Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo, kuyambira mu December 1987, chipwirikiti cha Palestina chotsutsana ndi Israeli chinayamba ku Gaza. Zipolowezo zidadziwikanso kuti "Intifada" -ndipo patapita zaka zingapo, "Intifada yoyamba," pambuyo pa Intifada yachiwiri, Al-Aqsa Intifada, idayamba mu Seputembala 2000.
Mu Chiarabu, "intifada" amatanthauza kuyimirira kapena kugwedezeka. Intifada yoyamba inali ndi kulimbana kwa anthu aku Palestine kuti apambane ufulu woyambira omwe adawakanira kale kudzera mu mfundo za Israeli zakupatula ndi kulamulira.
Intifada idachitika zaka 20 zomwe zidakhala ku Gaza, West Bank ndi Sinai - komanso zaka pafupifupi 40 za Israeli atalanda anthu aku Palestine. Pofika mchaka cha 1987, anthu aku Palestine anali kukhala pagawo laling'ono la mayiko awo, ndipo mamiliyoni ambiri amakhala othawa kwawo chifukwa cha 1948, pamene Israeli idakhazikitsidwa mwa kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu oposa 700,000 a Palestina, ndi 1967, pamene nkhondo ya Israeli inakakamiza mbadwo watsopano. ku ukapolo.
Tsiku ndi tsiku, anthu a ku Palestine ankawona Israeli ikumanga zambiri "zowona pansi" zomwe zimapangidwira kupititsa patsogolo ulamuliro wa Israeli pa Palestine yonse: midzi yambiri; zoletsa zambiri pa moyo wa Palestina, chikhalidwe ndi ndale; ndi kunyozedwa kwatsopano ndi kunyozeka m'manja mwa gulu lankhondo la Israeli.
Zonyansazi zidawoneka bwino kwa anthu ambiri aku Palestine pomwe, pa Disembala 8, 1987, galimoto yaku Israeli idapha anthu anayi aku Palestine pafupi ndi malo oyendera anthu ambiri polowera ku Gaza Strip. Chochitikacho chinayambitsa chiwonongeko chatsopano, chodziwika ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa mbadwo watsopano wa achinyamata aku Palestina omwe adakhala moyo wawo wonse pansi pa ntchito.
Achinyamata, akuluakulu ndi ana ang’onoang’ono anapita m’misewu kukachita zionetsero m’njira iliyonse imene akanatha. Chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha anthu aku Palestine akuponya miyala pa akasinja a Israeli ndi asitikali adabadwa.
Asilikali a Israeli anakumana ndi miyala ya Palestina, ndi mfuti, kupha mazana a Palestina, ambiri mwa iwo osakwana zaka 17. Pamapeto pa Intifada, Israeli anali ndi asilikali oposa 175,000 omwe adatumizidwa kuti athetse zionetserozo.
Koma yankho la United States linali kufotokoza anthu aku Palestine atayimirira ndi matupi awo ndi miyala motsutsana ndi mphamvu zonse za asilikali a Israeli ngati zigawenga. Kazembe wa US Robert Pelletreau adauza mkulu wa bungwe la Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) Yasser Arafat kuti athetse "ziwopsezo" zomwe zili m'malo Olandidwa, "omwe timawawona ngati zigawenga zotsutsana ndi Israeli."
Intifada sinangotenga mawonekedwe a ziwonetsero. Monga katswiri Phyllis Bennis analemba mu Kumvetsetsa Mikangano ya Palestine-Israeli: Choyamba:
Zinayamba ngati zochita zokha, ana oponya miyala ndi achinyamata akutsutsa asilikali ndi akasinja a asilikali a Israeli. Koma posakhalitsa zidakhala zokonzeka, monga mabungwe omwe analipo kale…analimbikitsidwa kuti achitepo kanthu pazikhalidwe zatsopano.
Azimayi, ogwira ntchito, azachipatala, ophunzira, mabungwe a zaulimi ndi ammudzi adagwira ntchito zatsopano-kulima chakudya m'minda yapakhomo ndi m'midzi kuti alowe m'malo mwa katundu wa Israeli omwe tsopano akunyanyalidwa; kulondera misewu ya m’midzi usiku ndi malikhweru ochenjeza asilikali amene ali panjira; zipatala zoyenda kuti zipereke chithandizo chadzidzidzi kumidzi kapena m'matauni omwe ali ndi nthawi yofikira panyumba; zionetsero za msonkho; kukakamiza kumenyedwa kwamalonda komwe kwadziwika posachedwa komwe kumatseka mabizinesi aku Palestine masana.
Utsogoleri udawonekera mobisa, ndikufalitsa timapepala tomwe timapereka chidziwitso chokhudza masiku omwe akubwera, zokumbukira za Intifada, kapena madera ena oti asonkhanitsidwe nthawi zina.
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Mabungwe atsopanowa adawopseza utsogoleri waukapolo wa PLO, womwe udatsogolera zaka zambiri zowononga ufulu wa Palestine. PLO inali yosagwirizana ndi zenizeni za moyo wa anthu ambiri a ku Palestine, kaya ku diaspora, ku Israel komweko kapena kumadera olandidwa.
Komabe, bungweli silinangopatuka. M'malo mwake, utsogoleri wa PLO udafuna kugwiritsa ntchito Intifada ngati chida chokambirana kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano ndi Israeli zomwe zingawayike kuti aziyang'anira dongosolo latsopano la Bantustan la Palestine.
M'buku lake lofunika kwambiri Israelis ndi Palestine: Mikangano ndi Kuthetsa, mlembi wa ku Israeli Moshe Machover akufotokoza momwe ndondomekoyi inachitikira ndipo pamapeto pake inatsogolera ku mapeto a imfa ya zomwe zimatchedwa Oslo Accords mu 1993:
Intifada yoyamba, yomwe idaphulika kumapeto kwa 1987 ndipo idapitilira zaka zingapo, pofika 1991 idaphunzitsa utsogoleri wa Israeli kuti Israeli sangapitirize ulamuliro wake wachindunji pa Palestine: kusunga "dongosolo" m'malo Olandidwa kunali kokwera mtengo kwambiri-osati. m’zachuma kokha, komanso ndi zotsatira zake zoipa pa gulu lankhondo la Israeli ndi chitaganya. Shimon Peres adatsimikiza kuti njira iyenera kupezeka kuti a Palestine adzipolisi okha. Izi ndithudi zinatanthauza kuwapatsa iwo mlingo wina wa kudzilamulira. Zinafunikiranso mnzake waku Palestine wofunitsitsa, yemwe angakhale wokonzeka kutsogolera Ulamuliro wa Palestine wodziyimira pawokha-pazotsatira za Israeli. Mawuwa akuphatikizanso kukhala ndi udindo woletsa kuukira kulikonse kwa asitikali aku Israeli, okhazikika kapena anthu wamba - ndikudziimba mlandu pazomenyera zilizonse zomwe zikuchitika.
Monga zidachitika, mnzake woteroyo adapezeka mu mawonekedwe osayembekezeka a Yasser Arafat, yemwe anali wofunitsitsa kuchita nawo pafupifupi mtengo uliwonse. Mkhalidwe wake wofowoka wokambitsirana unali wodzipangira yekha. Pokhala kumbali yopusa ndi Saddam Hussein mu Gulf War (m'malo motenga udindo wolungamitsidwa komanso wanzeru wandale wa "miliri panyumba zanu zonse ziwiri"), Arafat adadula nthambi yazachuma yomwe adakhalapo momasuka. Mpaka ku Gulf War, adasungabe ulamuliro wake ku PLO ndikugwiritsa ntchito antchito ake pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zochokera ku Saudi Arabia ndi Gulf States, monga kuvomereza mwachindunji komanso misonkho yomwe adaloledwa kulipiritsa othawa kwawo aku Palestine. anthu ogwira ntchito kumeneko mopindula. Mwadzidzidzi, ndalamazo zidatha, ndipo Arafat adatsala wopanda mphamvu zake.
Nzosadabwitsa kuti anali wokonzeka kuvomereza zomwe Israeli akunena ku Oslo, popanda - kotero kuti odziwa zamkati anena - ngakhale kuvutitsa kuwerenga zolemba zazing'ono.
Israeli idakwanitsa kukankhira katundu wambiri wopondereza ufulu wa Palestina pamapewa a Ulamuliro watsopano wa Palestine. Monga momwe Prime Minister wa nthawiyo Yitzhak Rabin adafotokozera pokambirana ndi nyuzipepala ya Israeli Kameme TV:
Ndimakonda anthu aku Palestine kuti athane ndi vuto lokhazikitsa dongosolo ku Gaza. Anthu a ku Palestine adzachita bwino kuposa ifeyo chifukwa sadzalola kuti apilo ku Khoti Lalikulu ndipo adzaletsa bungwe la [Israeli] Association for Civil Rights kudzudzula mmene zinthu zilili kumeneko.
Adzalamulira kumeneko ndi njira zawo, kumasula-ndipo ichi ndiye chofunikira kwambiri-Asitikali ankhondo aku Israeli kuti asachite zomwe angachite.
Zokhumba za Intifada zopezera ufulu wodzilamulira komanso ulemu kwa Palestina zinaperekedwa mwamsanga ndi ndondomeko ya Oslo. Katswiri waku Palestine Edward W. Said adafotokoza mwachidule zomwe Oslo Accords amatanthauza pochita munkhani ya 1993 ya Kukambirana kwa Mabuku a London:
Tsopano kuti chisangalalo china chakwera, ndizotheka kuunikanso mgwirizano wa Israeli-PLO ndi nzeru zofunikira. Zomwe zimatuluka pakuwunika koteroko ndi mgwirizano womwe uli wolakwika kwambiri ... kuposa momwe ambiri amaganizira poyamba.
Zonyansa zowonetsera mafashoni pamwambo wa White House, chiwonetsero chonyozeka cha Yasser Arafat kuthokoza aliyense chifukwa cha kuyimitsidwa kwa ufulu wambiri wa anthu ake, komanso ulemu wapamwamba wa machitidwe a Bill Clinton, monga mfumu ya Roma ya zaka za m'ma 20 ikuweta mafumu awiri omwe anali pansi pa ulamuliro wake. miyambo yoyanjanitsa ndi kugwadira: zonsezi zimangobisa kwakanthawi kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa kugonja kwa Palestine.
Chifukwa chake choyamba tiyeni titchule mgwirizanowo ndi dzina lake lenileni: chida cha kudzipereka kwa Palestina, Versailles waku Palestine.
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Kusanthula kwa Said kwatsimikiziridwa momvetsa chisoni kuyambira pamenepo. Malo okhala akula kwambiri, monganso malo ochezera a ku Israeli, misewu ya Ayuda okha komanso kulowerera kwa khoma la tsankho.
Anthu a ku Palestine akukhalabe ozunguliridwa, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amakumana ndi chiwonongeko chomwe tachiwona chikuyambikanso ku Gaza ndi Operation Cast Lead mu 2008-09 ndi Operation Pillar of Cloud mu November 2012. kuthetseratu. Moyo wa anthu ambiri a ku Palestine ndi wamanyazi nthawi zonse.
Koma monga momwe wolemba ndakatulo wina dzina lake William Butler Yeats analembera pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko Yoyamba, “likulu silingathe kupirira.” Kupanda chilungamo komweko komwe kunayambitsa kuukira kotchuka kwa Palestina zaka 25 zapitazo ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndipo anthu akhoza kungogonjera ku nkhanza kwa nthawi yaitali. Mkhalidwewu ndi wosavomerezeka.
Komabe kuti chipwirikiti chilichonse chikhale ndi mwayi wopeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu aku Palestine, ayenera kukhala ndi mgwirizano wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amakana kulandidwa, nkhondo komanso kufalikira kwa Israeli. Makamaka, anthu aku Palestine ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi omenyera ufulu ku United States-otsimikizira zandale, zankhondo ndi zachuma pazankhanza za Israeli komanso mfundo zake zolanda dziko. Ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi chithandizo cha anansi awo, monga ku Egypt, kumene kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa autocracy kumapitirira komanso kumene anthu a Palestina akhala akuyimira ufulu-ndi kufunikira-kukana.
Intifada yoyamba idakali chitsanzo cholimbikitsa cha anthu omwe akuima motsutsana ndi opondereza awo, ngakhale akukumana ndi zovuta zonse. Koma imakhalanso ngati nkhani yochenjeza za momwe zokhumbazo zingasinthire, zomwe ziyenera kutetezedwa.
Anthony Arnove ndi wolemba wa Iraq: Malingaliro Ochotsa.
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