February 10, 2009 - Noam Chomsky ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zilankhulo, wolemba, komanso katswiri wazamalamulo akunja. Sameer Dossani adamufunsa za mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso magwero ake.
SAMEER DOSSANI: M'kalasi lililonse lazachuma la chaka choyamba, timaphunzitsidwa kuti misika ili ndi zokwera ndi zotsika, kotero kuchepa kwachuma komwe kulipo mwina sikungakhale kwachilendo. Koma kutsika kumeneku ndi kosangalatsa pazifukwa ziwiri: Choyamba, kuchotsedwa kwa msika muzaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990 kunapangitsa kuti nthawi yowonjezereka ikhale yokwera kwambiri, kotero kuti nthawi yowonongeka idzakhala yozama kuposa momwe zikanakhalira. Kachiwiri, ngakhale chuma chikuyenda bwino kuyambira 1980, anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito ku US awona ndalama zawo zikuyimilira - pomwe olemera achita bwino kwambiri mdziko muno sanapitebe patsogolo. Poganizira momwe zinthu ziliri, ndikuganiza kuti okonza zachuma atha kubwereranso ku mtundu wina wa Keynesianism, mwina osati mosiyana ndi dongosolo la Bretton Woods lomwe linalipo kuyambira 1948-1971. Maganizo anu ndi otani?
NOAM CHOMSKY: Chabwino ndikuvomerezana ndi chithunzi chanu. M'malingaliro mwanga, kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la Bretton Woods koyambirira kwa 1970s mwina ndi chochitika chachikulu chapadziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1945, chofunikira kwambiri pazotsatira zake kuposa kugwa kwa Soviet Union.
Kuchokera pafupifupi 1950 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 panali nthawi ya kukula kwachuma komanso kukula kwachuma mofanana. Chifukwa chake otsika kwambiri adachitanso chimodzimodzi - makamaka adachita bwinoko pang'ono - kuposa quintile yapamwamba kwambiri. Inalinso nthawi ya zopindulitsa zochepa koma zenizeni kwa anthu. Ndipo kwenikweni zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha anthu, miyeso ya thanzi la anthu, iwo ankatsatira kwambiri kukula. Pamene kukula kunakwera zizindikiro za chikhalidwe zikukwera, monga momwe mungayembekezere. Akatswiri azachuma ambiri adachitcha kuti nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya capitalism yamakono - ayenera kuyitcha kuti capitalism ya boma chifukwa ndalama zomwe boma zidali nazo zinali injini yayikulu yakukula ndi chitukuko.
M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1970 izo zinasintha. Zoletsa za Bretton Woods pazachuma zidathetsedwa, ndalama zidamasulidwa, zongoyerekeza, ndalama zambiri zidayamba kuganiziridwa motsutsana ndi ndalama ndi chinyengo china cha mapepala, ndipo chuma chonse chidakhala ndi ndalama. Mphamvu zachuma zidasinthira ku mabungwe azachuma, kutali ndi kupanga. Ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, unyinji wa anthu wakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri; kwenikweni ikhoza kukhala nthawi yapadera m'mbiri ya America. Palibe nthawi ina pamene malipiro enieni - malipiro osinthidwa chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo - amakhala ocheperapo kapena ocheperapo kwa nthawi yaitali kwa anthu ambiri komanso kumene moyo watsika kapena kutsika. Ngati muyang'ana zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha anthu, amatsata kukula bwino kwambiri mpaka 1975, ndipo panthawiyo anayamba kuchepa, kotero kuti tsopano tabwereranso ku msinkhu wa 1960. Panali kukula, koma kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri. - idalowa m'matumba ochepa kwambiri. Pakhala nthawi yaifupi yomwe izi zidasintha, kotero panthawi yaukadaulo waukadaulo, womwe udali kuwira kumapeto kwa zaka za Clinton, malipiro adakwera ndipo ulova unatsika, koma izi ndi zopatuka pang'ono pakukhazikika kokhazikika ndikutsika kwa ambiri a anthu.
Mavuto azachuma awonjezeka panthawiyi, monga momwe adaneneratu akatswiri ambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Misika yazachuma itamasulidwa, pakuyembekezeka kuwonjezereka kwamavuto azachuma, ndipo zidachitikadi. Vutoli likukulirakulira m'maiko olemera, kotero anthu akulankhula za izi, koma zakhala zikuchitika pafupipafupi padziko lonse lapansi - zina mwazovuta kwambiri - ndipo sikuti zikungochulukirachulukira koma zikukulirakulira. Ndipo zanenedweratu ndikukambidwa ndipo pali zifukwa zomveka zake.
Pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo panali buku lofunika kwambiri lotchedwa Global Finance At Risk, ndi akatswiri a zachuma aลตiri John Eatwell ndi Lance Taylor. M'menemo amatchula mfundo yodziwika bwino yakuti pali zosafunika kwenikweni zomwe zimapezeka m'misika. Pankhani ya misika yazachuma, amakhala pachiwopsezo chamtengo wapatali. Iwo samawerengera mu chiwopsezo chadongosolo - ndalama zambiri zamagulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutandigulitsa galimoto, inu ndi ine tikhoza kupanga malonda abwino, koma sitiwerengera ndalama zomwe anthu amawononga - kuipitsidwa, kusokonekera ndi zina zotero. M'misika yazachuma, izi zikutanthauza kuti zoopsa zimakhala zotsika mtengo, kotero pali zoopsa zambiri zomwe zingachitike kuposa zomwe zingachitike mudongosolo labwino. Ndipo izo ndithudi zimabweretsa ngozi. Mukadakhala ndi malamulo okwanira, mutha kuwongolera ndikuletsa kusakwanira kwa msika. Ngati inu deregulate, inu kukulitsa msika ntchito bwino.
Izi ndizoyambira zachuma. Zimachitika kuti amakambirana m'buku ili; enanso akambiranapo. Ndipo ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Zowopsa zinali zotsika mtengo, chifukwa chake zoopsa zambiri zidatengedwa kuposa momwe ziyenera kukhalira, ndipo posakhalitsa zidagwa. Palibe amene ananeneratu nthawi yeniyeni, ndipo kuya kwa ngoziyo n'kodabwitsa pang'ono. Izi ndi zina chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa zida zandalama zomwe zidachotsedwa, kutanthauza kuti palibe amene amadziwa yemwe anali ndi ngongole kwa ndani. Zonse zidagawanika mwamisala. Chifukwa chake kuya kwavuto ndizovuta kwambiri - sitinafike pansi - ndipo omanga izi ndi anthu omwe akupanga mfundo zachuma za Obama.
Dean Baker, m'modzi mwa akatswiri azachuma omwe adawona zomwe zikubwera nthawi yonseyi, adanenanso kuti zinali ngati kusankha Osama bin Laden kuti aziyendetsa zomwe zimatchedwa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga. Robert Rubin ndi Lawrence Summers, alembi a chuma cha Clinton, ndi ena mwa omwe adayambitsa vutoli. Summers adalowererapo mwamphamvu kuti aletse kuwongolera kulikonse kwa zotumphukira ndi zida zina zachilendo. Rubin, yemwe adatsogola, adatsogola bwino pakupeputsa mchitidwe wa Glass-Steagall, zonse zomwe ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Glass-Steagall Act idateteza mabanki azamalonda kumakampani oyika ndalama, makampani a inshuwaransi, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimateteza maziko achuma. Izi zidasweka mu 1999 makamaka motsogozedwa ndi Rubin. Nthawi yomweyo adasiya dipatimenti yazachuma ndikukhala director wa Citigroup, yomwe idapindula ndi kuwonongeka kwa Glass-Steagall pakukulitsa ndikukhala "supamaketi yazachuma" momwe amatchulira. Kungowonjezera kuseketsa (kapena tsoka ngati mukufuna) Citigroup tsopano ikupeza ndalama zothandizira okhometsa misonkho kuti ayese kuzisunga pamodzi ndipo m'masabata angapo apitawa adalengeza kuti ikusweka. Ikubwereranso kuyesa kuteteza mabanki ake azamalonda kuzinthu zowopsa. Rubin adasiya ntchito mwamanyazi - ndi amene adayambitsa izi. Koma iye ndi mmodzi wa alangizi akuluakulu a zachuma a Obama, Summers ndi wina; Mtsogoleri wa Chilimwe Tim Geithner ndi Mlembi wa Treasury.
Palibe mwa izi chomwe sichimayembekezereka. Panali akatswiri azachuma abwino monga a David Felix, katswiri wazachuma padziko lonse lapansi yemwe wakhala akulemba za izi kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo zifukwa zimadziwika: misika ndi yopanda ntchito; iwo pansi-mtengo ndalama chikhalidwe. Ndipo mabungwe azachuma ali pansi pa chiwopsezo chadongosolo. Ndiye tinene kuti ndinu CEO wa Goldman Sachs. Ngati mukugwira ntchito yanu moyenera, mukapanga ngongole mumawonetsetsa kuti chiwopsezo chanu ndi chochepa. Ndiye ngati itagwa, mudzatha kuigwira. Mumasamala za chiwopsezo cha inu nokha, mumagula mtengowo. Koma simumawononga ndalama mwadongosolo, chiopsezo choti dongosolo lonse lazachuma liwonongeke. Imeneyo si gawo la mawerengedwe anu.
Izi ndizofunika kwambiri pamisika - ndizosakwanira. Robin Hahnel anali ndi zolemba zingapo zabwino kwambiri za izi posachedwa m'mabuku azachuma. Koma ichi ndi chaka choyamba cha maphunziro a zachuma - misika ndi yoperewera; izi ndi zina mwazolephera zawo; pali ena ambiri. Iwo akhoza kulamulidwa ndi mlingo wina wa malamulo, koma izo zinathetsedwa pansi pa kutengeka maganizo zachipembedzo za misika yogwira mtima, amene analibe chithandizo champhamvu ndi maziko ongoyerekeza; izo zinangozikidwa pa kutengeka maganizo kwachipembedzo. Kotero tsopano ikugwa.
Anthu amalankhula za kubwerera ku Keynesianism, koma ndichifukwa cha kukana mwadongosolo kulabadira momwe chuma chimagwirira ntchito. Pali kulira kwambiri tsopano za "kuyanjana" ndi chuma polipira mabungwe azachuma. Inde, momwe ife tiriri, koma ndiye icing pa keke. Chuma chonse chakhala chikuyenda bwino kuyambira kalekale, koma kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Nthano iyi yakuti chuma chimachokera pazamalonda ndi kusankha kwa ogula, chabwino, mpaka momwe zilili. Mwachitsanzo kumapeto kwa malonda, mukhoza kusankha chipangizo chimodzi chamagetsi osati china. Koma maziko a chuma amadalira kwambiri gawo la boma, ndipo mowonekera. Chifukwa chake mwachitsanzo kutenga kukwera kwachuma komaliza komwe kudachokera paukadaulo wazidziwitso - zidachokera kuti? Makompyuta ndi intaneti. Makompyuta ndi intaneti anali pafupifupi kwathunthu m'boma kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 - kafukufuku, chitukuko, kugula zinthu, zida zina - asanaperekedwe kumabizinesi apadera kuti apange phindu. Sikunali kusintha kwanthawi yomweyo, koma ndiye chithunzi chake. Ndipo ndicho chithunzi chokongola kwambiri pachimake chachuma.
Gawo la boma ndi lachidziwitso komanso lamphamvu. Ndizowona m'magulu onse kuyambira zamagetsi mpaka zamankhwala kupita kumakampani atsopano a biology. Lingaliro ndiloti anthu akuyenera kulipira ndalamazo ndikuyika zoopsa, ndipo pamapeto pake ngati pali phindu lililonse, mumawapereka kwa nkhanza zapadera, mabungwe. Ngati mutaphatikiza chuma mu chiganizo chimodzi, ndiye kuti ndiye mutu waukulu. Mukayang'ana mwatsatanetsatane ndithudi ndi chithunzi chovuta kwambiri, koma ndilo mutu waukulu. Chifukwa chake inde, kuyanjana kwachiwopsezo ndi mtengo (koma osati phindu) ndikwatsopano kwa mabungwe azachuma, koma kumangowonjezeredwa pazomwe zakhala zikuchitika nthawi yonseyi.
Kawiri Standard
DOSSANI: Pamene tikuwona chithunzi cha kugwa kwa mabungwe akuluakulu azachumawa tingachite bwino kukumbukira kuti ena mwa mfundo zomwezo za msika zatumizidwa kale padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachindunji, International Monetary Fund yakakamiza maiko ambiri kuti achuluke kumayiko ambiri, kutanthauza kuti kuchepa kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zaku US kudzakhala ndi vuto lalikulu m'maiko ena. Nthawi yomweyo, zigawo zina zapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chigawo cha Southern Cone ku South America, akuyesetsa kukana mfundo za IMF zolimbikitsa msika ndikupanga zina. Kodi mungalankhulepo pang'ono za zovuta zazachuma padziko lonse lapansi? Ndipo zidatheka bwanji kuti mabungwe ena omwe adayambitsa chisokonezo ichi, monga IMF, akugwiritsa ntchito ngati mwayi kuti ayambirenso kukhulupilika padziko lonse lapansi?
CHOMSKY: Ndizochititsa chidwi kuona kuti mgwirizano wa momwe angathanirane ndi mavuto omwe ali m'mayiko olemera ali pafupifupi zosiyana ndi mgwirizano wa momwe mayiko osauka ayenera kuthana ndi mavuto a zachuma. Choncho pamene mayiko otchedwa akutukuka ali ndi vuto lachuma, malamulo a IMF ndi awa: kukweza chiwongoladzanja, kuchepetsa kukula kwachuma, kumangirira lamba, kulipira ngongole zanu (kwa ife), sungani ndalama zanu, ndi zina zotero. Ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zalembedwa apa. Zomwe zanenedwa apa ndikuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja, kutsanulira ndalama za boma kuti zilimbikitse chuma, kupanga dziko (koma osagwiritsa ntchito mawu), ndi zina zotero. Kotero inde, pali ndondomeko imodzi ya ofooka ndi yosiyana ya malamulo amphamvu. Palibe novel pa izi.
Ponena za IMF, si bungwe lodziyimira palokha. Ndi nthambi yokongola ya US Treasury Department - osati mwalamulo, koma ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito. IMF inafotokozedwa molondola ndi Mtsogoleri Wachigawo wa ku United States kuti ndi "olimbikitsa mabungwe a ngongole.' Ngati ngongole kapena ndalama zochokera kudziko lolemera kupita ku dziko losauka zikuyenda bwino, IMF imaonetsetsa kuti obwereketsawo asavutike. Mukanakhala ndi dongosolo la chikapitalist, limene ndithudi olemera ndi oteteza awo sakufuna, izo sizikanagwira ntchito chotero.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti ndakukongolani ndalama, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti simungathe kubweza. Chifukwa chake ndimaika chiwongola dzanja chokwera kwambiri, kuti mwina ndikhoza kuchipeza ngati mutagwa. Ndiye tiyerekeze kuti nthawi ina simungathe kulipira ngongoleyo. Chabwino mu dongosolo la capitalist lingakhale vuto langa. Ndinapanga ngongole yowopsa, ndinapanga ndalama zambiri ndi chiwongoladzanja chokwera ndipo tsopano simungathe kubweza? Chabwino, zandivuta. Ndiko kachitidwe ka chikapitalist. Koma umu si momwe dongosolo lathu limagwirira ntchito. Ngati osunga ndalama kupanga ngongole zoopsa kunena Argentina ndi kupeza chiwongola dzanja chachikulu ndiyeno Argentina sangabweze, chabwino ndi pamene IMF ikuchitapo kanthu, woyendetsa ngongoleyo, ndipo akunena kuti anthu a ku Argentina, ayenera kulipira. . Tsopano ngati simungathe kundibwezera ngongole, sindinena kuti anansi anu azibweza. Koma ndi zomwe IMF ikunena. IMF yati anthu mdziko muno akuyenera kubweza ngongole yomwe alibe chochita nayo, nthawi zambiri inkaperekedwa kwa olamulira ankhanza, kapena olemera olemera, omwe adatumiza ku Switzerland kapena kwina kulikonse, koma inu anyamata, anthu osauka okhala. m'dziko, muyenera kulipira. Komanso, ngati ndikukongoza ndalama ndipo simungathe kubweza, mu dongosolo la capitalist sindingathe kupempha anansi anga kuti andilipire, koma IMF imatero, omwe ndi okhometsa msonkho aku US. Amathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti obwereketsa ndi osunga ndalama atetezedwa. Ndiye inde ndi olimbikitsa anthu angongole. Ndikuwukira kwakukulu pa mfundo zoyambira za capitalist, monga momwe chuma chonse chimagwirira ntchito potengera gawo la boma, koma izi sizisintha mawu. Zimakhala ngati zobisika mu matabwa.
Zomwe munanena za Southern Cone ndizolondola. Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi akhala akuyesera kudzichotsa ku tsoka la neoliberal lonseli. Njira imodzi inali, mwachitsanzo, Argentina sanabweze ngongole zake, kapena m'malo mwake adazikonza ndikuzigulanso zina. Ndipo anthu ngati Purezidenti waku Argentina adati "tichotsa IMF" kudzera munjira izi. Chabwino, chinachitika ndi chiyani ku IMF? IMF inali pamavuto. Zinali kutaya ndalama zambiri ndikutaya obwereka, motero kutaya mphamvu zake zogwira ntchito ngati okakamiza anthu a ngongole. Koma vutoli likugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonzanso ndikulitsitsimutsa.
Ndizowonanso kuti mayiko akuthamangitsidwa kugulitsa katundu kunja; ndiye njira yachitukuko yomwe idapangidwira iwo. Ndiye adzakhala mโmavuto ngati mitengo ya katundu itagwa. Sizili choncho 100%, koma ku Southern Cone, maiko omwe akhala akuchita bwino amadalira kwambiri kugulitsa katundu, kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zosaphika. Zili choncho ngakhale kwa anthu ochita bwino kwambiri, Chile, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi okondedwa. Chuma cha Chile chakhazikika kwambiri pazogulitsa zamkuwa. Kampani yayikulu yamkuwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi CODELCO, kampani yamkuwa yoyendetsedwa ndi dziko lonse - yoyendetsedwa ndi Purezidenti Salvador Allende ndipo palibe amene adayesa kuyipanga mwachinsinsi kuyambira pamenepo chifukwa ndi ng'ombe yandalama. Zasokonezedwa, choncho zimayendetsa zochepa zogulitsa mkuwa kuposa momwe zinalili kale, koma zimaperekabe gawo lalikulu la msonkho wa chuma cha Chile komanso ndi wopeza ndalama zambiri. Ndi kampani yamkuwa yoyendetsedwa bwino ndi dziko. Koma kudalira kunja kwa mkuwa kumatanthauza kuti muli pachiwopsezo chotsika mtengo wazinthu. Enanso aku Chile amatumiza kunja monga, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi msika waku US chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa nyengo - ndizowopsa. Ndipo sanachite zambiri pakutukula chuma kupitirira kudalira katundu wogulitsira kunja - pang'ono, koma osati zambiri. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwanso kumayiko ena omwe akuchita bwino. Mukuyang'ana pa kukula kwa Peru ndi Brazil, iwo amadalira kwambiri soya ndi zogulitsa zina zaulimi kapena mchere; si maziko olimba a chuma.
Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri ndi izi ndi South Korea ndi Taiwan. Anali mayiko osauka kwambiri. South Korea kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 mwina inali pafupi ndi dziko la Ghana masiku ano. Koma adakula potsatira chitsanzo cha ku Japan - kuphwanya malamulo onse a IMF ndi azachuma akumadzulo ndikukula kwambiri monga momwe mayiko a Kumadzulo adakhalira, ndi chitsogozo chachikulu komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa maboma. Kotero South Korea, mwachitsanzo, inamanga makampani akuluakulu azitsulo, omwe ali opambana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mwa kuphwanya mwatsatanetsatane malangizo a IMF ndi World Bank, omwe adanena kuti sizingatheke. Koma adachita izi kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu kwa boma, kuwongolera zothandizira, komanso poletsa kuthawa kwa ndalama. Kuthawa kwakukulu ndi vuto lalikulu kudziko lotukuka, komanso demokalase. Ndege yayikulu imatha kuyendetsedwa ndi malamulo a Bretton Woods, koma idatsegulidwa mzaka 30 zapitazi. Ku South Korea, mutha kulandira chilango cha imfa pakuthawa kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake inde, adapanga chuma cholimba, monga momwe adachitira Taiwan. China ndi nkhani yosiyana, koma adaphwanyanso kwambiri malamulo, ndipo ndi nkhani yovuta momwe ikutha. Koma izi ndizochitika zazikulu zachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
Boma Investment
DOSSANI: Kodi mukuganiza kuti mavuto omwe alipo apereka mwayi kwa mayiko ena kuti atsatire chitsanzo cha South Korea ndi Taiwan?
CHOMSKY: Chabwino, mukhoza kunena chitsanzo cha United States. Panthawi yake yayikulu - kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 - United States mwina inali dziko lotetezedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Tidali ndi zotchinga zazikulu kwambiri zoteteza, ndipo zidakokera ndalama, koma ndalama zachinsinsi zidangothandizira. Tengani mafakitale azitsulo. Andrew Carnegie adamanga bungwe loyamba la madola mabiliyoni ambiri podyetsa boma - kumanga zombo zapamadzi ndi zina zotero - uyu ndi Carnegie pacifist wamkulu. Nthawi yakuthwa kwambiri pakukula kwachuma m'mbiri ya US inali nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe kwenikweni inali chuma chambiri komanso kupanga mafakitale kuwirikiza katatu. Chitsanzo chimenecho chinatitulutsa mu kupsinjika maganizo, pambuyo pake tinakhala kutali ndi chuma chachikulu padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, nthawi yayikulu yakukula kwachuma yomwe ndidatchula (1948-1971) idakhazikitsidwa makamaka pagawo lamphamvu laboma ndipo izi zikadali zoona.
Tiyeni titenge bungwe langa, MIT. Ndakhala kuno kuyambira m'ma 1950, ndipo mutha kuziwona nokha. M'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, MIT idathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Pentagon. Panali ma lab omwe amagwira ntchito zankhondo, koma sukuluyo siyikugwira ntchito yankhondo. Zinali kukulitsa maziko a chuma chamakono chamakono: makompyuta, intaneti, microelectronics, ndi zina zotero. Zonse zidapangidwa pansi pa chivundikiro cha Pentagon. IBM inali pano ikuphunzira kusintha kuchoka pa punch-card kupita ku makompyuta apakompyuta. Zinafika pofika zaka za m'ma 1960 kuti IBM idakwanitsa kupanga makompyuta akeake, koma anali okwera mtengo kwambiri kotero kuti palibe amene akanatha kuwagula motero boma lidawagula. M'malo mwake, kugula ndi njira yayikulu yolowererapo kwa boma pazachuma kuti apange dongosolo lofunikira lomwe pamapeto pake lidzabweretsa phindu. Pakhala pali maphunziro abwino aukadaulo pa izi. Kuyambira m'ma 1970 mpaka lero, ndalama za MIT zakhala zikuchoka ku Pentagon ndikupita ku National Institute of Health ndi mabungwe ena aboma. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa tsogolo lazachuma likuchoka pamagetsi kupita ku biology. Kotero tsopano anthu ayenera kulipira ndalama za gawo lotsatira la chuma kudzera m'mabungwe ena a boma. Tsopano kachiwiri, iyi si nkhani yonse, koma ndi gawo lalikulu.
Padzakhala kusintha kwa malamulo ochulukirapo chifukwa cha tsoka lamakono, ndipo nthawi yayitali bwanji yomwe angasungire ndalama zolipirira mabanki ndi mabungwe azachuma sizidziwika bwino. Padzakhala ndalama zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zomangamanga, ndithudi, chifukwa ziribe kanthu komwe muli pazachuma mumazindikira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri. Payenera kukhala kusintha kwina pakusokonekera kwa malonda, komwe kuli kodabwitsa, kutanthauza kuti kudya pang'ono kuno, kutumiza kunja, komanso kubwereka kochepa.
Ndipo payenera kukhala njira ina yothanirana ndi njovu mu chipinda, chimodzi mwazowopseza kwambiri chuma cha America, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabisika ngati "ufulu" kuti athe kukulunga mu Social Security, ngati gawo loyesera kusokoneza Social Security. Koma kwenikweni Social Security ndi yomveka bwino; mwina zomveka monga momwe zimakhalira, ndipo zovuta zomwe zilipo zitha kuthetsedwa ndi kukonza pang'ono. Koma Medicare ndi yaikulu, ndipo ndalama zake zikukwera, ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha chithandizo chamankhwala chokhazikika chomwe sichigwira ntchito bwino. Ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri. Dziko la US lili ndi ndalama zowirikiza kawiri pamtengo wa mayiko ena otukuka ndipo ili ndi zotulukapo zoyipa kwambiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa machitidwe a US ndi ena ndikuti iyi ndi yokhazikika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ntchito, maofesi, ndalama zowunikira ndi zina zotero. Tsopano izi zikuyenera kuthetsedwa mwanjira ina chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri pazachuma komanso zazikulu zake; idzachepetsa bajeti ya federal ngati zizolowezi zamakono zikupitilira.
South America
DOSSANI: Kodi vuto lomwe lilipo lidzatsegula mwayi kwa mayiko ena kutsatira zolinga zachitukuko?
CHOMSKY: Chabwino, zakhala zikuchitika. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi South America. Kwa zaka 10 zapitazi pakhala pali zochititsa chidwi komanso zofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira pomwe Spanish ndi Portugal zidagonjetsa. Izi zikuphatikiza njira zolumikizirana, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndikuyambanso kuthana ndi zovuta zawo zazikulu zamkati. Pali Banki Yatsopano Yam'mwera, yomwe ili ku Caracas, yomwe siinachokebe, koma ili ndi chiyembekezo ndipo imathandizidwa ndi mayiko ena. MERCOSUR ndi malo ogulitsa ku Southern cone. Posachedwapa, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi itatu yapitayo, bungwe latsopano lophatikizidwa lapanga, UNASUR, Union of South American Republics, ndipo lakhala likugwira ntchito kale. Zothandiza kwambiri kotero kuti sizinafotokozedwe ku United States, mwina chifukwa ndizowopsa.
Kotero pamene US ndi akuluakulu olamulira achikhalidwe ku Bolivia anayamba kusunthira ku mtundu wa gulu la secessionist kuyesa kusokoneza kusintha kwa demokalase komwe kunachitika kumeneko, ndipo pamene kunasintha zachiwawa, monga momwe zinakhalira, panali msonkhano wa UNASUR September watha mu September. Santiago, pomwe idapereka mawu amphamvu poteteza purezidenti wosankhidwa, Evo Morales, ndikudzudzula ziwawa komanso kuyesetsa kusokoneza dongosolo la demokalase. Morales adayankha akuthokoza chifukwa cha thandizo lawo komanso kuti aka ndi nthawi yoyamba m'zaka 500 kuti South America iyambe kutenga tsogolo lake m'manja mwake. Ndizofunika; kwambiri kotero kuti sindikuganiza kuti zinanenedwa pano. Sitikudziwa momwe izi zikuyendera, kuthana ndi zovuta zamkati komanso zovuta za mgwirizano ndi kuphatikiza, sitikudziwa, koma zomwe zikuchitikazi zikuchitika. Palinso maubwenzi aku South-South omwe akukula, mwachitsanzo pakati pa Brazil ndi South Africa. Izi zikuphwanyanso ulamuliro wachifumu, ulamuliro wa US ndi Western. China ndi chinthu chatsopano powonekera. Malonda ndi ndalama zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo izi zimapereka njira zambiri komanso mwayi ku South America. Mavuto azachuma omwe alipo atha kupereka mwayi wowonjezera izi, komanso zitha kupita njira ina. Mavuto azachuma akuvulazadi - ayenera kuvulaza - osauka m'maiko ofooka ndipo akhoza kuchepetsa zomwe angasankhe. Izi ndizinthu zomwe zimatengera ngati mayendedwe otchuka atha kuwongolera tsogolo lawo, kubwereka mawu a Morales. Ngati angathe, inde pali mwayi.
Sameer Dossani, a Ndondomeko Zakunja Mukuyang'ana wopereka, ndi wotsogolera wa Zaka 50 Zakwanira ndi mabulogu pa shirinandsameer.blogspot.com.
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