Kodi tingafotokoze bwanji mfundo yakuti njala idakalipobe m’zaka za zana la 21? Munthu mmodzi mwa asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi pano ali ndi njala yosatha.
Zomwe zimayambitsa zimadziwika bwino: kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu pakugawa chuma komanso kulanda malo ndi ochepa a eni minda akuluakulu. Malinga ndi bungwe la FAO[1], anthu 963 miliyoni anali kuvutika ndi njala m’chaka cha 2008. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, anthuwa makamaka amakhala kumidzi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala alimi omwe alibe minda kapena alibe zokwanira, ndipo alibe njira zolimira bwino.
Nchiyani chinayambitsa vuto la chakudya cha 2007-2008?
Ndikofunika kutsindika kuti mu 2007-2008, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuvutika ndi njala chinawonjezeka ndi 140 miliyoni. Kukwera kwakukuluku kudachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo yazakudya[2]. M’maiko angapo mitengo yazakudya zogulitsira zakwera ndi 50%, kapena kupitirira apo.
N’chifukwa chiyani chiwonjezeko choterechi? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, m’pofunika kumvetsa zimene zakhala zikuchitika m’zaka zitatu zapitazi. Pokhapokha m'mene ndondomeko zina, zoyenera zidzakhazikitsidwe.
Kumbali imodzi, akuluakulu aboma kumpoto adawonjezera thandizo lawo ndi thandizo lamafuta amafuta (molakwika amatchedwa biofuels, popeza palibe chilichonse chokhudza iwo). Mwadzidzidzi, zidakhala zopindulitsa kusintha mbewu zongodalira pawokha ndi mbewu za oleaginous kapena kudyetsa mbewu, kapena kupatutsa gawo lina la ulimi wambewu (chimanga, tirigu, ndi zina zotere) kuti apange mafuta amafuta.
Kumbali ina, kuphulika kwa malo ogulitsa nyumba kuphulika ku United States, ndi zotsatira zake padziko lonse lapansi, osunga ndalama zazikulu (ndalama zapenshoni, mabanki a ndalama, hedge funds, etc.) adasintha maganizo awo ndikuganizira za msika wamtsogolo. komwe makontrakitala amitengo yazakudya amakambitsirana (pali kusinthana kwakukulu kutatu ku United States: Chicago, Kansas City ndi Minneapolis). Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti nzika zichitepo kanthu poletsa mwalamulo kukamba zamitengo yazakudya. Ngakhale kuti zongopeka zinafika pachimake ndipo zidatsika kuyambira pakati pa 2008, komanso kuti mitengo yamtsogolo yatsika, mitengo yamalonda sinatsatire. Anthu ambiri padziko lapansi ali ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri ndipo amakhudzidwabe ndi zotsatira zowopsa za kukwera kwa mitengo ya chakudya mu 2007-2008. Mamiliyoni ambiri ochotsedwa ntchito omwe adalengezedwa mu 2009-2010 padziko lonse lapansi apangitsa kuti zinthu ziipiretu. Mu April 2009, bungwe la FAO linauza G8 kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi njala nthawi zonse chiyenera kukwera ndi 75 miliyoni kufika pa 100 miliyoni chaka chino, zomwe zimabweretsa chiwerengerocho kupitirira 1 biliyoni. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, akuluakulu aboma akuyenera kuwongolera mitengo yazakudya.
Kuwonjezeka kwa njala padziko lonse lapansi sikunayambe, makamaka pakali pano, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Koma izi zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri m'tsogolomu ponena za kupanga m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, makamaka m'madera otentha kapena otentha. Kulima m'madera otentha kuyenera kukhudzidwa pang'ono. Njira yothetsera vutoli yagona pakuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (IPPC[3] imalimbikitsa kuchepetsa mpweya wa mpweya ndi 80% m'mayiko otukuka kwambiri ndi 20% kwa ena).
Kodi n'zotheka kuthetsa njala?
Kuthetsa njala kuli kotheka. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikufunika kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chofunika kwambiri chimenechi zagona pa mfundo zokhudza ufulu wodzilamulira pa nkhani ya chakudya komanso kusintha pazaulimi. Ndiko kunena kuti, kudyetsa anthu potengera zokolola za m'deralo, kwinaku akuchepetsa zolowa ndi zotumiza kunja.
Ulamuliro wa chakudya uyenera kukhala phata la zisankho za maboma. Ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri minda ya mabanja, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira chakudya chamagulu. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zitha kuthandiza anthu kukhala ndi zakudya zabwino: opanda ma GMO, opanda mankhwala ophera tizirombo, opanda mankhwala ophera udzu komanso feteleza wamankhwala. Komabe, kuti akwaniritse cholingachi, alimi okwana 2 biliyoni akuyenera kukhala ndi malo okwanira oti agwirepo ntchito, ndi kudzigwira ntchito, kusiyana ndi kutulutsa chuma kwa eni malo akuluakulu, agro-bizinesi amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ogulitsa akuluakulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito thandizo la boma, anthuwa akuyenera kupatsidwa njira zolimira minda yawo osawaononga.
Kuti tichite izi, kusintha kwaulimi kumafunika. Kusintha komwe kukusoweka kwambiri, kaya ku Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Asia kapena mayiko ena ku Africa. Kukonzanso kwaulimi koteroko kuyenera kuthana ndi kugawidwa kwa nthaka, kuletsa eni minda yayikulu komanso kupereka thandizo kwa alimi kwa alimi.
Tiyeneranso kutsindika kuti IMF komanso, koposa zonse, Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi omwe amayambitsa vuto lazakudya chifukwa adalimbikitsa maboma akumwera kuti asiye kusunga nkhokwe zambewu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa msika wapakhomo pakagwa kusowa kapena kusowa. kuchuluka kwa mtengo. Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF zidalimbikitsa maboma akummwera kuti achepetse mabungwe aboma alimi ndikuwalowetsa m'manja mwa obwereketsa wamba (nthawi zambiri amalonda akuluakulu) kapena mabanki abizinesi omwe amafuna ndalama zambiri. Izi zinasiya alimi ang'onoang'ono ambiri ali ndi ngongole, ku India, Nicaragua, Mexico, Egypt ndi mayiko angapo a ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa boma, kuchuluka kwa ngongole pakati pa alimi a ku India kwachititsa kuti alimi 150,000 adziphe ku India m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Limeneli ndi dziko limene Banki Yadziko Lonse yakwanitsa kunyengerera akuluakulu a boma kuti atsekereze mabungwe obwereketsa ngongole kwa alimi. Ndipo si zokhazo: pazaka 40 zapitazi, Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF adakakamizanso mayiko otentha kuti achepetse kupanga tirigu, mpunga ndi chimanga ndikuchotsa mbewu zogulitsa kunja (koko, khofi, tiyi, nthochi, mtedza, maluwa, ndi zina). .). Pomaliza, kuti alimbikitse zoyesayesa zawo mokomera mabizinesi akulu akulu ndi maiko akuluakulu ogulitsa mbewu kunja (kuyambira ku United States, Canada ndi Western Europe), adanyengereranso maboma kuti atsegule malire awo kuti agule chakudya kuchokera kunja komwe amapindula ndi thandizo lalikulu lochokera ku maboma. Kumpoto. Izi zidapangitsa kuti alimi ambiri kumwera agwere ndalama komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri ulimi wamba.
Mwachidule, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha chakudya ndi kukhazikitsa agrarian kusintha. Kupanga mafuta amafuta m'mafakitale kuyenera kusiyidwa ndipo ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe akupanga mafuta otere zichotsedwe. Ndikofunikiranso kumanganso nkhokwe za chakudya cha anthu kumwera (makamaka chimanga monga mpunga, tirigu, chimanga…), kukhazikitsanso mabungwe obwereketsa ngongole a alimi ndi malamulo oyendetsera mitengo ya chakudya. Anthu omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti apeza chakudya chabwino pamtengo wotsika. Boma liyeneranso kutsimikizira kuti alimi ang'onoang'ono atha kugulitsa pamitengo yokwera kwambiri kuti athe kusintha moyo wawo. Boma liyeneranso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za boma m'madera akumidzi (zaumoyo, maphunziro, kulankhulana, chikhalidwe, "mabanki" a mbewu za boma, ndi zina zotero). Akuluakulu aboma ali okhoza kutsimikizira mitengo yazakudya zoperekedwa kwa ogula komanso mitengo yamalonda yokwera mokwanira kuti apatse olima ang'onoang'ono ndalama zokwanira.
Kodi nkhondo yolimbana ndi njala imeneyi si mbali ya nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri?
Munthu sangayembekezere kulimbana ndi njala mozama popanda kulimbana ndi zifukwa zazikulu za mkhalidwe wamakono. Ngongole ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa izi. Kulengeza ndi kukopa kokhudza nkhaniyi, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa pamisonkhano ya G8 kapena G20, zalephera kuphimba vutoli. Mavuto omwe akuchitika padziko lonse lapansi akuwonjezereka kwambiri m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene omwe akukumana ndi mtengo wa ngongole, ndipo mavuto atsopano a ngongole ku South akuyenera kuwonekera. Ngongoleyi yapangitsa kuti anthu akummwera, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera kwambiri pankhani ya anthu ndi zachilengedwe, kukhala paumphawi wamba. Ngongole ndi kulandidwa mwadongosolo ndipo iyenera kuyimitsidwa mwachangu.
M'malo mwake, njira yobwereketsa ngongoleyi ndi cholepheretsa anthu kukwaniritsa zofunikira za anthu, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa chakudya chabwino. Mosakayikira, kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofunika za anthu kuyenera kukhala pamwamba pa zinthu zina zilizonse, kaya zandale kapena zachuma. Kuchokera pamakhalidwe abwino, ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi ngongole, anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zachinsinsi kapena ongoganiza amakhala ndi zolemetsa zochepa poyerekeza ndi ufulu wofunikira wa nzika za 6 biliyoni zomwe zaphwanyidwa ndi njira yosasinthika ya ngongole.
Sichinthu choipa kufunsa mayiko, omwe ali osauka chifukwa cha mavuto a padziko lonse omwe alibe udindo uliwonse, kuti apereke gawo lalikulu la chuma chawo kuti athe kubweza ngongole zolemera (kaya za Kumpoto kapena Kumwera), m'malo mopeza zosowa zawo zofunika. Kuipa kwa ngongoleyi kumabweranso chifukwa ngongoleyi nthawi zambiri inkaperekedwa ndi maboma omwe sanali ademokalase omwe sanagwiritse ntchito ndalama zomwe adalandira pokomera anthu awo ndipo nthawi zambiri amabera ndalama zambiri, mosatekeseka kapena mwachangu. kuvomerezedwa ndi States of North, World Bank ndi IMF. Obwereketsa a mayiko olemera kwambiri anapereka ngongole pamene ankadziwa bwino kuti maboma nthawi zambiri anali achinyengo. Choncho sangafune kuti anthu a m’mayikowa abweze ngongole yomwe ndi yachisembwere komanso yosaloledwa.
Kufotokozera mwachidule, ngongole ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zomwe njira yatsopano yautsamunda imagwira ntchito, kuvulaza anthu. Izi ndi kuwonjezera pa kupanda chilungamo komwe kunachitika m'mbiri ya mayiko olemera: ukapolo, kupha anthu amtundu, maunyolo autsamunda, kubedwa kwa zopangira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe komanso luso la alimi (kudzera mu chilolezo chaulimi wakumwera, monga India. mpunga wa basmati, kuti apindule ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono akumpoto), kulandidwa kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe, kukhetsa kwaubongo, etc. chuma.
G8, IMF, Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi Paris Club amaika chowonadi chawo, chilungamo chawo, chomwe onse ndi oweruza komanso chipani. Poyang'anizana ndi vutoli, G20 yatenga ndodo ndipo ikuyesera kuyika IMF yonyozeka pakati pa ndale ndi zachuma. Tiyenera kuthetsa kupanda chilungamo komwe kumapindulira opondereza, kaya ochokera Kumpoto kapena Kumwera.
Éric Toussaint, dokotala wa sayansi ya ndale, ndi pulezidenti wa Komiti Yothetsa Ngongole Yadziko Lachitatu, Belgium. www.cadtm.org, wolemba A Diagnosis of Emerging Global Crisis and Alternatives, Mumbai, India, Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, 2009, 139p.; Banki Yadziko Lonse: A Critical Primer, London, UK, Pluto Press, 2008.
Damien Millet, katswiri wa masamu, ndi mneneri wa CADTM France (Komiti Yothetsa Ngongole Yadziko Lachitatu).
Olemba pamodzi a Mafunso 60 Mayankho 60 sur la dette, le FMI et la Banque Mondiale, CADTM-Syllepse, Liège-Paris, 2008. Baibulo lachingerezi lofalitsidwa mu 2009.
Yotanthauziridwa ndi Francesca Denley mogwirizana ndi Judith Harris
[1] United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, www.fao.org
[2] Onani Eric Toussaint ndi Damien Millet, "Chifukwa chiyani vuto lazakudya padziko lonse lapansi? (komanso)", 2008, www.cadtm.org/spip.php?article3714. Onaninso Éric Toussaint, "Kufika pazomwe zimayambitsa vuto lazakudya", http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?article3865
[3] Gulu Loyang'anira Maboma pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo, onani www.ipcc.ch/languages/french.htm
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