Ndinkawerenga magazini ya EU lero, ndikuganiza kuti inali Frankfurter Rundschau, pamene nkhani yochititsa chidwi inandikopa chidwi. Atumiki a chitetezo ku Ulaya akumana mu tawuni ya Germany ya Wiesbaden kuti akambirane za รขโฌลState Building ku Western Balkansรขโฌ . Javier Solana adzakhalapo, komanso Wolemekezeka Mlembi Wamkulu wa NATO. Vuto lalikulu lomwe njonda za ku Europe zomwe ati adzakumane nazo ndi รขโฌลzovuta zomanga boma ku Western Balkansรขโฌ . Ngakhale zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zokambirana za ufulu wa Kosovo zikupitirirabe- zenizeni pakati pa Ulaya, US, ndi Russia, ndi zovomerezeka pakati pa akuluakulu achitsamunda a Serbia ndi Kosovo- imodzi mwa mfundo zokambitsirana ndi momwe angachitire. yambitsani Kosovo yodziyimira payokha. Pano tikukumana ndi tanthawuzo latsopano la zomwe zokambirana zikutanthawuza ku Ulaya wotukuka: cholinga cha zokambirana pakati pa "mayiko ang'onoang'ono" ndikukambirana mpaka mutapeza chisankho chomwe chapangidwa kale ndi maiko ofunikira a euro. Zikuonekanso kuti pakhala asilikali 2,500 ku Bosnia m'malo mwa 6,500. Ndizo zabwino. Koma nkhaniyo ikutha ndi kulosera kodetsa nkhawa: รขโฌลNthawi zovuta za nyumba ya boma kumadzulo kwa Balkan zili patsogoloรขโฌ .
Ndikuganiza kuti ndikumvetsetsa gawo la geography yatsopano. Mawu akuti "Western Balkans" ndiye kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwambiri kutsutsa zotsutsana ndi atsamunda za chilumbachi. Kutchulanso mayiko a ku Balkan ndi mbiri yakale komanso yochititsa chidwi. Kuchokera ku Austro-Hungary balkanologists kupita kwa akatswiri a State Department amasiku ano, kuchokera ku South East Europe kupita ku Western Balkans, lingaliro linali lofanana nthawi zonse: kusokoneza Balkan, chifukwa chake chilankhulo chosalowerera ndale chimakhala chothandiza. Purezidenti wa US Clinton adanena momveka bwino kuti รขโฌลEurope ilibe njira ina koma kubweretsa dera lonse la South-East Europe kukhala banja la ku Ulayaรขโฌยฆ. ndi kuwononga Balkans kamodzi kokhaรขโฌ - - ngakhale izi zitatenga "kuphulitsa anthu opusa". (Richard Holbrooke)
Wina akhoza kufunsa chifukwa chake izi zili zofunika kwambiri. Akatswiri akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana, ndichifukwa cha njira zankhanza komanso zachikunja za anthu a ku Balkan, njira zomwe zimafunikira kuwongolera ndi kutukuka. Komabe, iwo sagwirizana ponena za gwero la โnkhanza zobadwa nazoโ. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Robert Kaplan, wolemba buku lakuti Balkan Ghosts, ndiko kusakhalapo kwa kuwala: โIli (ku Balkan) linali dziko lachikale: siteji yamdima pamene anthu anakwiya, kukhetsa magazi, kuona masomphenya ndi chisangalalo. Komabe mawu awo anakhalabe osasunthika ndiponso akutali, ngati fano lafumbi.โ
Ena, mofanana ndi mtolankhani wina wotchuka wa ku Britain, amadzudzula makhalidwe a pa tebulo: รขโฌลMkwiyo wa anthu a ku Balkan nthawi zina wakhala wochepa kwambiri moti akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amawayerekeza ndi Yanamamo ya ku Amazon, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa mafuko ankhanza kwambiri ndi okalamba padziko lapansi. Kufikira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino, pamene Ulaya yense anali wodera nkhaลตa kwambiri za makhalidwe a anthu monga mmene zinalili ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu, panalibe malipoti ochokera ku Balkan odula mitu ya adani operekedwa monga zikho pa mbale zasiliva pa madyerero a chipambano. Komanso sizinali zodziwikiratu kuti opambanawo adye mtima ndi chiwindi cha wotayikayoโฆ Mabuku a mbiri yakale amawonetsa ngati dziko lakupha ndi kubwezera anthu aku Turkey asanabwere komanso atachoka kale.
Wolemba buku labwino kwambiri Kupanga Ruritania, Vesna Goldsworthy, amatcha mkangano uwu รขโฌลracism of nuanceรขโฌ . Ndimagwirizana ndi tsankho, koma ndiyenera kunena kuti sindikuwona kusiyana. Goldsworthy anatchula mmodzi yemwe kale anali woimira UN ku Kosovo yemwe analemba mu Tiye Guardian kuti kulamulira Kosovo kuli ngati โkuvala mwana: mumamupatsa thalauza lachuma, malaya a maphunziro, jekete la demokalase, ndi zina zotero. Tikalola, zitha kudzipweteka zokhaโ. Kodi mathalauza amkati ndiwo adayambitsa vuto la ku Balkan?
Simon Winchester angatsutse. Iye akuganiza kuti ndi chinachake chokhudzana ndi mapiri: รขโฌลKodi ndi chiyani chomwe chinazindikiritsa peninsula iyi, malo okongolawa a mapiri ndi zigwa, mapanga ndi mitsinje, ndikuchipanga kukhala mawu achipongwe, kwenikweni, pa chidani. ndi chidani? Ndi mphamvu ziti zomwe zinali kugwira ntchito kuno?โฆmaketani awiri (ie mapiri) anasweka wina ndi mzake kuti apange malo ophwanyika omwe adakhala chitsanzo cha khalidwe losweka la omwe adzakhalepo pambuyo pake." Ndipo monga "ma Balkan odabwitsa awa" - ndi achilendo ndipo mosiyana ndi ena onse a ku Ulaya, anthu okhalamo, "anthu akuthengo ndi osamvera a ku Balkan," ali osiyana kwambiri (ndi anthropologically!): "Wina anganene kuti aliyense okhala mโmalo oterowo kwa nthaลตi yaitali mwina angasinthe nโkukhala chinthu chosiyana kwambiri, chabwino kapena choipa, kuchokera ku chilichonse chimene munthu ali nacho.โ Zikumveka zokhutiritsa.
Ngakhale kuti malingaliro onsewa a akatswiri olemekezeka ndi owunikira kwambiri, m'malingaliro mwanga ndi George Kennan yemwe adayandikira kwambiri choonadi. Kennan anali wofunikira kwambiri mu mfundo zaku US zosunga zinthu, komanso m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba komanso otsogola ku US ku Balkan. Anazindikira Mbiri yakale ngati vuto lalikulu lomwe anthu otukuka aku Europe ndi America amalimbana nawo:
"Chomwe tikulimbana nacho ndi chomvetsa chisoni chakuti zochitika za m'zaka zakalezo, osati zaulamuliro wa Turkey wokha komanso za m'mbuyomo, zinali ndi zotsatira zochititsa chidwi kumadera a kum'mwera chakum'maลตa kwa kontinenti ya Ulaya kukhala chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe sichinakhalepo. Chitukuko cha ku Europe chomwe chapitilirabe mpaka pano kusunga zambiri zomwe sizili za ku Europe, kuphatikiza zina zomwe zimagwirizana ngakhale pang'ono ndi dziko lamasiku ano kuposa momwe zidalili ndi dziko la zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazoโฆ รขโฌล
Kennan akulondola kunena zinthu ziwiri: chimodzi ndi kusakanikirana kwamitundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Balkan, "saladi ya ku Macedonia", chilumba chomwe nthawi zonse chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri komanso chololera kusiyana pakati pa Ulaya (ena onse). Chinthu china ndi kukana mowuma mtima zomwe zimatikakamiza monga รขโฌลEuropeรขโฌ ndi รขโฌลchitukuko.รข โฌ ??. Ngati tikufuna kuyesa kuzindikira zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Balkan, sitingathe koma kuwonetsa masomphenya opitilirapo a utopia yokhazikika modabwitsa, ya anthu ammudzi, mukulimbana kosatha motsutsana ndi centralization, colonization ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe. zokhazikitsidwa ndi otukuka akumadzulo รขโฌลenaรขโฌ โโ. Debalkanisation of the Balkans ikuganiza kuti kuyesa kuthetsa mbiri ya dziko lino mozondoka, dziko logawika ndi logawanika la zolimbana ndi atsamunda, ampatuko (โbogumiliโ), achifwamba apanyanja ndi apamtunda (โhajduciโ ndi โuskociโ), zigawenga ndi osintha, odana ndi ulamuliro, Aromani, madera odzilamulira okha, mabungwe a sosholisti, otsutsana ndi otsutsa-fascists. Kugawikana kwa balkanisa kumakhudzadi kugawikana, koma sikuli (kokha) kugawikana kwa mafuko: kusagwirizana kumatanthauza kukana, ndi njira yochepetsera komanso yogwirizana ndi chiwawa chapakati pa States ndi Empires. Ichi ndichifukwa chake balkanisation iyenera kumangidwa ndikusinthidwanso dzina la Balkan ndi "debalkanised".
Koma kodi รขโฌลkumanga bomaรขโฌ ndi chiyani? Izi zikuwoneka ngati, kwa ine, lingaliro latsopano. Munkhani inanso, mu nyuzipepala ina ya EU, ndapeza kuti luso lomanga boma ndi losatheka kuchokera ku รขโฌลulamuliro wabwinoรขโฌ : limakhudza รขโฌโฆulamuliro wabwino wozikidwa pa malamulo, ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi ufulu wa anthu. ; chuma chamsika waulere; demokalase yamitundumitundu; ndipo koposa zonse, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ndi kuvomereza zatsopano ndi maudindo m'magulu onseรขโฌ . Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomanga boma ndi, ikuwerenga nkhani yakuti, รขโฌลlingaliro la utsogoleri wabwino ndi anthu abwinoรขโฌ . Zofunika za anthu abwino ndi รขโฌลmsika waulere ndi demokalase yamitundumitunduรขโฌ . Njira yobweretsera anthu abwino ndi mabungwe aboma. The chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi aliyense amene amavomereza kumvera mayiko. Mabungwe a anthu ayenera kuphunzitsidwa ndi anthu apadziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko a mayiko ndi aliyense รขโฌลkuphatikiza maboma, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, mabungwe omwe si aboma, ntchito zachitukuko ndi zothandizira, ndi zina zambiriรขโฌ . รขโฌโ amene รขโฌลakukumana ndi vuto lodzisintha yekha mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za kusintha kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana.รขโฌ Kuti njirazi zigwire ntchito tifunika dziko lolimba: รขโฌล dziko lolimba ndilofunika kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. pulojekiti ya liberal-demokalase mโmaiko otukuka kumene, monga momwe Francis Fukuyama akunenera mโbuku lake State Building: Governance and World Order mu 21st Centuryโฆรขโฌล Wolemba nkhaniyi, womanga boma Pajic, yemwe anali mlangizi wamkulu wazamalamulo ku ofesi ya International Crisis Group ku Bosnia, ndi wokonda Tolstoy: รขโฌลchigamulo chotsegulira cha Anna Karenina chitha kugwira ntchito ku Bosnia: รข โMabanja onse achimwemwe nโngofanana, koma banja losasangalala limakhala losasangalala chifukwa cha fashoni yawoyawo.โ Iye anapitiriza kufunsa kuti: โKodi nโchiyani chimapangitsa Bosnia kukhala yosiyana komanso yosasangalala?โ za olanda mphamvu mu dziko lake. Koma izi ndi zophweka kwambiri pofotokozera. Mutha kutchedwa kuti theorist wa chiwembu Woyang'anira.
Malinga ndi Ian Williams kuchokera The Guardian, yankho la Bosnia ndikuphatikiza, kalembedwe ka Dostoevsky. รขโฌลMwinanso udindo wokulirapo uli ndi iwo aku Dayton omwe adapereka mphotho kwa oyeretsa mafuko ndi ulamuliro wa theka la Bosnia, kuphatikiza Srebrenica. Ngakhale kuti Republika Srpska ikuthamangira kupepesa chifukwa cha kuphana, kukhalapo kwake m'chigawo cha Bosnia ndi Herzegovina kumatsatira mfundo za tsankho za anthu oyeretsa mafuko. Yakwana nthawi yoti tiwonenso dongosolo lonse la ramshackle, ndikuphatikiza dziko.รข
Ngati kuphatikiza ndi ntchito yomanga boma ku Bosnia, ku Kosovo ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Kosovo, yomwe ili molingana ndi Timothy Garton Ash, osati pansi pa ntchito koma mu limbo (sic), ikuyenera kukhala yodziyimira payokha, osati chifukwa izi ndi zovomerezeka kapena zovomerezeka, koma, izi ndi molingana ndi womanga boma Pedy Ashdown (pa BBC), pazifukwa zamakhalidwe abwino, popeza รขโฌลSerbia yataya ufulu wolamulira Kosovoรขโฌ . Njira yabwino, akutero Garton Ash, ndikuvomereza dongosolo la Ahtisaari - lomwe Aserbia ndi Alubaniya amakana (Kosovo Roma samafunsidwa kalikonse) : รขโฌลMartti Ahtisaari, nthumwi yapadera ya mlembi wamkulu wa UN pa tsogolo la Kosovo, wabwera ndi malingaliro ochititsa chidwi kuti achoke mu limbo. Dongosolo lake silingagwiritse ntchito liwu loti kudziyimira pawokha, koma aliyense amamvetsetsa kuti lingapereke ufulu wa Kosovo. Komabe, ufulu umenewu udzakhala kuyangโaniridwa ndi kukakamizidwa ndi munthu wotchedwa International Civilian Representative, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse.
Revolution idzaonetsedwa pawailesi yakanema, kudziyimira pawokha kuyang'aniridwa, ndipo zonse zidzalengezedwa (in The Guardian!)
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa komanso kufalikira kwa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani za dera langa lovutitsidwa ndi chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha International Court on Justice (ICJ) kuti Serbia (anthu ankhanzawo kachiwiri!) โChigamulo chosanenekaโ chimenechi chinadzetsa chisokonezo pakati pa anthu okonda zaumunthu akumadzulo omwe anachedwa. Izi zikuchokera posachedwa Chicago Tribune mkonzi: รขโฌลPansi pa chigamulo cha khothi lapadziko lonse lapansi, dziko la Serbia lathawa kutsutsidwa chifukwa cha kupha anthu komanso kumasulidwa ku udindo wachuma pa kupha anthu. Khotilo silinasiye dziko la Serbia pazandale komanso pazakhalidwe, koma chigamulo chake ndi chokhumudwitsa. Asebu ambiri akukana, ndipo apitirizabe kutsutsa za nkhanza zimene zinachitidwa pakhomo pawo.โ Malinga ndi zimene ananena pulezidenti wakale wa International Crime Tribunal for Yugoslavia wakale, katswiri wa zomangamanga Antonio Cassesse, mโnkhani yake ya ku Italy. La Republica uku ndi รขโฌลkuphedwa mwalamuloรขโฌ . Tiyeni timve kuchokera kwa katswiri wa zomangamanga Ian Williams Dostoevsky kachiwiri: "Potengera khalidwe la ndale zadziko la Serb ndi omwe amawavotera, pali mwayi wochepa wovomereza, osasiyapo kulakwa, kuchokera kumagulu ambiri osokonekera. chiwerengero cha anthuโฆ.Chigamulo cha ICJ pa รขโฌลudindo wa Serbia pakupha anthu ku Bosnia chinali chosokoneza, monga momwe ndemanga zosiyanasiyana patsamba lino zasonyezera. Kufuna kwake kwa umboni wa malangizo omveka bwino kuchokera ku Belgrade kupita kwa omwe adachita "zopha anthu", akanachotsa Adolf Hitler ku Holocaust - ngakhale zomwe zidayambitsa msonkhano wakupha anthuรขโฌ . Tiyeni tiwombenso bomba. Ndizosangalatsa kuti Walter J. Rockler, yemwe kale anali Woimira milandu pa milandu ya Nuremburg War, amatenga malo osiyana kwambiri ndi a EU-anthu ndi omanga boma:
"Kuukira kwa Yugoslavia kwa (1999) ndikuchita zankhanza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira pomwe a Nazi adaukira Poland kuti aletse "nkhanza zaku Poland" motsutsana ndi Ajeremani. Dziko la United States lasiya zonamizira kuti ndi zamalamulo komanso zamakhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo tidayamba njira yaulamuliro wakuda kwambiriโฆ Zowonadi, pamene ife olamulira odziika tokha a dziko lapansi, tipereka chigamulo ku dziko lina ndi "kugonja kapena kufa." Kuti tikhalebe โodalirikaโ tiyenera kuphwanya chilichonse chofanana ndi kukana zomwe tikufuna, dzikolo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chomwe chiyenera kuchitidwa ndi kupewa kufalikira kwa รขโฌลbalkanisationรขโฌ . Kwa balkanisation, monga kumwa latte, kumapatsirana.
Pomaliza ake Guardian Poganizira za kufunika kwa ufulu wa Kosovo, katswiri wa zomangamanga a Timothy Garton Ash, pakati pa kapu ya latte, akufotokoza maganizo osangalatsa:
รขโฌลKosovo ndi zinthu zambiri kwa anthu ambiriโฆ.Ndiuzeni Kosovo yanu ndipo ndikuuzeni kuti ndinu ndaniโฆChilichonse chomwe chili kapena chinali, Kosovo lero ndivuto laling'ono koma lofunika kwambiri kwa mayiko onse komanso EU makamaka. โฆ EU tsopano ikuyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, yogwirizana, yamphamvu komanso yokhazikika - zinthu zinayi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalephera kupitilira malire ake. kapenanso kumanga boma, koma kumanga membala-bomaโฆChifukwa ndipamene mtendere udzakhazikika ku Balkan ndi ku Europe kudzakhala kwaufulu. Pamene ikuyandikira kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 50 mwezi wa March, gulu lazachuma ku Ulaya lomwe linakhala mgwirizano lili ndi nkhani yodabwitsa yofotokoza za kufalikira kwa mtendere, ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo.
Ngati iyi ndi Kosovo yanu, ndiye kuti ndinu wanzeru kwambiri ku EU.
Mfundo za ku Ulaya ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndangophunzira kumene kumanga boma, ndipo tsopano ndikuyenera kumvetsetsa mfundo zomanga dziko komanso zomanga membala. Koma, mosiyana ndi Garton Ash, mwina chifukwa sindimamwa latte, koma khofi waku Turkey, sindikhulupirira kuti yankho lake ndikulowetsa "Balkan ku Europe". M'malo mwake, ndikuganiza kuti tikuyenera kubweretsa Europe ku Balkan. Posachedwa pomwe pangathekele. Pamodzi ndi wojambula wa Yugoslav avant-garde Ljubomir Micic, ndikukhulupirira kufunikira kwa รขโฌลBalkanisation of Europeรขโฌ . Ljubomir Micic, mkonzi ndi wotsutsa, yemwe gulu lachiwonetsero la รขโฌลzenitismรขโฌ linagwirizana mu 1920, linapanga lingaliro la รขโฌลBarbaro-Genius Decivilizerรขโฌ , lomwe linanena kuti dziko la Balkan ndilo chiyambi cha mtundu watsopano. za chitukuko. Ntchito ya Balkan "barbaro-genius," ndikutsutsa ndikugonjetsa, "balkanise," china chake chakumadzulo chakumadzulo:
รขโฌลChikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya ndi chankhanza komanso chodya anthu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Zenitists ntchito pa balakanisation ku Ulaya ndipo akufuna kukulitsa ... ku makontinenti onse m'dzina la barbarism yatsopano, m'dzina la anthu atsopano ndi makontinenti atsopano, m'dzina la nkhondo yowopsya: East vs. West! Chilumba cha Balkan ndi malo ankhanza, omwe amalalikira ubale watsopano wa amuna. Limenelo ndilo lingaliro la chikhalidwe chathu chatsopano ndi chitukuko chatsopano, chomwe chidzabwera pa mkangano womaliza pakati pa zimphona ziwiri zakale, Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo, zomwe chilakolako chawo chomenyana chili m'magazi awo.
Ndi njira yanzeru, ndipo makamaka ku Balkan cosmopolitan kuyesa kuwononga zomwe mwina ndi dichotomy yakale kwambiri ya European universalism, yomwe ili pakati pa otukuka ndi ankhanza, ndikupereka njira ina, yakale monga ku Balkan komwe, njira ina. ku nationalism, colonialism ndi capitalism. Ndi mu lingaliro ili kuti anthu a ku Balkan ayenera kupeza mphamvu ndi malingaliro a ndale zatsopano za Balkans zina. Ziyenera kukhala ndale za chitaganya cha Balkan. Gulu la anthu otenga nawo mbali, lomangidwa kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi, kupyolera mu kulimbana kuti pakhale chidziwitso cha demokalase chophatikizana, kuyesa kogwirizana ndi anthu, ndi machitidwe omasuka omwe angapindule malingaliro a ndale a anthu onse m'deralo. Ndi ndale zomwe zimanena mosapita m'mbali ku European Union, komanso omanga boma ku Bosnia ndi Kosovo: chotsani gehena.
* Andrej Grubacic ndi wolemba mbiri wosasinthika wa kumapiri a Balkan. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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