PAFUPIFUPI zaka 11 kuchokera pamene zinthu zomvetsa chisoni zinachitika pa September 2001, XNUMX, dziko likuvutikabe ndi zotsatira za zigawenga komanso kusintha kwa ndale komwe kunatsatira.
Patangopita nthawi pang'ono chiwembuchi chitatha, Purezidenti George W. Bush ndi omwe adakonza mapulani ake ankhondo anali kukambirana za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mkwiyo ndi mantha a anthu kuti apindule nawo pazandale.
Boma la Bush lidawona zochitika zowopsa za Seputembara 11 ngati mwayi wosowa woti achite zomwe zidachitika kale zisanachitike ndikuyika izi ngati njira zodzitetezera osati zokhumudwitsa. Bush ndi wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wake, a Dick Cheney, nthawi yomweyo adayamba kulimbana ndi dziko la Iraq, ngakhale dzikolo linalibe mgwirizano ndi ziwawazo.
Mamembala otsogola a Bush Bush anali omasuka kufotokoza nthawi ya Seputembara 11 ngati "mwayi." Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, Condoleezza Rice, Mlangizi wa National Security Advisor wa Bush ndipo pambuyo pake Secretary of State, adafunsa akuluakulu achitetezo cha dziko kuti aganizire za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mwayiwu, omwe "akusintha ma tectonic plates mu ndale zapadziko lonse" kuti apindule ndi US.
"Ndikuganiza kuti nthawi imeneyi ndi yofanana ndi 1945 mpaka 1947," Rice adauza mtolankhani wina. "Ndipo ndikofunikira kuyesa kulanda izi ndikuyika zokonda zaku America ndi mabungwe ndi zonsezo asanaumitsenso."
Bush adapempha gulu la al-Qaeda ndi World Trade Center ndi Pentagon kuti aziwukira mobwerezabwereza polankhula pagulu la Iraq, pomwe akuluakulu aboma adaganiza zogulitsa nkhondoyo, ndipo pamapeto pake adayambitsa chinyengo pakati pa anthu ambiri aku US kuti Iraq idalumikizidwa ndi Seputembala 11. .
Komabe, cholinga chofulumira kwambiri chinali Afghanistan. Bush ndi Co. adanena kuti akuukira ndi kulanda dziko la Afghanistan-akadali olanda mpaka lero, popanda mapeto - chifukwa Afghanistan inali maziko a zigawenga za September 11.
M'malo mwake, olamulira a Bush amangofuna kubwezera komanso chandamale chosavuta kumenya, ngakhale kuti anthu omwe angakumane ndi zotsatirapo zake anali anthu wamba aku Afghanistan, omwe analibe udindo uliwonse pa Seputembara 11.
Pokhala ndi ma Democrats motetezeka, olamulira a Bush adafuna kuti kuwukira kwa Afghanistan kukhale chiwonetsero champhamvu chomwe chingakhale ndi "chiwonetsero," kuwonetsa mayiko ena kuti boma la US lili ndi ufulu - womwe ukhoza kuwonjezera pang'ono. maziko kwa ogwirizana nawo, monga Israeli-kuti achite "kumenya mwadala" motsutsana ndi dziko lililonse lomwe angasankhe.
Ngakhale ambiri ankafuna kufotokoza ndondomeko zaukali za kayendetsedwe ka Bush monga kusokoneza kapena nkhani ya neoconservatives kapena ma Republicans akupanga kusintha kwakukulu kwa mfundo za US, mfundo zazikulu za zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yowopsya," dzina lililonse lomwe amapita nalo, akhala akuphatikizana kwambiri ndipo apitilira munjira zambiri pansi pa Purezidenti Barack Obama.
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PA OCTOBER 6, 2011, dziko la US ku Afghanistan lidzalowa chaka chakhumi ndi chimodzi. Ngakhale Osama bin Laden ataphedwa mu May 2011 ku Pakistan, ntchitoyo ikupitirirabe monga kale.
Kuphana kopanda chilungamo kudadzetsa zikondwerero zowopsa za mphamvu zachifumu zaku US komanso kusayeruzika, koma pafupifupi palibe m'modzi mwa olemba nkhani omwe adasamala za momwe United States idalima bin Laden ndi ogwirizana nawo ngati gawo lothandizira gulu la Jihadist lomwe likulimbana ndi Soviet Union - zambiri. monga Washington adathandiziranso Saddam Hussein kwa zaka zambiri ku Iraq pomwe amachita zolakwa zake zoipitsitsa.
Ngakhale amalankhula m'manyuzipepala a "kuchoka," a ThinkProgress.com ikuti ngakhale gulu lankhondo "likuchepetsedwa ngati lidakonzedwa, United States ikadakhala ndi asitikali ambiri ku Afghanistan kuposa momwe idakhalira pomwe Obama adalowa muudindo ndi zina zambiri. kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse muulamuliro wa Purezidenti wakale George W. Bush. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchepa kwa magulu ankhondo sikungatifikitse pafupi ndi kuthetsa nkhondoyi kumapeto kwa 2012."
Imfa za anthu wamba ku Afghanistan mu theka loyamba la 2011 zidakwera ndi 15 peresenti panthawi yomweyi mu 2010, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa United Nations. Monga Wall Street Journal lipoti, May 2011 "ndi mwezi wakufa kwambiri kuyambira pamene chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa chinayamba mu 2007, ndi imfa za 368 ndi kuvulala kwa anthu 593, malinga ndi lipotilo. ya 11,862, poyerekeza ndi 2011 mu theka loyamba la 8,242 ndi 2010 nthawi yomweyo mu 5,095.
Ambiri mwa anthu omwe amafawa abwera chifukwa cha nkhondo yomwe siinatchulidwepo pomwe asitikali aku US akuchulukirachulukira ku Afghanistan. Monga wolemba Tom Engelhardt akulemba m'buku lake lomwe likubwera la Haymarket United States of Fear, "kuphedwa ndi drone kwakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri la ndondomeko ya dziko la Obama yachilendo ndi nkhondo, komabe mawu oti kupha - ndi zotsatira zake zonse zoipa, malamulo ndi zina - zachotsedwa ndi anodyne, mawu olamulira. kupha munthu."
Boma la Obama likufunafuna njira zopititsira patsogolo kukhalapo kwawo ku Iraq kupitilira nthawi yomwe idakambidwa kale kumapeto kwa 2011.
Ngakhale tsogolo la asitikali omwe ali pantchito silikudziwikabe, "alangizi" osiyanasiyana ndi makontrakitala azinsinsi azikhalabe, ndipo Iraq yadzaza ndi makhazikitsidwe ndi maziko omwe asitikali aku US sakufuna kuwasiya. Ku Baghdad, dziko la United States lamanga ofesi ya kazembe yaikulu kwambiri imene boma lililonse padziko lapansi linamangapo, ndipo idzagwiritsa ntchito mpata uliwonse umene ungathe kukulitsa mphamvu zake pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za dziko la Iraq komanso kuti ligwiritse ntchito bwino malo ake m’dera limene lili lalikulu kwambiri. kufunika kwachiwonetsero cha mphamvu za US.
Nkhondo yapadziko lonse ya US yolimbana ndi zigawenga ipitilira ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Dziko la United States lagwiritsa ntchito ziwopsezo za ndege zowulutsa ndege ku Pakistan, Yemen ndi Somalia; adatsogolera nkhondo yamlengalenga motsutsana ndi Libya popanda chilolezo cha DRM; ndipo adagwirizana ndi kuukira kwa Israeli ku Gaza, Lebanon ndi Syria kutengera lingaliro la "kuteteza" nkhondo. Mayiko ena, kuyambira ku Russia mpaka ku India, anena kuti nawonso ali ndi ufulu woukira ndikuphulitsa maiko kuti athetse uchigawenga.
Monga momwe Nick Turse amanenera, "Chaka chatha, Karen DeYoung ndi Greg Jaffe a Washington Post Adanenanso kuti magulu ankhondo a US Special Operations adatumizidwa m'maiko 75, kuchokera pa 60 kumapeto kwa utsogoleri wa Bush. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chino, mneneri wa US Special Operations Command a Col. Tim Nye anandiuza kuti chiŵerengerocho chikhoza kufika pa 120.
US yatenga nawo gawo pakubera komanso kupha anthu padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko angapo, idakhazikitsa malo ozunzirako anthu kuyambira ku Guantánamo Bay ku Cuba kupita ku Bagram ku Afghanistan ndikukulitsa zida zankhondo ndi mafakitale komanso "chitetezo chadziko" chatsopano chomwe chikuchulukirachulukira. ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kulimbana ndi anthu osagwirizana ndi kuletsa ufulu wa anthu ku United States.
Pochita izi, Purezidenti Obama adalandira zinthu zambiri za kukula kwa mphamvu za Bush ndi Co. zomwe zinapangidwa pambuyo pa September 11. Monga Michael Ratner, pulezidenti wa Center for Constitutional Rights, adanena poyankhulana ndi muNdemanga ya International Socialist, "[O] kawiri kawiri, ndondomeko za Obama zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko za Bush-ndizofanana. Nthawi zina ... Obama akupita kupyola Bush."
Ma thililiyoni a madola adatsanuliridwa pamtengo wothamangitsira nkhondozi kunja ndi kunyumba, kuwononga ndalama kuchokera kusukulu, chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zosowa zina zofunika zamagulu.
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M’CHIFUKWA chimenechi, takumananso ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi zotsatira zake zowononga kwambiri.
Zofalitsa zokhazikitsidwa zathandiza kwambiri kugulitsa ntchito za Iraq ndi Afghanistan, komanso "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zoopsa". The New York Times ndi magazini ena omasuka monga latsopano Yorker adagulitsa kuwukira kwa Iraq m'njira yomwe Bush yekha sangakhale nayo popanda kunena zabodza komanso zabodza ngati zoona.
Tawonanso kulunjika kwa Asilamu, Aluya, othawa kwawo komanso anthu amitundu mokulirapo kuti athandizire kumenya nkhondo. Kulankhula kumeneku, koposa kulungamitsa kupha anthu wamba kunja, kwatsimikiziranso kuukira kwa tsankho kunyumba kwawo ndipo kwakhudza kwambiri madera chifukwa choopa zomwe zingawachitikire ngati anganene poyera motsutsana ndi zomwe US achita.
M'malo mopanga dziko lapansi kukhala malo otetezeka kapena kufalitsa demokalase, monga Bush ndi Obama amanenera, mfundo za US zasokoneza dziko lapansi, zalimbikitsa mayendedwe ambiri kunyumba ndi kunja, zomwe zathandizira kukopa ndi kulemba anthu ntchito za Taliban ndi al-Qaeda. , ndipo zinapangitsa kuti dziko la United States likhale lodedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi-ndipo pochita izi zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti wina afune kuyambitsanso zigawenga pano.
Misonkho ya zaka 10 zapitazi ndi yoipa. Ziyenera kuphatikiza kutayika kwakukulu kwa moyo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan; mamiliyoni amene anasamutsidwa kwawo ndi kuwukiridwako ndi zotsatira zake; imfa za achinyamata ogwira ntchito, makamaka ochokera kumidzi, otumizidwa kukapha ndi kufa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq popanda chifukwa; zotsatira za madera ndi mabanja omwe asokonezeka chifukwa cha zoopsazi; kukokoloka kwa ufulu wa anthu; ndi zina zambiri.
Ena amaganiza kuti kusankhidwa kwa Barack Obama kudzatseka mutu woyipawu m'mbiri yathu. Sizinatero. M'malo mwake, a Obama adakonza ndondomeko za nthawi ya Bush, ndondomeko yomwe Bush mwiniyo anali atayamba kale mu nthawi yake yachiwiri pamene alangizi ake adazindikira kuti kusagwirizana ndi kudzikuza kwa gawo loyambirira la nkhondo zawo kunali kupatutsa ogwirizana nawo mopanda chifukwa.
Obama wakonzanso ndipo wapereka kuvomerezeka kwatsopano kwa mfundo zomwe ena adaziwona ngati zachilendo, koma tsopano akutetezedwa kapena kukhululukidwa ndi omwe malingaliro awo andale amafotokozedwa ndi ndale za chipani cha Democratic Party.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti tawona zolepheretsa zatsopano za gulu lodana ndi nkhondo komanso kuchepa kwa ziwonetsero kuyambira chisankho cha Obama, osati kukula kwa kumanzere komwe ena adaneneratu poyitanitsa voti kwa Obama, ngakhale kuti anali ndi cholinga chokweza kupezeka kwa US ku Afghanistan ndi Afghanistan. kuvomereza kwake kuvomereza mfundo zambiri za nthawi ya Bush.
Koma chowonadi ndi chakuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro ndi zochita za Washington (ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake kwa media echo chipinda) ndi zomwe zili m'maiko ambiri.
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ZAKA 10 kuchokera pa September 11 zasonyeza kwa anthu miyandamiyanda kuti tikukhala m’dziko lovuta kwambiri. Zachititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri azitsutsa nkhondo ndi ntchito, ngakhale kuti pali mauthenga ambiri ofalitsa nkhani ndi zaboma komanso kuchotsedwa kwa mawu odana ndi nkhondo pa zokambirana za ndale ndi mkangano. Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu ayenda m’misewu ndi kuguba pofuna kuti zinthu zisinthe.
Ngakhale kupitilirabe kusuntha kumtunda, anthu ambiri adakana kuukiridwa kwa Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Anthu amafuna ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa usilikali komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha anthu ndi zaumoyo. Ndipo pankhani zosiyanasiyana, anthu amaona kuti boma silimakwaniritsa zofuna zawo.
Padakali kulira kofunikira kuti titseke kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro otchukawa ndi bungwe lomwe tikufunika kuti tisinthe kukhala njira zowonetsera.
Tiyenera, choyamba, kuti tiyambe ndikumanganso gulu lodana ndi nkhondo lomwe liri lodziyimira pawokha pamagulu onse ogwirizana ndi nkhondo. Gululo liyenera kukhala lophatikizana ndi Asilamu ndi ena omwe akulunjika ngati gawo la chithandizo chankhondo chosatha. Ndipo ikufunikanso kuphatikiza asitikali ndi akale, ndi mabanja awo, akufunsidwa kuti amenye nkhondozi.
Chaka chakhumi cha 9/11 chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ambiri kulimbikitsa utundu ndi zankhondo ndikulungamitsa kupitiliza kwa nkhondo zoopsa zomwe zamenyedwa m'dzina lathu.
Koma sitingalole kuti izi ziwopsyeze ife omwe tikudziwa kuti tsoka la imfa ya September 11 likungowonjezereka ndi imfa yatsopano ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan ndi kupitirira.
Pa Okutobala 6, komanso m'masiku otsatira, anthu adzasonkhana ku Washington, DC, kutsutsa zomwe zikuchitika ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq - ndi zochitika za mgwirizano zomwe zikuchitika m'mizinda ina. Bungwe latsopano, United National Antiwar Coalition, likuyesera kudzaza malo opanda kanthu omwe anasiya chifukwa cha kugwa kwa mabungwe ena ndi migwirizano yomwe inalephera kumanga bwino gulu lodziimira pawokha lankhondo m'zaka khumi zapitazi.
Awa akadali masitepe ochepa, koma ofunikira. Zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti zikhale zotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya US ku Vietnam, koma pamapeto pake, kayendetsedwe kameneka ndi kukana ku Vietnam kunachititsa kuti United States igonjetsedwe komanso kamphindi kakang'ono komwe kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri. akanapambana.
Sitiyenera kukhumudwa ndi zopinga ndi zovuta zazaka khumi zapitazi. Zochulukira kwambiri zili pachiwopsezo. Njira yomwe atsogoleri athu atikhazikitsira ndi yomwe imatsogolera kunkhondo zambiri komanso kuthekera kwenikweni kwa chiwonongeko, kudzera munkhondo yanyukiliya kapena kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Ndi njira yopita ku barbarism.
Tiyenera kukhazikitsa njira ina - kudziko lopanda ntchito, dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya, dziko limene timagawana m'malo molimbana ndi chuma cha dziko lapansi, dziko lozikidwa pa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano. Mwachidule, socialism.
Anthony Arnove ndiye wolemba Iraq: Malingaliro Ochotsa ndi coauthor ndi Howard Zinn wa Voices of a People's History of the United States.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama