Nkhondo yamasiku asanu ndi limodzi ya 1967 pakati pa Israeli ndi magulu ankhondo achiarabu idapangitsa kuti West Bank ndi Gaza Strip kulanda.
Israeli anagulitsa nkhani ya nkhondoyi mwangozi. Koma zolemba zatsopano za mbiri yakale ndi mphindi zochokera kumalo osungira zakale zimasonyeza kuti Israeli anali atakonzekera bwino.
Mu 1963, ziwerengero za asilikali a Israeli, malamulo ndi maboma adalembetsa maphunziro ku yunivesite ya Hebrew ku Yerusalemu, kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko yokwanira yothana ndi madera omwe Israeli adzalandira zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, ndikuwongolera anthu miliyoni ndi theka la Palestine. kukhala mwa iwo.
Cholimbikitsa chinali kulephera kwa momwe Israeli adachitira ndi ma Palestine ku Gaza muulamuliro wake waufupi panthawi ya Suez Crisis mu 1956.
Mu May 1967, milungu ingapo nkhondo isanayambe, abwanamkubwa a asilikali a ku Israel analandira mabokosi amene munali malangizo azamalamulo ndi ankhondo a mmene angayendetsere mizinda ndi midzi ya ku Palestine. Israeli idzasintha West Bank ndi Gaza Strip kukhala ndende zazikulu pansi pa ulamuliro wa asilikali ndi kuyang'aniridwa.
Malo okhala, malo ofufuzira ndi chilango chamagulu anali mbali ya ndondomekoyi, monga wolemba mbiri wa Israeli Ilan Papé akuwonetsa mu Ndende Yaikulu Kwambiri Padziko Lapansi: Mbiri ya Madera Olandidwa, nkhani yozama ya kulandidwa kwa Aisrayeli.
Lofalitsidwa pazaka 50 za nkhondo ya 1967, bukuli lasankhidwa kukhala Palestine Book Awards 2017, yokonzedwa ndi Middle East Monitor, iyenera kulengezedwa ku London pa 24 November. Pappé adalankhula ndi Middle East Eye za bukuli komanso zomwe limafotokoza.
Middle East Eye: Kodi bukuli limamanga bwanji pa buku lanu lakale, Kuyeretsedwa kwa Mitundu ya Palestine za nkhondo ya 1948?
Ilan Pappé: Ndi kupitiriza kwa bukhu langa lakale Kuyeretsa Mitundu zomwe zikufotokoza zochitika za 1948. Ndikuwona ntchito yonse ya Zionism ngati dongosolo osati chochitika chimodzi. Kapangidwe ka atsamunda atsamunda omwe gulu la obwera kudziko lina amalamulira dziko lawo. Malingana ngati ulamuliro wa atsamunda sunathe ndipo anthu amtunduwu amakana kudzera mu gulu lomenyera ufulu wa dziko, nthawi iliyonse yomwe ndikuyang'ana ndi gawo limodzi la dongosolo lomwelo.
ngakhale Ndende Yaikulu Kwambiri ndi buku la mbiri yakale, tidakali m'mutu womwewo wa mbiri yakale. Sizinathe panobe. Kotero pankhaniyi, payenera kukhala buku lachitatu pambuyo pake poyang'ana zochitika za m'zaka za zana la 21 ndi momwe malingaliro omwewo a kuyeretsa ndi kuchotsa fuko akugwiritsidwira ntchito mu nyengo yatsopano ndi momwe amakanira ndi Palestina.
MEE: Mukunena za kuyeretsa mafuko komwe kunachitika mu June 1967. Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani kwa Apalestina ku West Bank ndi Gaza Strip pamenepo? Kodi zimenezi zinali zosiyana bwanji ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa mafuko mu 1948?
IP: Mu 1948 panali ndondomeko yomveka bwino yoyesera ndikuthamangitsa anthu ambiri a Palestina kuchokera ku Palestine monga momwe kungathekere. Ntchito ya atsamunda okhazikika idakhulupirira kuti ili ndi mphamvu zopanga malo achiyuda ku Palestine omwe sangakhale opanda Palestine. Sizinagwire bwino ntchito koma zinali zopambana monga mukudziwa nonse. Makumi asanu ndi atatu mwa anthu XNUMX aliwonse aku Palestine omwe amakhala mkati mwa dziko la Israeli adakhala othawa kwawo.
Monga ndikuwonetsera m'bukuli, panali ena opanga malamulo a Israeli omwe ankaganiza kuti mwina tikhoza kuchita mu 1967 zomwe tinachita mu 1948. Panali kale wailesi yakanema, ndipo anthu ochepa amene ankafuna kuwathamangitsa anali kale othawa kwawo mu 1967.
Choncho, ndikuganiza kuti njira imeneyi sinali yoyeretsa fuko mofanana ndi mmene inagwiritsidwira ntchito mu 1948. Kumeneku n’kumene ndingatchule kuti kuyeretsa fuko kowonjezereka. M’zochitika zina anathamangitsa makamu a anthu m’madera ena monga Yeriko, Mzinda Wakale wa Yerusalemu, ndi kuzungulira Qalqilya. Koma m’zochitika zambiri iwo anaganiza kuti ulamuliro wankhondo ndi kuzinga kutsekereza Apalestina m’madera awoawo kungakhale kopindulitsa mofanana ndi kuwathamangitsa.
Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1967 mpaka lero, pali kuyeretsa kwapang’onopang’ono kwa mafuko komwe mwina kwatenga zaka 50 ndipo kukuchedwa kwambiri moti nthawi zina kumakhudza munthu mmodzi tsiku limodzi. Koma ngati muyang'ana chithunzi chonse kuyambira 1967 mpaka lero, tikukamba za mazana masauzande a Palestina omwe saloledwa kubwerera ku West Bank kapena Gaza Strip.
MEE: Mumasiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiri yankhondo yomwe Israeli amagwiritsa ntchito: ndende yotseguka ku West Bank ndi ndende yotetezedwa kwambiri ku Gaza Strip. Kodi zitsanzo ziwirizi mumazifotokoza bwanji? Ndipo mawu ankhondo awa?
IP: Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa ngati mafanizo kufotokoza zitsanzo ziwiri zomwe Israeli amapereka kwa Apalestina m'madera omwe agwidwa. Ndikuumirira kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti njira yothetsera mayiko awiri ndiyo njira yotseguka ya ndende.
A Israeli amawongolera madera omwe alandidwa mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, ndipo amayesa kuti asalowe m'matauni ndi midzi ya Palestine yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri. Adagawanitsa Gaza Strip mu 2005 ndipo akugawabe West Bank. Pali Jewish West Bank ndi Palestinian West Bank yomwe siilinso gawo logwirizana.
Ku Gaza a Israeli ndi alonda omwe amatsekera Palestine kuchokera kunja koma samasokoneza zomwe amachita mkati.
West Bank ili ngati ndende yotseguka pomwe mumatumiza zigawenga zazing'ono zomwe zimaloledwa nthawi yochulukirapo yotuluka ndikugwira ntchito panja. Ndipo mulibe ulamuliro wankhanza mkati koma akadali ndende. Ngakhale Purezidenti wa Palestine Mahmoud Abbas, ngati achoka ku Area B kupita ku C, amafunikira Israeli kuti amutsegulire chipata. Ndipo kwa ine ndizophiphiritsa kwambiri, kuti purezidenti sangathe kusuntha popanda woyang'anira ndende waku Israeli akutsegula khola.
Pali, ndithudi, kuyankha kwa Palestina nthawi zonse ku izi. Anthu aku Palestine samangochita chilichonse ndipo savomereza. Tidawona Intifada yoyamba ndi Intifada yachiwiri, ndipo mwina tiwona Intifadha yachitatu. A Israeli amauza a Palestine, m'maganizo oyendetsa ndende, kuti ngati mutakana tidzakuchotserani mwayi wanu wonse, monga momwe timachitira kundende. Simungathe kugwira ntchito panja. Simungathe kuyenda momasuka, ndipo mudzalangidwa pamodzi. Umu ndi mtundu wa mbali yake yachilango, Chilango chamagulu monga kubwezerana.
MEE: Anthu apadziko lonse lapansi amadzudzula mwamanyazi kumanga kapena kukulitsa malo okhala ku Israeli m'malo omwe adalandidwa. Iwo samachiwona ngati gawo lalikulu la dongosolo la atsamunda la Israeli monga momwe mukufotokozera m'buku. Kodi midzi ya Israeli idayamba bwanji ndipo maziko ake anali omveka kapena achipembedzo?
IP: Pambuyo pa 1967 panali mapu awiri a midzi kapena atsamunda. Panali mapu anzeru omwe anapangidwa ndi Kumanzere ku Israeli. Ndipo tate wa mapuwa anali malemu Yigal Allon, katswiri wamkulu, yemwe adagwira ntchito ndi Moshe Dayan mu 1967 pa ndondomeko yoyang'anira West Bank ndi Gaza Strip. Mfundo yawo inali yanzeru osati yamalingaliro, ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti West Bank ndi ya Israeli.
Iwo ankafunitsitsa kuonetsetsa kuti Ayuda sakukhala m’madera amene munali anthu ambiri achiarabu. Iwo anati kulikonse kumene Palestine samakhala molunjika tingathe kukhazikika. Choncho, anayamba ndi Chigwa cha Yorodano chifukwa m’chigwa cha Yorodano muli midzi ing’onoing’ono koma si yothinana ngati m’madera ena.
Vuto kwa iwo linali loti panthawi yomweyi adajambula mapu awo abwino, gulu latsopano lachipembedzo la Umesiya linatuluka, Gush Emunim, gulu lachipembedzo la Ayuda, lomwe silinafune kukhazikika molingana ndi mapu. Iwo anafuna kukhazikika molingana ndi mapu a Baibulo. Iwo anali ndi lingaliro lakuti Baibulo ndi bukhu limene limafotokoza ndendende kumene mizinda yakale yachiyuda inali. Ndipo monga zimachitika kuti mapu anatanthauza kuti Ayuda ayenera kukhala pakati pa Nablus, Hebroni ndi Betelehemu, pakati pa madera a Palestina.
Poyamba boma la Israeli linayesa kulamulira kayendetsedwe ka Baibulo kameneka kuti akhazikike mwadongosolo. Koma atolankhani angapo aku Israeli awonetsa kuti Shimon Peres, nduna ya zachitetezo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70, adaganiza zolola kukhazikitsidwa kwa Baibulo. A Palestine ku West Bank adakumana ndi mamapu awiri atsamunda, njira ndi za m'Baibulo.
Anthu apadziko lonse lapansi amamvetsetsa kuti malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi zilibe kanthu kaya ndi njira yokhazikika kapena yokhazikitsidwa ndi Bayibulo, zonse ndizosaloledwa.
Koma chomvetsa chisoni n’chakuti mayiko ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana kuyambira 1967 anavomereza mfundo ya ku Israel yoti “malo okhala anthuwo ndi oletsedwa koma ndi akanthawi, mtendere ukadzabwera tidzaonetsetsa kuti zonse zikhala zovomerezeka. Koma bola ngati kulibe mtendere tikufunika malo okhala chifukwa tikulimbana ndi ma Palestine. "
MEE: Mukunena kuti "ntchito" si mawu olondola ofotokoza zenizeni mu Israeli, West Bank ndi Gaza Strip. Ndipo Ku Palestine, kukambirana ndi Noam Chomsky, mumatsutsa mawu akuti "ndondomeko yamtendere". Izi ndi zotsutsana. N’chifukwa chiyani mawu amenewa si olondola?
IP: Ndikuganiza kuti chinenerocho ndi chofunika kwambiri. Momwe mumapangira vuto lingakhudze mwayi wanu wosintha.
Takhala tikukonza zomwe zikuchitika ku West Bank ku Gaza Strip komanso mkati mwa Israeli ndi dikishonale ndi mawu olakwika. Ntchito nthawi zonse imatanthauza kwakanthawi.
Njira yothetsera ntchito ndiyo kutha kwa ntchito, asilikali omwe akuukira amabwerera kudziko lawo, koma izi sizili choncho ku West Bank kapena ku Israel kapena Gaza Strip. Uwu ndi utsamunda, ndikupangira, ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati mawu osasinthika m'zaka za zana la 21, ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti Israeli akulamulira Palestine. Inayamba kuilamulira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndipo ikupitirizabe mpaka pano.
Pali ulamuliro wachitsamunda wa atsamunda womwe ukulamulira Palestine yonse m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ku Gaza Strip amawongolera kuchokera kunja. Ku West Bank imayang'anira mosiyana m'dera la A, B ndi dera la C. Lili ndi ndondomeko zosiyana kwa anthu a Palestina omwe ali mumsasa wa othawa kwawo, kumene salola kuti othawa kwawo abwerere. Imeneyi ndi njira inanso yopitirizira utsamunda posalola kuti anthu othamangitsidwawo abwerere. Zonse zili mbali ya malingaliro ofanana.
Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti mawu akuti mtendere ndi ntchito zikaphatikizidwa zimapanga malingaliro abodza kuti zonse zomwe mukufunikira ndikuti asitikali aku Israeli atuluke ku West Bank ndi Gaza Strip, ndikukhala ndi mtendere pakati pa Israeli ndi mtsogolo. Palestine.
Tsopano, asilikali a Israeli sali ku Gaza Strip ndipo sali m'derali A. Komanso sali m'dera la B, kumene safunikira. Koma palibe mtendere. Pali zinthu zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zomwe zinalipo kale pa Oslo Accords mu 1993.
Zomwe zimatchedwa mtendere zinathandiza Israeli kuchita zambiri zachitsamunda, koma nthawi ino ndi chithandizo cha mayiko. Chifukwa chake ndikupempha kuti tilankhule za decolonization osati mtendere. Ndikupangira kulankhula za kusintha malamulo ovomerezeka omwe amalamulira moyo wa Israeli ndi Palestine.
Ndikuganiza kuti tikambirane za dziko la tsankho. Tiyenera kulankhula za kuyeretsa mafuko. Tipeze zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa tsankho. Ndipo tili ndi chitsanzo chabwino ku South Africa. Njira yokhayo yochotsera tsankho ndi ndondomeko ya demokalase. Munthu m'modzi, voti imodzi kapena dziko lokhala ndi mayiko awiri. Ndikuganiza kuti awa ndi mtundu wa mawu omwe tiyenera kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa ngati tipitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akale, timapitirizabe kutaya nthawi ndi khama ndipo sitidzasintha zenizeni pansi.
MEE: Kodi tsogolo la gulu lankhondo la Israeli litani pa ulamuliro wa Palestine? Kodi tiwona gulu la kusamvera kwachivomerezo ngati lija la ku Yerusalemu kumbuyoko mu Julayi?
IP: Ndikuganiza kuti tidzawona kusamvera kwachiwembu osati ku Yerusalemu kokha komanso ku Palestine konse, ndipo izi zikuphatikizapo Palestina mkati mwa Israeli. Anthu pawokha sakanavomereza kwamuyaya chowonadi chotere. Sindikudziwa zomwe zikutanthauza kuti idzagwiritsa ntchito. Titha kuwona zomwe zimachitika mukakhala mulibe njira yomveka bwino yochokera kumwamba yomwe anthu amasankha kuchita okha nkhondo yomasulira.
Panali china chake chochititsa chidwi pa nkhani ya Yerusalemu pomwe palibe amene amakhulupirira kuti kukana kodziwika kungathe kukakamiza Israeli kuti athetse chitetezo chomwe adaika pa Haram al-Sharif. Ndikuganiza kuti ichi chingakhale chitsanzo. Kutsutsa kotchuka kwamtsogolo komwe sikuli ponseponse koma m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kukana kodziwika kumapitilira nthawi zonse ku Palestine. Oulutsa nkhani sanena izi. Koma tsiku ndi tsiku anthu amachita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi khoma la tsankho, anthu amatsutsa kulanda nthaka, anthu akuchita ziwonetsero zanjala chifukwa ndi akaidi a ndale. Kukana kwa Palestine kuchokera pansi kukupitiriza. Kukaniza kwa Palestine kuchokera kumwamba kuli pafupi.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama