Kuyesa kwa Minneapolis City Council kubweza ndalama apolisi kungakhale fizzled kunja pakadali pano, koma vuto la ziwawa za apolisi mdziko lonse la United States silinathetsedwe-ndipo zambiri zimachokera ku chikhalidwe cha atsamunda, chotsutsana ndi zigawenga.
Nawa zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsutsana ndi apolisi komanso kusalingana mumayendedwe amilandu.
1. Njira Zolimbana ndi Zachiwawa Zili Ponseponse.
M'chigawo cha Canada cha Ontario, pamene Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) inasintha njira yake yotolera ndalama zoyendera anthu onse kuchoka ku zizindikiro kupita ku khadi la Presto, ogwiritsa ntchito anali ndi zochitika zachilendo. Zowonadi, malo okwererako adasinthidwa ndi malo opanda umunthu komanso osakhululuka zolakwika nthawi zonse (ngakhale mtengo wotsika chigawocho chinalipira). Koma m'malo mocheza pang'ono ndi anthu, okwera ku TTC adapeza kuti ali ndi zambiri - ndi oyang'anira ndalama omwe amalowetsa anthu m'malo ang'onoang'ono pamasiteshoni kuti ayese makhadi a aliyense. M'mawu a counterinsurgency, izi zimatchedwa ntchito ya cordon-ndi-search.
Lingaliro lina lotsutsa, la "miyoyo ndi malingaliro," zitha kuwoneka mu kampeni yodziwitsa anthu kuzembera ndalama zamanyazi kudzera m'zikwangwani zophimba makoma a njanji yapansi panthaka ndi m'mbali mwa mabasi. Okwerapo anakwiyaโosati kokha ndi ndawalayo yokha komanso ndi nkhanza ndi tsankho ndi oyang'anira mtengo. Mosadabwitsa, zosokoneza mauthenga a TTC adatsatira, monga adachitira New York City pokana uthenga wozemba kukwera kwa Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Palibe chapadera chokhudza Toronto, New York City, kapena njira zina zoyendera zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira zankhondozi kwa makasitomala apolisi; zomwe zikuchitika ndi TTC ndi MTA ndi chitsanzo chochepa cha zomwe zimachitika pamene njira zotsutsana ndi zigawenga ndizo njira yoyamba yothetsera vuto lililonse lakumatauni lomwe lingakhalepo.
2. Apolisi Samakhala M'madera Apolisi.
Mphamvu zautsamunda zimayikidwa kuchokera kunja; izi zimalepheretsa mgwirizano wachilengedwe kwambiri pakati pa wokhalamo ndi wokhalamo. Ku United States, apolisi ambiri osakhala m'madera omwe akutumikira. Wapolisi m'modzi waku Newark wa Fraternal Order of Police fotokozani mwachidule: โAnthu ammudzi amadana ndi apolisi. Ndipo mukufuna kutiyika pakati pa izi ndi mabanja athu?"
Kuvota kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti gulu lina la anthu likuyendetsa anzawo. Kafukufuku wa Julayi 2020 Gallup adawonetsa kuti 70 peresenti ya Akuda aku America amathandizira kuchepetsa ndalama za apolisi, pomwe 41 peresenti yokha ya azungu aku America amachita. Kubweza ndalama kunja ndi kunja kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Akuda aku America (malinga ndi Avereji ya FiveThirtyEight mwa mavoti awiri, 45 peresenti ya anthu akuda aku America adafunsa kuti athandizire, pomwe 28 peresenti adatsutsa) komanso otsutsidwa ndi azungu aku America (ndi 61 peresenti ya azungu aku America omwe amatsutsa kubweza ndalama komanso 23 peresenti yokha yochirikiza kubweza). Kusiyana kwa maganizo a anthu kumasonyeza gulu lina lomwe likupindula ndi chitetezo cha apolisi ndipo lina likuvutika ndi chiwawa cha apolisi ndi kuyang'anitsitsa.
Monga momwe Richard Rothstein adawonetsera m'buku lake Mtundu wa Chilamulo, kusankhana mitundu m'mizinda ya ku United States kunadzabwera chifukwa cha njira zotsatizanatsatizana ndi malamulo, kugaลตirako madera mopanda tsankho, ndiponso kuwonongedwa kwa madera ogwirizana. Kupatulana uku, nakonso, kumakhala ndi zotsatira pakulumikizana kwa apolisi ndi zigawenga.
M'buku la wolemba James Ron Malire ndi Ghettos: Ziwawa za Boma ku Serbia ndi Israel, iye poyerekeza njira za nkhanza za boma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "ghetto," kumene anthu ankhanza amayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa boma koma kumene malamulo ndi makhalidwe amalepheretsabe kukhazikitsidwa kwake chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha opondereza ndi kuponderezedwa ndikukhala mbali ndi mbali; ndi "malire," kumene nkhondo zowononga kwambiri zimayambika chifukwa mphamvu za boma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa anthu omwe sakhala pakati pa opondereza awo, koma malire a malamulo ndi makhalidwe ndi ofooka.
Ku United States, chiphunzitsochi chakhala chikugwiranso ntchito m'mbiri yake yonse: ma ghetto apakhomo ndi apolisi, ndipo malire ndi malo ankhondo yathunthu kunyumba ndi kunja. Koma apolisi akamaona mizinda ngati โmalire,โ mโpamenenso amachitira nkhanza apolisiwo.
3. Apolisi Apeze Maphunziro Apadera Olimbana ndi Zachiwawa.
Apolisi akulimbikitsidwa kuchita maphunziro a kumapeto kwa sabata mu gawo lotchedwa โKiloology,โ lolembedwa ndi Lt. Colonel Dave Grossman wopuma pantchito. Kumeneko, amaphunzira kudziona ngati "asilikali akutsogolo" pankhondo, mwinamwake pa anthu wamba omwe akuwagwira.
Wotsutsa maphunziro a killology, Seth Stoughton, limati Apolisi amphamvu amaona kuti โmsilikaliyo ndi ngwazi, msilikali, munthu wolemekezeka amene amaloลตa mโmalo amdima pamene ena amawopa kupondaponda ndi kubweretsa bata mโdziko lachisokonezo, ndipo amene amachita zimenezi mwa kukakamiza anthu wamba zofuna zawo. thana ndi." Wotsutsa wina, Craig Atkinson, amatcha maphunzirowo "kuopa zolaula." Kuphunzitsidwa kumodzi kotereku, โThe Bulletproof Warrior,โ kunatengedwa ndi wakupha Philando Castile.
4. Polimbana ndi Zigawenga, Aliyense Ndi Wachigawenga.
Malinga ndi omenyera malamulo, lingaliro ndilakuti: Ngati simukufuna kupolisi, musamapalamula, sichoncho? Koma lamulo limalenga wachifwamba.
Ndipo chiลตerengero cha malamulo oti apolisi azindikire olakwawo chikukula mokayikira. Pulofesa waku American University Emilio Viano zolemba. kuwonjezeka kuchokera pa 3,000 kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kufika pa 4,000 pofika 2000 kufika pa 4,450 pofika 2008.' Kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2007 Congress idawonjezedwa 56.5 milandu yatsopano chaka chilichonse.โ Chiwerengero chodabwitsa cha malamulowo sichigwirizana ndi zomwe anthu aku America akukumana nazo, monga umboni wa buku la loya Harvey Silverglate akunena kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amavomereza kuti "zolakwa zitatu patsiku. "
Mu dongosolo lino, kulemera kwathunthu kwa lamulo kulipo kuti kugwetse munthu aliyense nthawi iliyonse.
Ndipo ukakugwetserani, mulibe ufulu wokwanira wozengedwa mlandu.
5. Palibe Ufulu Wozengedwa Mlandu Wotsutsa Zachiwawa.
Mโmapulogalamu apawailesi yakanema, apolisi amaumirizidwa ndi maloya ochenjera ndi oweruza oganiza bwino mโkhotiโkoma kunena zoona, pafupifupi milandu siizengedwa konse. Monga Pulofesa Viano akulemba:
โMโchaka chandalama cha 2010, mโmakhoti a mโchigawo cha US ku United States anthu ankagamula milandu yonse chifukwa cha kuvomereza kuti ali ndi mlandu.96.8% pazochitika zonse). Peresentiyi imachokera pa 68.2% ya kupha anthu kufika pa 100% ya milandu yakuba, kuthyola ndi kulowa. Kupatulapo nkhanza zogonana (87.5%), kuwononga anthu (86.7%), ufulu wachibadwidwe (83.6%) ndi kupha (68.2%), pamilandu ina yonse, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amalangidwa ndi kuvomereza kuti ndi wolakwa kumaposa 90%. Muโฆ [2012] Chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu la US, Missouri v. Frye, Justice Kennedy, polemba maganizo a anthu ambiri, anasonyeza kuti 97% ya milandu ya boma ndi 94% ya milandu ya boma inachitika chifukwa cha kupepesa.โ
Mfundo yakuti 90 peresenti ya milandu siizengedwa ndi zotsatira za zigamulo ziwiri za Khoti Lalikulu akufotokozedwa ndi Michelle Alexander mu 2012 op-ed mu New York Times:
โKhoti Lalikulu Kwambiri mu 1978 linagamula kuti kuopseza munthu kuti adzamuika mโndende moyo wonse pamlandu wawungโono pofuna kumโchititsa kuti asiye kuzenga mlandu, sikuphwanya ufulu wake wozenga mlandu wa Sixth Amendment. Zaka khumi ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, mu Harmelin v. Michigan, khotilo linagamula kuti kuikidwa mโndende moyo wonse chifukwa cha mlandu wa mankhwala ozunguza bongo kwanthaลตi yoyamba sikunasemphane ndi chiletso cha XNUMXth Amendment pa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.โ
Mosasamala kanthu za kusalakwa kwa wolakwayo kapena kunyada kopanda nzeru kwa kulemba ndi kukakamira malamulo, ndi njira yokhazikika yogwirira ntchito kuti woimbidwa mlandu asapeze tsiku lawo kukhothi. Mโmalo mwake, ozenga milandu amawopseza oimbidwa mlanduwo ndi zigamulo zochititsa mantha, ndipo amawauza kuti aliwongole pangโono kuti alowe mโndende yowononga moyo wawo.
Alexander adatchulidwa kuti dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu liribe zokwanira kaamba ka njira ina iriyonse: โNgati aliyense woimbidwa mlandu atagwiritsira ntchito mwadzidzidzi ufulu wake walamulo, sipakanakhala oweruza okwanira, maloya kapena mabwalo andende oti athane ndi tsunami ya milandu imene ingabwere.โ Wolemba wa The New Jim Crow: Kumangidwa Kwambiri M'badwo wa Colblindness Adanenanso mu New York Times op-ed kuti "kuwononga dongosolo pongogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wathu" kungaphatikizepo njira yothanirana ndi kusalinganika ndi zolakwika m'dongosolo lachilungamo. Blogger Arthur Silber adagwirizana kuti njira iyi ingagwire ntchito ngati itachitidwa mwaunyinji, kunena kuti, "[n]chinthu chochepa misa kusagwirizana ali ndi mwayi ku gehena."
Koma mtengo wofunafuna ufulu woimbidwa mlandu ndi woletsedwa. Julian Assange akuzunzidwa poyera pakali pano makamaka chifukwa cholemba utolankhani, komanso chifukwa choumirira kuti ali ndi ufulu wozenga mlandu. Ndipo Aaron Swartz anali kuzunzidwa mpaka kufa.
Pamilandu yokhudzana ndi nkhondo yamankhwala osokoneza bongo, cholinga cha apolisi ndi ozenga milandu ndikupangitsanso woimbidwa mlandu kuti ayambirena wina ndi mnzake: kuti alandire zilango zocheperako, okayikira amapangidwa kuti azidziwitsa ena - chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri chotsutsana ndi zigawenga komanso pang'onopang'ono. kuwonongedwa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi zigawenga.
6. Upolisi Waku US Unakhazikitsidwa Mwamgwirizano Ndi Ulamuliro Wa US.
Talingalirani mmodzi wa oyambitsa ntchito ya apolisi ku America, August Vollmer. Msilikali wina wa ku United States yemwe anagonjetsa Philippines pa nkhondo ya ku Spain ndi America mu 1898, adayambitsa "kusintha" apolisi a Berkeley pamene adakhala mtsogoleri wawo woyamba mu 1909. Anagwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zomwe zinapangidwa ndi ufumu wa US ku Philippines ( XNUMX). dongosolo lofotokozedwa m'buku la Alfred McCoy Ulamuliro Wapolisi waku America: United States, Philippines, ndi Rise of the Surveillance State). Vollmer adabweretsa ma rekodi apolisi apakatikati, magalimoto oyendera, ndi zowunikira mabodza. Vollmer adakhazikitsa pulogalamu yoweruza milandu ku yunivesite ya California, Berkeley mu 1916 ndipo adalemba mabuku kuphatikiza malingaliro asayansi osankhana mitundu "kuchepa kwamitundu" ndi umbanda. Iye adagwirizana American Eugenics Society ndipo amadabwa momwe angaletsere "zilema kuti zisakhale zamtundu wawo."
Smedley Butler akupereka chitsanzo china. Msilikali wodziwika analemba kuti anali โchigawenga cha ukapitalist,โ kuphatikizapo kuti โanathandiza Haiti ndi Cuba kukhala malo abwino kuti anyamata a National City Bank azitoleramo ndalama.โ Anachita izi mwa zina mwazinthu izi. kukhazikitsa apolisi oyamba ku Haiti pamene Asilikali a Marines analanda dzikolo mu 1915, monga momwe Jeremy Kuzmarov akufotokozera m'buku lake Kuponderezana Kwamakono: Maphunziro Apolisi ndi Kumanga Dziko mu American Century. Butler atakhala mkulu wa apolisi ku Philadelphia mu 1924, nayenso adakweza ukadaulo wa apolisi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zake zankhondo, kuphatikiza malo oyendera asitikali ndi mayunifolomu amtundu wa Marine. Meyayo adamuchotsa patatha zaka ziwiri, ndikumubwezera ku Marines.
7. Otsutsa Opaleshoni Gwiritsani Ntchito Zothandizira.
M'magulu otsutsana ndi zigawenga, asilikali a boma ndi apolisi amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi apolisi, omwe amagwira ntchito zonyansa ndi kukana kovomerezeka.
Monga momwe Alan MacLeod adanenera pa Seputembara 28, panali zambiri Magalimoto okwana 100 akuukira ochita ziwonetsero kuyambira pomwe ziwonetsero za a George Floyd zidayamba mu Meyi, ambiri mwa iwo "akuwoneka ngati akuvomerezedwa mwachisawawa ndi apolisi am'deralo," chifukwa chosowa zotsatira zake.
Womenyera ufulu wa Portland Mac Smiff adauza mwachidule Podcast, โTimachitcha kusintha kosintha. Onse ndi anthu omwewoโฆ pali apolisi, ma sheriff pali ma marshals, a DHS [Department of Homeland Security], pali a Proud Boys, pali a Pemphero la Patriot, zimangopitirirabe. Amangosinthana.โ
Kumatchedwa kusalangidwa: zigawenga za magulu ankhondo kapena magulu ankhondo sizikulangidwa, pomwe mphamvu zonse za boma zimatsitsidwa kwa omwe akufuna kuzunzidwa.
Njira yosasinthika ya counterinsurgency ndi zotsatira za kulamulidwa ndi anthu osankhika omwe amawona anthu onse ngati mdani. Chitsanzo cha apolisi sichidzasinthidwa ngakhale Trump atasinthidwa ndi "kuwawombera m'mwendo"Biden. Otanganidwa nthawi zonse amatsutsa kuvomerezeka kwa omwe akukhalamo: a mkangano wokhudza kuthetsa sapita kulikonse.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama