Pangano la Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) linachotsedwa patebulo pomwe likukambidwanso kuti liwerengenso kachiwiri mu Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Canada pa May 27, 2009. ochirikiza (a Conservatives ndi ena a Liberals) akuyembekezera mwayi wobwezeretsa.
Mafunso ndi mayankho otsatirawa apangidwa kuti athandize omwe ali ku Canada kuyesa kuyimitsa CCFTA (kapena kuwonetsetsa kuti yakhala pansi).
Prime Minister waku Canada Stephen Harper akuti CCFTA ikuyimira "zachuma zamakono". Kodi izi ndi zoona?
Boma la Stephen Harper lidatsala pang'ono kugwa chaka chatha pomwe lidaganiza zochepetsa misonkho ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama panthawi yachuma. Zomwe amanena kuti amvetsetse "zachuma zamakono" ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala. Zotsatira zachuma za CCFTA, monga momwe Senator wa ku Colombia Jorge Robledo adafotokozera komanso, ku Canada, Canadian Council for International Cooperation (CCIC), ndizowononga anthu a ku Colombia.
"Kugulitsa kwaulere" kumatengera kuchotsedwa kwa tariff. Pazachuma zachitukuko, mitengo yamitengo imamveka ngati chida chachuma chosatukuka kwambiri kuti chigwiritse ntchito kuteteza mafakitale akhanda, makamaka pakupanga. Mapangano amalonda aulere omwe amachotsa mitengo yamitengo amakomera chuma chotukuka chomwe chingathe kupanga zinthu zopangidwa motsika mtengo chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachuma. Palibe dziko lomwe linapangapo zopanga zapamwamba popanda msonkho (onani "Asamariya Oipa" a Ha-Joon Chang's "Asamaria Oipa" ndi "Kuthamangitsa Makwerero"): Makampani opanga zinthu ang'onoang'ono ku Colombia amawafuna.
Kuti tigwire mawu a mnzake wa Ha-Joon Chang's, wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel Joseph Stiglitz (mu The National Interest, May/June 2008):
โChiphunzitso chodziwika bwino cha zachuma sichikunena kuti aliyense adzakhala bwino chifukwa cha kumasula malonda, kokha kuti opambana angapereke chipukuta misozi kwa otayika. Akhoza kutenga gawo la zopindula zawo, kuzipereka kwa otayika ndipo aliyense akhoza kukhala bwino. Koma, ndithudi, opambana, amene mโmbali yaikulu ya Amereka ali olemera kwambiri, sanapereke chipukuta misozi kwa otayikawo; ndithudi, ena akhala akunena kuti kuti tipikisane mโdziko latsopano la kudalirana kwa mayiko kumafuna kuchepetsa ndalama zimene boma limagwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu a anthu osauka. Kenako otayikawo amaluza mowirikiza.
"Zotsatira zamalingaliro azachuma awa zimatengera malingaliro monga chidziwitso changwiro, misika yomwe ili pachiwopsezo, mpikisano wabwino komanso palibe zatsopano. Koma, ndithudi, sitikukhala mโdziko langwiro limenelo. Nthanthi yamakono yazachuma yasonyeza kuti mโdziko lopanda ungwiro limene tikukhalamo, kumasula malonda kungapangitse aliyense kukhala woipitsitsa.โ
Zotsatira zaulimi ku Colombia ndizovuta kwambiri. Anthu 12 miliyoni aku Colombia (okwana 44 miliyoni) amakhala kumidzi. Gawo laulimi likuyimira 11.4% ya GDP ya Colombia ndi 22% ya ntchito, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa kupanga. Malinga ndi lipoti la CCIC, CCFTA idzawona malonda a ku Canada akuwononga chitetezo cha chakudya cha Colombia - Colombia ikufunika ntchito kuti iteteze zakudya zowonjezera (zidzataya mphamvu zake zoteteza tirigu, nandolo, mphodza, balere, ng'ombe, nyemba). Makampani ake a nkhumba adzawonongedwa, mpaka ntchito za 90,000. Idzataya 32% ya tirigu, ndi 44% ya kutaya ntchito m'gawoli. Mgwirizanowu ndiwokondera mokomera Canada. Canada imayamba kusunga tariff pa shuga waku Colombia kwa nthawi yayitali (zaka 17 poyerekeza ndi zaka 12 zaku Colombia).
Zindikirani kuti Canada ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi mwayi wofananiza mu mbewu iliyonse (kupatula khofi ndi mbewu zosaloledwa). Ngakhale kuti mayiko olemera amalankhula za malonda aulere ndi mphamvu za msika, amapereka ndalama zothandizira ulimi wawo kuti mpikisano usakhale wachilungamo (komanso msika waulere).
CCFTA ndi gawo la kuyitanitsa kwakuthupi ndi zomangamanga ku Colombia ndi Canada, zonse kuti zipereke mphamvu kwa ogula aku US komanso njira ina yopangira mafuta aku Venezuela. Njira yaku Canada ndikuwononga Kumpoto kwa Alberta kudzera mukupanga mchenga wa phula, pomwe dziko la Colombia likugwiritsa ntchito malo ochulukirapo popanga mafuta a kanjedza ndi nzimbe popanga "mafuta amafuta". Ena mwa mafuta a kanjedzawa akupita ku Canada, ndipo malamulo oti agulitse akugwera pansi pa CCFTA, ndipo madera omwe amalimapo anali madera a makolo a anthu amtundu wa Afro-Colombian, ndi anthu wamba, omwe amapeza ndalama zopezera ndalama (ndi nthawi zambiri zokhazikika) ulimi. Anthu wambawa adasamutsidwa m'madera awo chifukwa cha ziwawa zomwe zotsatira zake zidzatsekeredwa ndi CCFTA.
Kodi zokonda zachuma zaku Canada zomwe zikufuna CCFTA ndi ziti?
Magawo a migodi ndi mphamvu ku Canada, omwe amadziwika m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe amachita kumeneko, amapindula ndi CCFTA monga momwe adasinthira ku malamulo a Colombia m'mbuyomu. Monga mapangano ena a โmalonda aulereโ, CCFTA ndiyocheperako pankhani ya malonda aulere kuposa maufulu a Investor, makamaka ufulu wa osunga ndalama akunja ku chisamaliro chapadera pazachuma chapakhomo.
Kugwira mawu kuchokera ku Stiglitz kachiwiri (The National Interest May/June 2008):
"Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti mapangano amalonda aulere omwe akukankhidwa ndi oyang'anira a Bush, si mapangano a freetrade konse. Akadakhala, atha kukhala masamba angapo nthawi yayitali ndipo gulu lililonse likuvomera kuti lichotse mitengo yake, zotchinga zosagwirizana ndi ndalama komanso zothandizira. Mโmalo mwake, iwo amapita kwa mazana a masamba. Ndi mapangano oyendetsedwa ndi mabizinesi omwe amayendetsedwa makamaka pazokonda zapadera m'maiko otukuka omwe ali ndi mafakitale (makamaka omwe amapereka zopereka zazikulu, monga makampani opanga mankhwala). United States imasunga ndalama zake zothandizira zaulimi, ndipo mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene saloledwa kukakamiza anthu kuti azilipira ndalama zawo. Ndipo mapanganowo nthawi zambiri amapitilira malonda, kuphatikiza mapangano azachuma komanso zinthu zanzeru. โ
Ndalama za ku Canada ku Colombia ndi $ 3 biliyoni lero, ndipo zidzapita ku $ 5 biliyoni m'zaka zikubwerazi za 2, makamaka mumigodi ndi mphamvu. Makampani amafuta & gasi akuphatikiza Nexen, Enbridge, ndi Petrominerales. Enbridge ali ndi ยผ ya mapaipi a OCENSA (800km, otetezedwa ndi asitikali 1400). Ocensa Consortium inalemba ntchito Defense Systems Colombia, yomwe inagwira ntchito ndi asilikali a Colombia m'derali (onani Asad Ismi, Profiting from Repression, lipoti la pa intaneti 2000). Coalcorp imafufuza ndipo ili ndi madoko ndi njanji ku Cesar, Santander, ndi La Guajira. Makampani amigodi akuphatikiza B2Gold waku Vancouver, ndi Toronto's Colombia Goldfields.
Monga wogwirizira mgwirizano wa migodi ku Colombia Francisco Ramirez akulemba m'buku lake, "Profits of Extermination" (Common Courage 2005), migodi ya ku Canada ili ndi mbiri yakale komanso yochititsa manyazi ku Colombia. Mwachitsanzo, Canadian International Development Agency ndi Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI, bungwe loyimira makampani opitilira 100 apamwamba azachuma, migodi ndi mphamvu zaku Canada) adathandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo amigodi ku Colombia, petroleum, ndi chilengedwe. Makampani amigodi omwe amathandiza CIDA-CERI amapindula ndi malamulowa. Kusintha kwina kwa Malamulo a Migodi a 2002 a ku Colombia: Mu Ndime 7, madera โosaphatikizidwaโ amakhala โmalo oletsedwaโ (malo osungira nyama, malo osungiramo nyama, malo opatulika). Mu Ndime 99, mabungwe a zachilengedwe amataya mphamvu zawo zowunikira ndi kutsutsa mapulani a migodi.
Mu Ndime 29, โwoyamba kubwera kudzatumikiraโ โ makamaka imachotsa zonena za ochita migodi angโonoangโono ku migodi ina. Anthu ogwira ntchito mโmigodi, omwe nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito mโmigodi, ndi amene anali oyamba kugwira ntchito pamigodi, koma anthu ongoganizira za migodi amene anakapereka madandaulo awo kudzera mโnjira zosokoneza kudzera mโnjira yopita ku boma kapena kwa maloya, anatha kutengera migodi ya angโonoangโono. Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kuposa zonse chinali Article 128, "Program of Economic Substitution", yomwe idakhazikitsa mapulogalamu othandizira othawa kwawo, anthu asanasamuke. M'mawu aku Colombia, izi zidakhala kulengeza za mapulani ochotsa anthu.
Zosintha zina: Bungwe la migodi la boma, Mineralco SA, lidathetsedwa. Nthawi yovomerezeka ndi makampani akunja idachoka pazaka 25 mpaka 90. Misonkho yachifumu idachoka ku 10-15% kapena kupitilira kuchepera 4%, kutanthauza kuti dziko la Colombia (ndipo anthu ake) limapeza phindu lililonse polola kuwonongedwa kwa malo ake kudzera mumigodi.. idayambitsidwa mu gawo la migodi (mwina izi ndi "zachuma zamakono"). Udindo wa boma pakuwunika zachilengedwe udachotsedwa mokomera "3rd chipaniโ (zachinsinsi) ndalama.
Pambuyo pa zosinthazi, makampani aku Canada adapeza 73% yamakontrakitala atsopano owunikira.
CCFTA imagwira ntchito yokonzekera mphamvu pa zosowa za US mtsogolo. Ngati masomphenya a Harper ndi Canada ngati "mphamvu zamphamvu", zomwe zidzakwaniritsidwe kupyolera mu chiwonongeko cha kumpoto kwa Alberta ndi chitukuko cha mchenga wa phula, CCFTA ikuwona Colombia kukhala mphamvu yapamwamba ya mafuta a kanjedza, ndi minda yaikulu ya kanjedza yolamulidwa ndi mayiko ena, ikukula mafuta opangira mafuta pansi pa zovuta. zinthu za ogwira ntchito, chitetezo cha chakudya, ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Kodi malonda aku Colombia ndi ofunika kwambiri ku Canada?
Ayi. Colombia ndi dziko lachisanu lochita malonda ndi Canada ku Latin America, pambuyo pa Mexico, Brazil, Chile, ndi Venezuela. Ngakhale kuti chuma cha CCFTA chidzakhala chovulaza ku Colombia, ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chuma chomwe chawonongeka kale kuchokera pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri za ndondomeko zoterezi.
Ntchito yeniyeni ya mgwirizano ndi ndale, makamaka "kutsuka" lingaliro la FTA ndi Colombia ku US. Kukambitsirana kwa CCFTA kudayambika pachimake cha chipongwe cha "para-politica" (Julayi 2007, onani "Harper-Uribe Handshake" yanga "http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/3177)) pomwe Harper adapita onani Uribe. Nkhaniyi idakhudza andale achipani cha Purezidenti waku Colombia Alvaro Uribe Velez, omwe adasaina mgwirizano ndi asitikali kuti "ayeretse" madera popha anthu. Kuyambira 2007, boma la Uribe lakhala likuzunzidwa ndi zonyansa zina zingapo, kuphatikizapo "zabodza" zomwe asilikali a Colombia adabzala umboni (ndikuchita zolakwa) kuti awonetsetse kuti "zigawenga". Choyipa chaposachedwa chinali "chopanda waya" chokhudza bungwe la intelligence ku Colombia, DAS, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri athamangitsidwe (onani nkhani ya Juan Forero mu Washington Post May 17/09, "Othandizira akuluakulu akuganiziridwa pa mlandu wa apolisi").
The Toronto Star inayankha ku nkhaลตa za mbiri yoipa ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ku Colombia mwa kufunsa (mkonzi, May 24/09) kuti: โKodi nchiyaninso chimene dziko la Canada lingayembekeze motsimikizirika kuti boma la Uribe lichite kuwongolera mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ku Colombia?โ
Ngati funso ili siliri longolankhula chabe, liri ndi yankho lokhazikika, lolembedwa momveka bwino. Boma la Uribe litha kutsata malingaliro a omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe waku Colombia, omwe m'malo mwake amawasala ndikuwopseza.
Lipoti laposachedwa la International Crisis Group (May 25/09) amalimbikitsa kuti chikhalidwe cha mayiko padziko lonse lapansi "thandizo lapadziko lonse kwa asilikali pa kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu". Malonda amayenera kukhazikika mofananamo. Lipoti la ICG likupeza kuti mkangano wa ku Colombia "ukusintha, osati kutha". Lipotilo likumaliza:
"Magulu atsopano onyamula zida osaloledwa - a NIAG - awonjezera ziwopsezo ndi ziwawa kwa anthu wamba; Kuchenjeza koyambirira kwa boma pofuna kupewa kuphwanya malamulo a HR nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopanda ntchito; ndipo dongosolo lachilungamo laulesi ndi choletsa chosagwira ntchito kwa ophwanya ufulu wa anthu komanso omwe amatumiza mauthenga owopsa ndi ziwopsezo zakupha. Ngakhale pali njira zaposachedwa pokhudzana ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chikuchulukirachulukira, achitetezo ali ndi njira yayitali yoti achite pankhani yoyankha, ukadaulo komanso kudzipereka kwathunthu paufulu wachibadwidweโฆchinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndikuthetsa kusalidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma amagulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. mogwirizana ndi zigawenga.โ
Boma la Harper likunena za "kusintha" m'mbiri ya boma la Colombia, koma iyi ndi njira yofanana ndi yanzeru yomwe amatengera nyengo. Miyezo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga miyezo ya sayansi, iyenera kukhazikitsidwa: kuphana kovomerezeka ndi boma, kupha anthu ambiri, ndi kusamuka kwawo ndizosavomerezeka, ngakhale mitengo yamilanduyi ikutsika pakanthawi kosankhidwa.
Nkhani ya mkonzi ya The Toronto Star ikufunsanso kuti: โNdipo kodi mgwirizanowu wakonzedwa mโnjira imene idzachititsa anthu wamba a ku Colombia kupindula, limodzi ndi gulu lolamulira la ndale, mabwenzi awo abizinesi ndi osunga ndalama akunja?โ
Yankho nโlakuti ayi. Onani kusanthula kwachuma pamwambapa, ndipo zindikirani kuti ntchito ndi chilengedwe ndi "mgwirizano wam'mbali" mu mgwirizano. Palibe chilango cha malonda chifukwa chophwanya malamulo a ntchito kapena chilengedwe. The lemba waukulu wa CCFTA amapereka amanga arbitration kwa mikangano (kumene makampani Canada mowirikiza kugonjetsa boma la Colombia, monga zachitika ndi CityTV ndi makampani migodi), koma kuphwanya mapangano mbali (monga kupha ogwirizana) ndi adzalandidwa chindapusa. Wotsutsa zamalonda a NDP Tony Martin adatcha izi:
'"Kupha Mgwirizano Wantchito- Lipirani Chindapusa'. Pansi pa makonzedwe, pamene wogwira ntchito zamalonda akuphedwa ku Colombia , boma liyenera kungolipira ndalama zothandizira chitukuko, zomwe zimakwana madola 15 miliyoni pachaka. Kusalemekeza kotereku kwa miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito m'bungwe sikungatheke. "
Kodi pali chiyembekezo chilichonse choletsa mgwirizano womwe boma la Conservative likudzipereka komanso lomwe otsutsa a Liberal amathandizira?
Ngakhale kuti maphwando opita patsogolo (NDP ndi Bloc Quebecois) amatsutsana, maphwando a Conservative ndi Liberal akuchirikiza mgwirizanowu. Ngakhale kuti pali chiyembekezo chochepa cha kupita patsogolo pazochitika zilizonse malinga ngati a Conservatives ali ndi mphamvu, chipani cha Liberal chikuyang'ana nkhani zodzisiyanitsa ndi Conservatives, chisankho chikhoza kubwera posachedwa pomwe a Liberals amayesa kulowetsa m'malo mwa Conservatives. komanso olamulira a Obama ku US, omwe a Liberals angafune kuyanjana nawo, safuna kulowa mu FTA ndi Colombia. Ngati Liberals angatembenuzidwe, mgwirizanowo ugwa.
Chifukwa chiyani a Liberals sakanathandizira CCFTA? Kodi kuchita malonda mwaufulu si lamulo laufulu?
Ngati a Liberals alimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo za "ufulu" - za ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wolankhula ndi kusonkhana, ndi mwayi wofanana wachuma kwa onse - ndiye kuti ayenera kukana CCFTA. Ulamuliro wa Colombia umaphwanya ufulu wa anthu mwadongosolo, komanso pazifukwa zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wamalonda waulere. Lipoti la CCIC, "Kupanga Mkhalidwe Woipa Kuipitsitsa", Malipoti oti a 46 a Colombian unionists anaphedwa mu 2008, ndi 39 mu 2007. Ogwirizanawa anaphedwa ndi magulu ankhondo omwe amakonzedwa, ophunzitsidwa, ndi oyendetsedwa ndi asilikali ndipo apezeka kuti akugwira ntchito mwachindunji kwa ndale kuti "ayeretse" madera a anthu amtunduwu. ndi anthu wamba ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. Izi sizinthu zongopeka kapena zonena. Umboni wa iwo wakhala ukulembedwa ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa zaka makumi ambiri, koma m'zaka zaposachedwapa watulukanso m'makhoti amilandu, m'manyuzipepala a ku Colombia, ndi m'manyuzipepala apadziko lonse.
Udindo waposachedwa wa Liberals wakhala wopempha kuunikanso kwathunthu kwa ufulu wa anthu musanavotere mgwirizano. Izi zalepheretsa mgwirizanowu, mwina mpaka chisankho chitatha, makamaka ngati chisankho chikubwera posachedwa. Purezidenti wa Colombia, Alvaro Uribe Velez, yemwe ali ndi udindo wofunikira pakuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Colombia, akupita ku Canada mu June, mwina kuyesa kuukitsa mgwirizanowo.
A Conservatives, omwe ali ndi mphamvu, awonetsa kunyoza kwa anthu pa ufulu wa anthu - ndithudi, ndale zawo zimatengera kunyoza kumeneku. Anthu aku Canada motsutsana ndi CCFTA sanavutike ngakhale kulembera a Conservatives, pozindikira kuti mphamvu yeniyeni, ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito, zinali m'manja mwa a Liberals. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chodabwitsa pamkangano wanyumba yamalamulo (mikangano iyi ndi yotseguka kwa anthu ndipo, pankhaniyi, pangani kuwerenga kosangalatsa*) pomwe a NDP ndi Bloc anali kufotokoza zifukwa zokanira CCFTA, kutchula makalata mazanamazana omwe adalandira ku maofesi a constituency, ndipo a Conservatives adati sadalandire makalata otere. Otsutsa a CCFTA sanalembere a Conservatives chifukwa panalibe mwayi wochita chidwi ndi mfundo za demokalase kapena zaufulu wa anthu za gulu lotere.
A Liberals, mosiyana, ali ndi chisankho, ndipo ali ndi zosankha. Ngati sapeza mfundo, atha kuzindikira mawu oti ovota akasankha pakati pa munthu wokonda kusamala ndi wabodza, amasankha zenizeni.
* Nthawi yomwe ndimakonda kwambiri sinali ndemanga za a NDP ndi BQ otsutsa CCFTA, koma pamene MP wa Liberal adanena kuti sakanatha kutsutsa mgwirizanowu chifukwa anali ndi mwayi wopanga boma. Wandale wa BQ adayankha modabwa chifukwa chake mfundo zamunthu zikuyenera kusintha chifukwa ali ndi mwayi paudindo.
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