Owonetsa zachikazi ku National University of Colombia kuchitira ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhanza za amayi komanso Boma la Purezidenti Ivรกn Duque, panthawi yakunyanyala dzikolo.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Sebastian Barros/Shutterstock.com
Zionetsero zomwe zinayamba ndi kunyanyala kwadziko komwe kudayitanidwa ndi bungwe lapakati la Colombia pa Novembara 21 mpaka zotsutsa kusintha kwa penshoni ndi kuphwanyidwa kwa mapangano amtendere kwakhalapo kwa miyezi iwiri ndipo kwakula kukhala ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi bungwe lonse. Ndipo zionetserozo zapitilira mpaka chaka chatsopano ndipo sizikuwonetsa kuti zisiya.
Kumapeto kwa zaka khumi kukuwoneka ngati kubweretsa kuguba kosaimitsidwa kwa mapiko akumanja ku Latin America monganso kwina kulikonse. The Mchaka cha 2016 ku Brazil zomwe zidatha ndi chifashisti Jair Bolsonaro mu mphamvu, the 2019 ku Bolivia, chiwembu chomwe chikuchitika mosalekeza ku Venezuela, zonse zidawonetsa nkhanza za US pochotsa maboma akumanzere m'derali. Kupambana kwa mapiko amanja m'bokosi lovota kunachitika ku Chile mu 2017 komanso mkati Colombia mu 2018, pomwe osankhidwawo adakana Gustavo Petro wakumanzere ndikukumbatira Ivรกn Duque, chitetezo cha Purezidenti wakale wakale รlvaro Uribe Vรฉlez. Koma ndi funde latsopano la zionetsero, juggernaut wosayimitsa wa mapiko akumanja akukumana ndi zovuta zambiri.
Ku Chile, miyezi itatu ya ziwonetsero, akupitabe, akufuna kuti Purezidenti Sebastiรกn Piรฑera atule pansi udindo komanso kusinthidwa kwa mfundo zingapo za neoliberal. Ngakhale apolisi ndi asitikali akugwiritsa ntchito moto polimbana ndi anthu ochita ziwonetsero, iwo sanafooke.
Ecuador ndi mlandu winanso wachilendo, pomwe Lenรญn Moreno adakhala ngati phungu yemwe angapitirize mfundo zamapiko akumanzere, koma adasintha nthawi yomweyo atayamba kulamulira mu 2017, kuphatikiza kubweza chitetezo cha Julian Assange, yemwe tsopano ali m'ndende yaku UK. Kutsegulanso kubowola ku Amazon, kutsegula bwalo la ndege la US ku Galapagos, kuchotsa misonkho kwa anthu olemera, ndikupanga njira zatsopano zochepetsera ndalama za International Monetary Fund zinali zokwanira kuyambitsa ziwonetsero zokhazikika. Boma la Moreno lidakakamizika kukambirana ndi ochita ziwonetserozo ndipo lasiya njira zina zochepetsera nkhawa.
Ku Haiti, zionetsero zakhala zikuchitika kwa chaka chimodzi. Adayambika mu Julayi 2018 ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwamitengo yamafuta (zofanana ndi ziwonetsero za Ecuador), afutukuka kuti apemphe purezidenti atule pansi udindo. Ku Haiti, pamene zionetserozo zapitirira, mabanja ena apamwamba a dzikolo agwirizana ndi pempho loti pulezidenti atule pansi udindo, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza njira yotuluka muvutoli.
Ku Colombia, atapambana mpikisano wothamanga mu 2018, Purezidenti Duque ayenera kuti adamva kuti ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa mfundo zamapiko amanja, zomwe ku Colombia nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizirapo njira zatsopano zankhondo kuwonjezera pazovuta zanthawi zonse. Koma kuphatikiza kudulidwa kwa penshoni ndikupereka njira yamtendere kunali kungoba zambiri zamtsogolo: Achinyamata adalowa nawo zionetsero za Novembara 21 mochulukirapo (zoyerekeza zotsika kwambiri ndi 250,000).
Kusakhazikika kwa zionetserozi ndi kochititsa chidwi. M'malo mochita kubwereza kamodzi, zionetserozo zadzipereka kuti zipitirizebe mpaka kusintha kupambanidwe. Titha kumva zambiri chaka chino kuchokera ku Brazil ndi Bolivia pambuyo pake.
Pamtima pa zionetsero za Colombia ndi nkhani ya nkhondo ndi mtendere. Kunena kuti anthu aku Colombia atopa ndi nkhondo ndizosamveka. Nkhondo kumeneko zomwe zinayamba (malingana ndi momwe mudakhalira nazo) mu 1948 kapena 1964 zapereka chifukwa chosatha. poukira za ufulu wa anthu ndi ulemu wawo ndi boma. Anthu a ku Afro-Colombia adasamutsidwa m'mayiko awo mobisa chifukwa cha nkhondo. Anthu amtundu wamba adalandidwa. Mabungwe ogwiriridwa anaipitsidwa ngati magulu a zigawenga ndipo atsogoleri awo anaphedwa. Anthu wamba ndi minda yawo adadzazidwa ndi nkhondo yamankhwala. Ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amadzikhazikitsa mkati mwa magulu ankhondo ndi anzeru, ndikupanga zida zankhondo zokulirapo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Andale adasaina mapangano ndi magulu ankhondo ankhondo awa. Nkhondoyo inapatsa bungweli chifukwa chokhalira ndi makhalidwe oipa kwambiri, makamaka โzabwino zabodzaโ mmene asilikali ankapha anthu osalakwa nโkuveka mitembo yawo ngati zigawenga pofuna kuwonjezera ziwerengero zawo zopha anthu. Ngakhale kuti zigawenga, ndi kuba kwawo ndi kupha kwawo mwangozi kaลตirikaลตiri kwa anthu osalakwa, sikunali kotchuka ndi unyinji, anthu a ku Colombia achirikiza njira zamtendere atapatsidwa mpata. Ndipo anthu a ku Colombia sanayangโane mokoma mtima pa kusakhulupirika kwakukulu kwa njira zamtendere mโmbuyomo, monga momwe zinalili mโma 1980, pamene zigaลตenga zakale zoloลตerera mโndale zinaphedwa ndi chikwi. Kuchokera mu 2016, pamene mgwirizano watsopano wamtendere unatsimikiziridwa, mpaka pakati pa 2019, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. (FARC) yolembedwa 138 mwa omwe kale anali zigawenga anaphedwa; anthu ena opitilira 700 adaphedwa nthawi yomweyo, kuphatikiza oposa Anthu opitilira 100 achizungu kuyambira pomwe Duque adayamba kulamulira mu 2018.
Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, gulu la mamembala a FARC motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wawo wakale, Ivรกn Mรกrquez, analengeza kuti anali kubwerera ku nkhalango ndi kumenyana. Iwo ati kuphedwa kwa mamembala awo komanso kukana kwa boma kutsatira mfundo zina za mโmapanganowo zikusonyeza kuti ku mbali ya boma kulibe mtendere. Ma FARC aja omwe adalengeza kuti akusiya mgwirizanowo adawonedwa ngati achita zachipongwe: Boma wotchulidwa iwo ngati magulu a zigawenga. Kuphulitsa kwa ndege (njira yankhondo yomwe nthawi zambiri si njira yoyamba pothana ndi "zigawenga") idatsata mwachangu. Pamene kuphulitsa mabomba (komwenso mu August) kochitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la ndege la ku Colombia la limodzi la magulu ankhanza ameneลตa ku Caquetรก linapha ana asanu ndi atatu ndipo Duque wotchulidwa ndi โzanzeru, zosamala, zosalongosoka, ndi zokhwimitsa zinthu,โ iye analonjeredwa ndi kunyansidwa koyenera kwa anthu. Duque anali akukonzekera kuti apereke nkhondo yamtundu womwewo monga nthawi zonse, pokhapo pansi pa mbendera yamtendere, ozunzidwawo adatchedwa zigawenga m'malo mwa zigawenga.
Nkhondo Yamuyaya imapindulitsa ena: omwe ali mubizinesi yankhondo ndi chitetezo makamaka, ndi omwe akufuna kuchita zolakwa mobisa nkhondo. Koma ngakhale pali zabwino zambiri zankhondo yamuyaya kwa osankhika, chizolowezi chimakhalanso ndi chithunzi champhamvu. Pamene mlangizi wa Duque รlvaro Uribe Vรฉlez anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti mu 2002 ndi 2006, zinali ndi lonjezo la chikhalidwe cha mtendere - kupyolera mu chigonjetso chogonjetsa zigawenga. M'malo mwake, adapereka narco-paramilitarism, zabodza, komanso, pafupifupi nkhondo zachigawo ndi Ecuador ndi Venezuela.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zomwe Uribe adachita chinali kukambirana kuti achite mgwirizano wamtendere ndi asitikali ankhondo. Popeza kuti asilikaliwo anali ochirikizidwa ndi boma, olinganizidwa, ndi okhala ndi zida, uku kunali kukambitsirana kopanda pake kwa boma lokha. Koma ena mwa akuluakulu a asilikaliwo atayamba kulankhula poyera za ubale wawo ndi boma ndi mabungwe a mayiko osiyanasiyana, anapezeka atathamangitsidwa ku United States Panthaลตiyo, chipongwecho chinapatsidwa dzina lakuti โpara-polรญtica.โ Koma kwa ena mwa ofufuza, amatchulidwa bwino "para-Uribismo.โ Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo Salvatore Mancuso - yemwe anali ndi nthawi yolankhula za izi Chiquita Banana Corporation ndi ndani zikuoneka kuti abwerera ku Colombia posachedwapaโndi dzina lodziwika bwino kwambiri. Ena ambiri apeza kuti kukhala msilikali kumabweretsa moyo wofupikitsidwa kwambiri. Uribe, meya wa Medellรญn komanso bwanamkubwa wa Antioquia panthawi yomwe ma cartels anali olemera kwambiri, amatchulidwa m'mabuku ambiri ovomerezeka kuti ali pafupi ndi onse ogulitsa malonda ndi asilikali. Umboni ukupitirirabe, ngati makhoti, tsopano kuyesa mchimwene wake wa Uribe, pitirizani kuyandikira kwa munthuyo.
Pambuyo kuzungulira koyamba kwa "Uribismo," inali nthawi yoyesera njira yamtendere. Kuwonongeka kwa ndondomekoyi, adayambitsidwa mu 2012, ndipo lonjezo la pulezidenti watsopano Duque la zaka zina khumi za "Uribismo," zakhala zolimbikitsa ziwonetsero zaposachedwa.
Uribismo imasokoneza nkhondo yosatha ndi kusasamala komanso kusalingana. Mu a Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Gallup, 52 peresenti ya anthu a ku Colombia omwe anafunsidwa ananena kuti kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka kunakula mโzaka zisanu zapitazo; 45 peresenti anavutika kuti apeze chakudya mโmiyezi 12 yapitayo; ndipo 43 peresenti analibe ndalama zokhala. Magulu omwe nthawi zambiri amamenyera kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kufanana - migwirizano ndi zipani za ndale zamanzere - mwamwambo akhala akutengeka ndi ziwanda monga proto-guerrillas. Popeza kuti boma lalengeza kuti nkhondoyo yathaโndipo mosangalala kwambiriโanthu akufuna ufulu wochita zofuna zachuma popanda kuonedwa ngati omenyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
Koma atakumana ndi zionetsero za Novembara 21, boma lidapita molunjika ku zida zankhondo zonyansa, kupha Dilan Cruz wazaka 18 pa Novembara 25, ndikuyika nthawi yofikira kunyumba. kumanga anthu oposa 1,000, ndi kupanga"mliri,โ kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwanthaลตi yaitali kwa alangizi osonkhezera anthu kuchita zinthu zosakondweretsa ndi zosaloledwa ndi lamulo pofuna kupereka chifukwa chopondereza boma. Akuluakulu a boma ayeseranso kudzinenera kuti Venezuela ndi Russia (ndithudi) ndi omwe adayambitsa ziwonetserozo.
Gawo la zida zankhondo zonyansa ndikukambirana, ndi boma lakhala likuchita izi ndi National Strike Committee. Mosakayikira poyembekezera kuti zionetserozi zidzithera mphamvu ndipo mapangano aliwonse atha kuthetsedwa mwakachetechete pamene ziwerengero zikuchepa, boma likulepheretsa mwayi wosiya zofuna zina. Pakadali pano, okambirana akuwopsezedwa ndi magulu ankhondo, ndipo manda enanso ambiri omwe adaphedwa ngati "zabodza" zankhondo. zafukulidwa. Uribismo wasokoneza dongosolo lililonse la boma: Kusintha kwenikweni kuyenera kukhala kozama. Posataya mtima msanga, otsutsawo asonyeza njira. Zionetserozi zikhoza kukhala zowonongeka m'makoma a fascism omwe akuwoneka kuti afalikira paliponse m'zaka khumi zapitazi.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa ndi Chizindikiro, ntchito ya Independent Media Institute.
Justin Podur ndi wolemba wochokera ku Toronto komanso wolemba nawo Chizindikiro, pulojekiti ya Independent Media Institute. Mukhoza kumupeza pa webusaiti yake podur.org komanso pa Twitter @justinpodur. Amaphunzitsa ku York University ku Faculty of Environmental Studies. Iye ndi mlembi wa bukuli Zowononga.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama