kupha anthu. Kuyambira mโzaka za mโma 1980, pangโonopangโono inathetsa kupita patsogolo kochuluka kwa anthu komwe kunalipobe kuyambira nthawi ya 1910-1940. Monga State-Party, idatengera malingaliro a Washington Consensus, idakhazikitsa mabungwe aboma kwambiri ndikuyamba kumasula misika ku Mexico.
Ngakhale kuponderezedwa, boma la PRI lidapindula ndikukhala chete kwamanyazi kwa maboma angapo ndi zipani za Kumanzere ku Latin America mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990 popeza zinali ndi zokonda zomwe zidachoka ku Washington m'malo ena ofunikira.
Kuti timvetse zovuta za ndondomeko za PRI kuyambira pomwe wakhala akulamulira komanso maubwenzi ake enieni ndi Kumanzere ku Latin America, ndi bwino kuganizira zitsanzo zingapo. Purezidenti wa "third-worldist" Echeverrรญa (1970-1976) adathetsa ubale ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Pinochet ndipo adalandira mazana a zigawenga zaku Chile zomwe zidazunzidwa. Anaperekanso chitetezo kwa omenyera ndale omwe ali kumanzere ochokera ku Argentina, Uruguay ndi Brazil. Koma nthawi yomweyo, Echeverrรญa (yemwe analinso wothandizana ndi CIA) anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri lamulo loti anthu azisowa mokakamizidwa kuti athetse anthu aku Mexico. zigawenga. Koma ndondomeko zopita patsogolo monga kupereka chitetezo kwa anthu othawa kwawo ku Latin America adatsogolera mbali ya Kumanzere kuti asadzudzule ulamuliro wa PRI. Choncho, pamene womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe Rosario Ibarra (yemwe mwana wake "adasowa" ndi ulamuliro wa PRI mu April 1975) adatenga nawo mbali ngati membala wa Komiti ya Eureka pamisonkhano ya FEDEFAM (Federaciรณn Latinoamericana de Asociaciones de Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos - Federation of Associations for Relatives of Detained-Disappeared), adadzudzulidwa mwankhanza ndi amayi a kusowa ku Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, etc.), makamaka Chileans, amene amakana kuphatikizapo Mexico mu mndandanda wa maboma amene ankachita mokakamiza zisankho. Mamembala a Chile sanafune kuti boma la Purezidenti Luis Echeverrรญa litchulidwe, mwa zina chifukwa limapereka chitetezo kwa atsogoleri ndi mamembala a Popular Unity omwe anali kuthawa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Pinochet. Pambuyo pake, boma la Mexico linali mโgulu la anthu oyambirira kuzindikira ulamuliro wa Sandinista umene unagonjetsa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Somoza. Inathandizanso ndondomeko ya zokambirana pakati pa zigawenga ku El Salvador ndi boma lomwe lilipo kumeneko. Boma la Mexico linalolanso Fidel Castro ndi anzake, kuphatikizapo Raul Castro ndi Che Guevara, kuti akaphunzitse ku Mexico asanayambitse ulendo wawo wotsutsana ndi boma la Batista mu November 1956, akuchoka ku gombe la Mexico m'ngalawa ya Granma. Ulamuliro waku Mexico udateteza boma la Cuba motsutsana ndi USA pambuyo pakupambana kwa zisinthe mu 1959.
Boma la PRI la Purezidenti Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988 mpaka 1994) linapondereza kuukira kwa Zapatist kuyambira mu Januwale 1994. Kulamulira kwamphamvu kwa PRI kunayamba kutha ndi zochitika zoopsa za chivomezi mu 1985, zomwe zinagunda kwambiri Mzinda wa Mexico. . Gululo linakakamizika kudzikonza lokha poyang'anizana ndi kusachitapo kanthu kwa boma panthawi ya tsokalo, lomwe linasonyeza chidziwitso chatsopano cha chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Kugawanika kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa PRI kunaonekera bwino ndi chisankho cha bwanamkubwa wa Mexico City mu 1997, pamene Cuauhtรฉmoc Cรกrdenas (mwana wa Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas) adasankhidwa kukhala bwanamkubwa wa chipani chotsutsana ndi PRI.
PRI inabwerera ku mphamvu mu 2012. Mu July 2018, Andrรฉs Manuel Lรณpez Obrador, wotsutsa PRI ndi mtsogoleri wa Morena, gulu lapakati-Kumanzere, adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti.
Tiyeni tibwerere ku zomwe zidachitika pakati pa chigonjetso cha Daniel Ortega pa chisankho cha Novembala 2006 ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yake yapurezidenti mu 2007. M'mawu a mtsogoleri wakale wa zigawenga Mรณnica Baltodano: "Ndikufika kwa Ortega mu utsogoleri mu 2007, chizoloลตezi chomwe chinali. kumveka momveka bwino kunawonetseredwa mwapayekha. Kukhazikika kwachuma komwe FSLN idawonetsa pokhudzana ndi kusungitsa anthu wamba ndi mfundo za neoliberal zidawonetsedwa kwathunthu. Izi zidayambitsa gawo latsopano pomwe Ortega adalowa munjira yolumikizirana ndi mzati wina wamphamvu zadziko: atsogoleri abizinesi akulu omwe ali pansi pa ambulera ya Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP). Apa ndi pamene symbiosis idayambika pakati pa Ortega ndi likulu ladziko lalikulu. Ndimachitcha kuti symbiosis osati mgwirizano chifukwa chomwe chimatanthawuza chikhalidwe cha boma lamakono ndiloti cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kupanga kapena kulimbikitsa msika wachuma, ndikumangirira ndalama zazikulu, pamene akupereka zinyenyeswazi kwa osauka kuti azikhala odekha. [โฆ] Gulu lamphamvu pazachuma liri ndi gulu lokonda zokonda zadziko lalikulu. Si mgwirizano pazifukwa zanzeru monga ena amakhulupilira, kuchenjeza akuluakulu amalonda kuti asamale kuopa kuti tsiku lina adzawapenyera kumbuyo. Ayi, ayi, ayi, zomwe ali nazo ndi symbiosis ya zokonda. Ortega ndi gulu lake ali ndi likulu lalikulu chifukwa iwonso ndi gulu lofunika kwambiri la capitalist ndipo boma likuyimira zokonda zake ndi oligarchy ndi likulu la mayiko. " [2]
Daniel Ortega anakana kutsutsa kuvomerezeka kwa ngongole yomwe idanenedwa motsutsana ndi Nicaragua ndikukonzanso mapangano ndi IMF.
Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa zigawengazo mu July 1979, utsogoleri wa Sandinista unaganiza zokana kubweza ngongole yomwe ufumu wa Somoza unapanga. Ndipo komabe ngongoleyi inakumana ndi njira zonse zowonera kuti ndizonyansa ndikukana kubweza: sizinapindule ndi mtunduwo, ndipo obwereketsawo ankadziwa mfundoyi chifukwa anali ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi ulamuliro wachinyengo wa Somoza. [3] Ndipo chinthu choipitsitsa, ngakhale kuti sichofunikira kwenikweni kuti munthu ayenerere ngongoleyo kukhala yonyansa, chinali chakuti chinali kuthandizira ndalama zaulamuliro wankhanza umene unali ndi mlandu wa milandu yolimbana ndi anthu.
Ngongole yomwe pambuyo pake idasonkhanitsidwa ndi maboma atatu omenyera ufulu omwe adatsatana pakati pa 1990 ndi 2007 adathandizira ndalama zosintha zinthu, kusungitsa anthu, ndikuwukira ufulu wazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuonjezera apo, zikhoza kuwonetsedwa kuti ngongoleyi idathandizira ziphuphu, makamaka panthawi ya udindo wa Arnoldo Alemรกn (1997-2002). Daniel Ortega, yemwe anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti, akanatha - akanafuna - kudzozedwa ndi pulezidenti wa Ecuador, Rafael Correa, yemwenso adasankhidwa kumapeto kwa 2006. Correa idakhazikitsa bungwe lofufuza za ngongole mu July 2007 ndi anthu ambiri kutenga nawo mbali. (kuphatikiza oimira mabungwe omwe amamutsutsa kwambiri, monga CONAIE ndi Ecuarunari). Ntchito ya komitiyi inali yozindikira gawo la ngongole ya Ecuador yamkati ndi yakunja yomwe inali yosaloledwa komanso yosaloledwa. Kutengera ntchito ya komiti yowona za kafukufukuyu, mu Novembala 2008, boma la Ecuador lidayimitsa mwachisawawa kubweza gawo lina langongole lomwe lidadziwika kuti silinali lololedwa komanso losaloledwa. Kupyolera mu ndondomekoyi, Ecuador adapeza chigonjetso pa okongoza ngongole mu 2009. Tiyenera kuwonjezera kuti mu May 2007, Ecuador inathamangitsa nthumwi yokhazikika ya World Bank. Idapemphanso kuti IMF isiye malo omwe idakhala mkati banki yapakati nyumba ndipo adaganiza zosiya kuchita nawo mapangano angongole ndi bungweli. Tiyeneranso kunena kuti Bolivia, kenako Ecuador ndi Venezuela, adaganiza zochoka ICSID (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes), bungwe la World Bank arbitration.
Daniel Ortega anatenga maganizo osiyana kwambiri - adachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti akhalebe paubwenzi wabwino ndi IMF ndipo adanena kuti atsatira kusintha komwe kunkafuna. Anadzipereka kuti akwaniritse zotsalira za bajeti kuti apitirize kubweza ngongoleyo ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa bajeti. Kusankha kwake kuchita zimenezo kunamโpangitsa kukana lamulo lovomerezeka la ogwira ntchito mโboma la dzikolo lakuti awonjezere malipiro awo, omwe anali otsika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. [4]
Daniel Ortega adaonjezera chiwerengero cha mapangano aulere
Mu 2006, pamene FSLN inali yotsutsa, Daniel Ortega, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu, adanyengerera gulu lake lanyumba yamalamulo kuti livote mokomera mgwirizano wa CAFTA ndi USA. Izi zidawonetsanso kusintha kwina kwa FSLN, popeza izi zisanachitike chipanichi chidadzudzula boma la Purezidenti Enrique Bolaรฑos kuti ligonjetse Nicaragua ku chuma cha Washington. Kuvomerezedwa kwa panganoli ndi aphungu a FSLN kunatsagana ndi kuthandizira kusintha kwa malamulo angapo kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe dziko la USA linakhazikitsa kale. Mapangano ena aulere adavomerezedwa ndi thandizo la FSLN: pangano ndi Taiwan (lomwe lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2008), lina lokhudza Central America ndi Mexico (2011) ndi lina pakati pa Central America ndi European Union (2012).
Daniel Ortega adatsegula Nicaragua mokulirapo ku zofuna zamakampani akunja m'malo azamalonda, migodi ndi usodzi.
Bungwe la Observatory of Multinationals in Latin America (OMAL), lomwe lili m'dziko la Basque ndipo limayang'ana momveka bwino poteteza zofuna za anthu, lachita kafukufuku wozama pa zomwe boma la Daniel Ortega linachita pokhudzana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, zomwe zinawonjezera ntchito zomwe zachitika. ndi omutsogolera ake ku mbali imeneyo.
Mรณnica Baltodano akunena za izi ndikuwonjezera zomwe zinamuchitikira. Ubale wa boma la Bolaรฑos ndi bungwe la Spain la Uniรณn Fenosa, akuti, "nthawi." Bolaรฑos anali atapereka milandu khumi ndi iwiri motsutsana ndi Uniรณn Fenosa ndipo makhothi adalamula kuti apereke chindapusa ku kampani yaku Spain. Koma, Baltodano akuti: โ[โฆ]boma la Ortega linathetsa zonsezi. Mu November 2007, chodabwitsa pamene Ortega anali mu Ibero-American Summit ku Santiago, Chile, akutulutsa nkhani yoopsa yotsutsana ndi mayiko, Uniรณn Fenosa anaphatikizapo, Bayardo Arce [mnzake wodalirika wa Daniel Ortega, yemwe kale anali membala wa utsogoleri wa dziko yemwe adapindula kwambiri. wochokera ku piรฑata, ET] anali ku Moncloa Palace ku Madrid, akukumana ndi oyang'anira makampani a Uniรณn Fenosa. Kutengera "Protocol of Understanding pakati pa Boma la Nicaragua ndi Uniรณn Fenosa," yomwe idaphatikizapo limatsimikizira a mitundu yonse ya omalizirawo ndipo anapatsidwa udindo wazamalamulo ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Nicaragua pa February 12, 2009, milandu yonse yoyembekezera kuzengedwa, zofuna ndi chindapusa zinafafanizidwa ndi cholembera. Pambuyo pake adadzanso malamulo ena, omwe nthawi zonse amapindula ndi Uniรณn Fenosa. Ngakhale zomwe timakumbukira ndizomwe Ortega amatsutsana nazo, ubale wawo ndi boma la Nicaragua sunali wamadzi monga momwe analiri ndi Ortega paudindo. โ
Baltodano akuwonjezera kuti pansi pa utsogoleri wa Daniel Ortega, privatization of the energy sector, and so of Nicaragua's Natural resources, kuchuluka, kupindulitsa multinationals, ndipo makamaka amene Ortega mwiniwake katundu. Iye akuloza ku kulandidwa, mothandizidwa ndi boma, kwa "Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mchere mdziko muno" ndi kampani ya B2Gold, yomwe ili ku Canada, [5] zokhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa kwa chilengedwe komanso madera akumaloko. Amadzudzulanso kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango komwe a "Lumber mafias" kudzera mu zilolezo zoperekedwa ndi boma.
Mรณnica Baltodano akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Pescanova yamayiko osiyanasiyana idakwanitsa kupanga mapangano opindulitsa pansi pa boma la Ortega: โChitsanzo chocheperako ndi kusodza koyendetsedwa ndi Pescanova yaku Spain. Wofufuza zachilengedwe waku Spain Marรญa Mestre adafalitsa lipoti mu Disembala 2010 la Diagonal la momwe Pescanova idagwirira ntchito ku Nicaragua atafika ku 2002 ndi kugula Ultracongelados Antรกrtida, SA, chomera chachikulu kwambiri chophikira nsomba zam'madzi ku Spain, chomwe chinali ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a famu yaku Nicaragua. kampani yomwe ikugwira ntchito ku Chinandega. Kuchokera kumeneko Pescanova inayamba kukulitsa ulimi ndi kukonza shrimp, kukweza mphutsi za shrimp m'ma laboratories ndikupitiriza kukulitsa malo ake owetera nsomba. Pofika chaka cha 2006, Pescanova inali ndi mahekitala a 2,500, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, pansi pa boma la Ortega, idachulukitsa kawiri, kulamulira 58% ya malo omwe amaperekedwa popereka nsomba. Pakati pa Januwale ndi Epulo 2009 mokha, idakulitsa umwini wake kufika pa 82% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zidaperekedwa pakubweza, ngakhale sizinali zonse zomwe zidapangidwa." [6]
Mtsinje wa Interoceanic
Ntchito yazaka 14yi idayambitsidwanso ndi boma la Daniel Ortega. Pa 2013 June 61, National Assembly of Nicaragua inavomereza, ndi mavoti a 28 kwa 50, lamulo lomwe limapereka chilolezo kwa zaka zongowonjezwdwa kwa zaka makumi asanu ku mgwirizano wa China HKDN Nicaragua Canal Development. Mtengo wake ndi madola 41 biliyoni, kapena ma euro 2015 biliyoni. Ntchito yomanga idayamba mu 2019 ndipo idayenera kumalizidwa mu 2020, ndipo ngalandeyo idatsegulidwa mu XNUMX. Koma ntchitoyi idayimitsidwa popeza kampani yaku China idasowa ndalama ndipo mwini wake wasowa.
Ntchitoyi imatsutsidwa ndi magulu a sayansi ya zachilengedwe. Nyanja ya Nicaragua ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsa, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi malo osungiramo madzi opanda mchere a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kwa anthu a mโderalo, amene amamwa madzi a mโnyanjayi ndi kuthirira malo olimapo. Pankhani yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthu a 25,000 ayenera kusamutsidwa ndi polojekitiyi.
Kuletsa kwathunthu kuchotsa mimba kunayamba kugwira ntchito mu malamulo ophwanya malamulo mu 2008
Mu 2006 gulu la aphungu a Sandinista, mogwirizana ndi aphungu osunga mwambo, adavotera lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba. Zinali pansi pa pulezidenti wa Daniel Ortega, yemwe anakana kuyitana muyeso, kuti kuletsa kunaphatikizidwa mu code yatsopano yachigawenga yomwe inayamba kugwira ntchito mu July 2008. Palibe zosiyana ndi zoletsedwazo, kuphatikizapo milandu ya ngozi thanzi kapena moyo wa mayi woyembekezera kapena mimba yobwera chifukwa chogwiriridwa. Amnesty International yati mu lipoti lake [7]: โKuchuluka kwa atsikana amene ali ndi pakati ku Nicaragua kukutanthauza kuti ambiri mwa amene akukhudzidwa ndi malamulo osinthidwawo ndi atsikana a zaka zosachepera 18. udindo.โ Asanakhazikitsidwe lamulo latsopano lachigawenga, kuchotsa mimba "kwachirengedwe" (pokhala pachiwopsezo ku thanzi la mayi wapakati kapena mimba chifukwa chogwiriridwa) kunali kovomerezeka komanso koyenera, kuyambira kulamulo lokhazikitsidwa mu 1893 pansi pa boma. wa Zelaya waufulu, ndipo chimene chinali chotulukapo choyamba cha kusintha kumene kunayamba mu 1837. Boma limene limaimira zofuna za anthu ake likadapititsa patsogolo malamulowo mwa kupereka ufulu wochotsa mimba (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza mkazi woyembekezera kuti asankhe kuchitapo kanthu). payekha posatengera zomwe zimayambitsa mimbayo, komanso kuchotsa zikhalidwe zomwe zidafunika kuti asing'anga atatu avomereze kusokoneza pathupi komanso mayi woyembekezerayo kuti alandire chilolezo kuchokera kwa mwamuna wake kapena achibale ake apamtima). M'malo mwake, Ortega adaganiza zobwerera m'mbuyo.
Lamulo lobwezeretsali limatsagana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu za mabungwe omwe amateteza ufulu wa amayi, omwe akhala m'gulu la anthu omwe akutsutsana kwambiri ndi boma la Ortega. Makamaka, bungwe la autonomous Women's movement (MAM โ Movimiento Autonomo de Mujeres de Nicaragua), wolimbikitsidwa kwambiri motsutsana ndi chiletso chochotsa mimba, tsopano akuwunikiridwa ndi akuluakulu aboma. Magulu omenyera ufulu wachikazi akhala akuzunzidwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa oyang'anira, apolisi ndi makhothi. Pofuna kuwasokoneza, a Daniel Ortega ndi Rosario Murillo adawalamula kuti alowe nawo gulu la amayi lomwe likugwirizana ndi boma. Munjira ina yovutitsa kwambiri boma, Murillo wanena kuti akudzudzula gulu la azimayi lodziyimira pawokha komanso thandizo lomwe limalandira kunja pomenyera ufulu wochotsa mimba kuti ndi "ntchito ya Mdyerekezi."
Kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo
Daniel Ortega ndi Rosario Murillo amagwiritsa ntchito maumboni achipembedzo cha Katolika nthawi zonse, akumalengeza kuti Mulungu ali kumbali yawo. Ulamuliro wotsogozedwa ndi banja la apulezidenti wapangitsa kuti anthu abwerere mmbuyo. Mโmalemba ena onse, โMulungu,โ โMdyerekezi,โ โChikhulupiriroโ ndi โChilungamo Chaumulunguโ ali ndi zilembo zazikulu chifukwa ndi mmene amaonekera mโzolemba zonse za Murillo ndi Ortega.
Ponena za masinthidwe a FSLN motsogozedwa ndi Daniel Ortega ndi Rosario Murillo, Mรณnica Baltodano analemba kuti: โ[Kusintha kwachiลตiri komwe kuyenera kuunikanso ndi kumene kwachititsa Sandinista Front] kuchoka mโmalingaliro amalingaliro kupita ku maziko achipembedzo. Pulogalamu yosintha zinthuyi inakhudza kulemekeza zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo koma inalimbikitsa kusakhulupirirana. Lamulo la 1987 linakhazikitsa kuti Boma liribe chipembedzo chovomerezeka ndi kuti maphunziro a anthu onse anali akudziko. Ndipo ife tiri ndi chiyani tsopano? Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kuzunzidwa kwa zipembedzo zapachiyambi ndikusintha kwake kosalekeza kulimbikitsa ntchito ya mphamvu ya banja la Ortega-Murillo. Mabungwe a boma akugwira ntchito monga opanga zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo kutsindika kuti zonse zomwe zimachitika m'dzikoli ndi 'chifuniro cha Mulungu,' motero amakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Chayo-Orteguista [ndiko kuti, Rosario Murillo ndi Daniel Ortega, ET] umachokera ku chifuniro chaumulungu, monganso m'ma monarchies akale a absolutist mphamvu ya mafumu inabwera mwachindunji kuchokera kwa Mulungu. Kugwirizana kwaumulungu kumeneku, malinga ndi nkhani ya boma, kumapangitsa Nicaragua kukhala 'odala ndi kutukuka.' Chifukwa cha chitsanzo chimenechi, magulu achipembedzo amakhazikitsa malamulo, matchalitchi amasankha, akuluakulu a boma amalimbikitsa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndipo mabungwe onse a boma ndi a matauni ali ndi zithunzi, zizindikiro ndi mauthenga achipembedzo.โ
Ndi Rosario Murillo, maumboni onena za Mulungu ndi Mdyerekezi amabwerera m'mbuyo. Ndinapeza kachidutswa komwe analemba mu 1991 monga mkulu wa Ventana, chowonjezera cha chikhalidwe cha Sandinista Barricada ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Pokonzekera Congress yoyamba ya FSLN, adalemba "Pakati pa Front, munthu amapeza ma Sandinistas ndi omwe si a Sandinistas. Mamiliyoni ndi osauka. Mizimu ya Mulungu ndi mizimu ya Mdyerekezi [โฆ] Inde, mabwana, Sandinista Front ili kutsogolo, ndipo ngati kutsogolo, komwe munthu amapeza chilichonse ndi chilichonse, pakadali pano ndi mulu wamba. [8] Pambuyo pake, Murillo anasiya mawonekedwe onyansa a Front ngati mulu wa zinyalala, koma kumbali ina adayambitsa zolankhula zake zonse za Manichean, achipembedzo-fundamentalist, conservative, obscurantist kuyimira zochitika ndi anthu.
M'mawu a Rosario Murillo adapereka pa 19 Julayi 2018 pamwambo wokondwerera 39th chikumbutso cha chigonjetso cha chisinthiko, iye nthawi zonse ankayitana pa Chikhulupiriro ndi chisomo cha Mulungu, akudzudzula zochita zaudierekezi za otsutsa omwe amatsutsa ndondomeko za ulamuliro umene iye ndi mtsogoleri wawo.
Tsiku lotsatira, anapitiriza kuchita chimodzimodzi polengeza pawailesi yakanema ya Canal 4, yomwe inali ya mmodzi wa ana ake aamuna kuti: โTikudziwa kuti pali mabungwe amene angathe kuzindikira zolakwa za anthu amene abweretsa ululu waukulu. , imfa zambiri, kuzunzika kwakukulu, ziwawa zambiri zopotoka, zauchiwanda mu Nicaragua. Ndipo timakhulupirira Chilungamo, komanso timakhulupirira Chilungamo Chaumulungu.โ [9]
Kenako anapitiriza kuti: โAnthu a Mulungu amenewa, chifukwa anthu a ku Nicaragua ndi anthu a Mulungu! Ndi anthu ochepa chabe padziko lapansi amene amaonetsa Chikhulupiriro chochuluka komanso Kudzipereka kochuluka chotere, pokhala ndi unansi wolimba chonchi ndi Mulungu. Ndipo ife Akatolika, ndi Namwali Mariya, tili ndi chikhulupiriro [โฆ] [10]
M'mawu omwewo, akutsutsa anthu kwa amayi ndi abambo omwe akulimbana ndi kuchotsa mimba motere:g njira: โAnthu amene ateteza moyo mโnjira zonse, kuyambira mโmimba mwa mayiโฆ Pamene ambiri a iwo amanamizira kuchita zigawenga zapachiลตeniลตeni, pamene kwenikweni palibe nkhani yachivomerezo pa iwo chifukwa chakuti ndi zigawenga, aguba mโmisewu ya Managua, kufuna kuchotsa Mimba. Kuchita cholakwa ndi moyo! Icho ndi chowonadi.โ [11]
Kenako akufotokoza za ziwonetsero zomwe zakhala zikuchita ziwonetsero kuyambira pa 18 Epulo 2018 monga omwe adapha anthu mazanamazana omwe amaliriridwa ndi anthu: โโฆanthu akudziwa, amadziwa yemwe adapha; akudziwa, chifukwa tikudziwa, momwe pakati pawo, chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha zilakolako zawo, mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chamankhwala osokoneza bongo, chomwe akufuna kuopseza dziko, awa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zidakwa, anthu omwe amagwirizana nawo. mitundu yonse ya upandu ndi zigawenga. Anthu akudziwa kuti anayambitsa imfa pakati pawo ndiyeno anaimba mlandu Boma.โ [12]
Tsiku lapitalo, 19 July 2018, pamsonkhano waukulu womwe boma linachita, a Daniel Ortega adapita kutali ndi malingaliro a Manichean ndi ofufuza. Iye ankanena kuti anthu otsutsawo ankachita zinthu zauchiwanda komanso zausatana. Ananenanso kuti zigawenga zimazunza anthu "mwausatana" (izi!) pa mipiringidzo! [13] Iye ananena mโchenicheni kuti ochita zionetserowo ndi โzigawengaโ ndi โotsutsaโ amene ali โosatanikiโ kotheratu. Iye anapempha mabishopu Achikatolika โkutulutsaโ โZiwandaโ kapena โziwandaโ zimenezi (mawu amene Ortega amagwiritsira ntchito ponena za osonyeza zisonyezero) ndi kuthamangitsa Mdyerekezi amene wawalanda. Ortega adanena kuti amawotcha mitembo pafupi ndi mipiringidzo ndikuvina mozungulira. Iye wapempha ma episkopiwo kuti azilemekeza mawu a Mulungu komanso kuti asagwirizane ndi zofuna za anthu otsutsa zoti awiriwa atule pansi udindo wawo.
Wolembayo adayenda maulendo khumi ndi awiri ku Nicaragua ndi ena onse a ku Central America pakati pa 1984 ndi 1992. Iye adagwira nawo ntchito yokonza mabungwe odzipereka odzipereka, opangidwa ndi ogwirizana ndi mabungwe ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi, omwe adachoka ku Belgium kupita ku Nicaragua m'zaka za 1985-1989. . Anali mtsogoleri wa gulu la "FGTBistes pour le Nicaragua". Adakumana ndi mamembala osiyanasiyana a utsogoleri wa Sandinista - Tomas Borge, Henry Ruiz, Luis Carrion, Vรญctor Tirado Lรณpez - munthawi ya 1984-1992. Analumikizana kwambiri ndi ATC, bungwe la Sandinista la ogwira ntchito zaulimi. Analipo ku Managua mu Julayi 1990 panthawi ya zotchinga zotchinga komanso kumenyedwa kotsutsana ndi zomwe boma la Violetta Chamorro lidachita. Anaitanidwa ku First Congress ya FSLN mu July 1991 komanso ku Third Forum ya Sรฃo Paulo, yomwe inachitikira ku Managua mu July 1993. Pa International Institute for Research and Education ku Amsterdam m'ma 1980, adaphunzitsa za njira yosinthira. ya FSLN isanatenge mphamvu komanso pa nthawi ya 1979.
Wolembayo akufuna kuthokoza Nathan Legrand chifukwa chowerenganso malembawo ndikuthandizira kufufuza zolemba. Amathokozanso Claude Quรฉmar powerenganso.
Yomasuliridwa ndi Snake Arbusto.
Mawu a M'munsi
[1] Les liens qui libรจrent, 2017, chapter 11, p. 242-243 (mu Chifalansa). Idzasindikizidwa mu Chingerezi mu Seputembara 2018 ndi Aakar ku India komanso mu Disembala 2018 ndi Haymarket ku Chicago (https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1234-the-debt-system)
[2] Mรณnica Baltodano, Ndi masinthidwe ati asintha FSLN kukhala momwe ilili lero? Revista Envio http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4804 (komanso maumboni otsatira)
[3] Onani http://www.cadtm.org/Demystifying-Alexander-Nahum-Sack
[4] Adolfo Acevedo Vogl, Nicaragua: Hacia el quinto programa con el FMI, 23 novembre 2006, http://www.cadtm.org/Nicaragua-Hacia-el-quinto-programa
Adolfo Acevedo Vogl, Cuales son les principales exigencias del FMI?, 21 decembre 2006, http://www.cadtm.org/CUALES-SON-LAS-PRINCIPALES
Adolfo Acevedo Vogl, 7 fรฉvrier 2008, LA APROBACION DEL PRESUPUESTO: UN POSICIONAMIENTO Y UNA PROPUESTA. SE APUNTA USTED A RESPALDARLA??? http://www.cadtm.org/LA-APROBACION-DEL-PRESUPUESTO-UN
Adolfo Acevedo Vogl, Nicaragua : La Carta de Intencion al FMI y la ยซsobre- recaudacionยป fiscal. Una propuesta ciudadana. 20 September 2008, http://www.cadtm.org/Nicaragua-La-Carta-de-Intencion-al
[5] Onani http://www.b2gold.com/projects/nicaragua/
[6] Maria Mestre, ยซ Pescanova, el gigante camaronero de Nicaragua ยป, 3 decembre 2010, Diagonal: https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/pescanova-gigante-camaronero-nicaragua.html
[7] https://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/amr430012009en.pdf
[8] Wotchulidwa ndi รric Toussaint m'nkhani ya mu French 'Front ou parti : que choisir?', Inprecor nยฐ 329, 26 Epulo 1991
[9] 'Sabemos que hay Instituciones que serรกn capaces de reconocer los delitos y los crรญmenes de quienes han causado, tanto dolor, tanta muerte, tanto sufrimiento, tantos crรญmenes aberrantes, diabรณlicos, en nuestra Nicara. Y confiamos en la Justicia, confiamos en la Justicia Divina tambiรฉn.' http://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/nicaragua/2018-07-20/declaraciones-de-la-companera-rosario-murillo-vicepresidenta-de-nicaragua-20-07-2018-texto-integro/ ou https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:79300-rosario-en-multinoticias-20-de-julio-del-2018
[10] 'Ese Pueblo de Dios, porque el Pueblo nicaragรผenses รฉs el Pueblo de Dios ! Pocos Pueblos hay el Mundo ndi tanta Fรฉ ndi tanta Devociรณn, ndi Relaciรณn ndi Dios. Y nosotr@s, los Catรณlic@s, con la Virgen Marรญa, con tanta Relaciรณn, con tanta Fรฉ.'
[11] 'Un Pueblo que ha ha ha devida la Vida in todas sus forms, desde el vientre maternoโฆ Desde el vientre materno ! Mientras, muchos de los que hoy se llaman โCรญvicosโ, que de Cรญvicos no tienen nada porque son criminales, han desfilado en las Calles de Managua, pidiendo Aborto. Atentando contra la Vida ! Esa รฉs la Verdad'.
[12] 'โฆel Pueblo lo sabe, sabe quiรฉn produjo los muertos; sabe incluso, porque sabemos cรณmo entre ellos mismos por sus pleitos de ambiciรณn, por sus pleitos tambiรฉn propios de esa cultura de drogadicciรณn con la que pretendieron aterrorizar al Paรญs, personas drogadictas, personas drogadictas, alcohdolicula encia; el Pueblo nicaragรผense sabe que ahรญ tambiรฉn entre ellos mismos se quitaron la Vida para culpar al Gobierno.'
[13] Onani nkhani zojambulidwa za Rosario Murillo ndi Daniel Ortega. Ndimeyi imachitika pambuyo pa maola awiri ndi mphindi 2. Nicaragua: Con una multitudinaria concentraciรณn el FSLN recordรณ el triunfo de la Revoluciรณn mu 10 - Yambitsaninso Latinoamericano, http://www.resumenlatinoamericano.org/2018/07/19/nicaragua-con-una-multitudinaria-concentracion-el-fsln-recordo-el-triunfo-de-la-revolucion-en-1979/
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