Neoliberalism yakhala ikulamulira monga filosofi yachuma pafupifupi theka la zana. Koma mfundo za neoliberal zadzetsa chipwirikiti padziko lonse lapansi, kubweza zopindula zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa capitalism pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Neoliberalism imagwira ntchito kwa olemera ndi mabungwe akulu okha. Koma kulephera kwa neoliberalism kumapitilira pazachuma. Iwo anafalikira mu ndale pamene njira za kusokonekera kwa anthu zimabweretsa ziwopsezo ndi malonjezano a kubwerera ku ulemerero wotayika. Ichi ndiye chofunikira kwambiri chamagulu ndi maphwando a neofascist m'dziko lamasiku ano, ndipo ndi neoliberalism yomwe yapangitsa kuti anthu ayambirenso monyanyira mapiko akumanja, monga akufotokozera Noam Chomsky muzoyankhulana zomwe zili pansipa. Wopanda. Pakali pano, zionetsero zafala kwambiri m’nthaŵi ya chikapitalism mochedwa, chotero kumenyera ufulu wa dziko losiyana kuli kwamoyo ndithu!
Chomsky ndi pulofesa wotuluka mu dipatimenti ya Linguistics ndi Philosophy ku MIT komanso pulofesa wopambana wa linguistics ndi Agnese Nelms Haury Chair mu Programme in Environment and Social Justice ku yunivesite ya Arizona. M'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso waluntha wapagulu omwe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amamuona ngati chuma chamayiko ndi mayiko, Chomsky wasindikiza mabuku opitilira 150 m'zinenero, malingaliro andale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma chandale, maphunziro azama TV, mfundo zakunja zaku US komanso dziko lapansi. nkhani. Mabuku ake aposachedwa ndi Ulamuliro Wapathengo: Kukumana ndi Zovuta za Nthawi Yathu (ikubwera; ndi CJ Polychroniou), Zinsinsi za Mawu (ndi Andrea Moro; MIT Press, 2022); Kuchotsa: Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, ndi Fragility of US Power (ndi Vijay Prashad; The New Press, 2022); ndi Mtsinje: Neoliberalism, Mliri ndi Kufunika Kwachangu Kwa Kusintha Kwa Anthu (ndi CJ Polychroniou; Haymarket Books, 2021).
CJ Polychroniou: Noam, kuyambira pomwe mfundo za neoliberal zidakhazikitsidwa zaka zopitilira 40 zapitazo, akhala akuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kusalingana, kuwononga chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikupangitsa kuti anthu azikhala opanda chiyembekezo komanso kusokonekera. Komabe, zawonekeranso kuti ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma za neoliberal ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa mapiko abwino ndi kuyambiranso kwa ulamuliro wandale. Inde, tikudziwa kuti pali mkangano wachilengedwe pakati pa demokalase ndi capitalism, koma pali umboni woonekeratu kuti neofascism imachokera ku neoliberal capitalism. Pongoganiza kuti mukuvomereza izi, pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa neoliberalism ndi neofascism?
Noam Chomsky: Kulumikizana kumajambulidwa momveka bwino mu ziganizo ziwiri zoyambirira za funsolo. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira za ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala monyanyira, kudana ndi ziwawa, kufufuza mbuzi - ndi malo achonde a anthu aulamuliro omwe angathe kukhala ngati mpulumutsi. Ndipo ife tiri panjira yopita ku mtundu wa neo-fascism.
The Britannica imatanthauzira neoliberalism ngati "lingaliro ndi ndondomeko yomwe imatsindika kufunika kwa mpikisano wamsika waulere," ndi "kulowererapo pang'ono kwa boma." Ndicho chithunzi wamba. Zowona ndi zosiyana. Ndondomeko yeniyeni ya ndondomekoyi inatsegula zitseko kwa ambuye a zachuma, omwe amalamuliranso boma, kufunafuna phindu ndi mphamvu ndi zopinga zochepa. Mwachidule, unconstrained kalasi nkhondo.
Chigawo chimodzi cha ndondomekoyi chinali mtundu wa kudalirana kwa mayiko komwe kumaphatikizapo kuteteza kwambiri kwa ambuye ndi kufunafuna ntchito yotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso malo ogwirira ntchito oipitsitsa kwambiri kuti apeze phindu, kusiya malamba akuwola kunyumba. Izi ndi zosankha za ndondomeko, osati zofunikira zachuma. Gulu la ogwira ntchito, lophatikizidwa ndi ofesi yofufuza ya Congress yomwe tsopano yatha, idapereka njira zina zomwe zikanapindulira anthu ogwira ntchito kuno ndi kunja, koma adachotsedwa popanda kukambirana pomwe Clinton adalimbana ndi kudalirana kwapadziko lonse komwe kumakonda omwe akumenya nkhondo yamagulu.
Zotsatira zofananira za "neoliberalism yomwe ilipo" inali kubweza ndalama mwachangu kwachuma komwe kumapangitsa chinyengo chopanda chiwopsezo kuti apindule mwachangu - opanda chiopsezo chifukwa dziko lamphamvu lomwe limalowererapo pamsika kuti lipereke chitetezo chokwanira pamapangano amalonda chimachita chimodzimodzi kupulumutsa ambuye ngati china chake chikuyenda. cholakwika. Zotsatira zake, kuyambira ndi Reagan, ndi zomwe akatswiri azachuma Robert Pollin ndi Gerald Epstein amachitcha "chuma chothandizira," zomwe zimathandizira kuti nkhondo ya neoliberal ipitirire popanda chiopsezo cha chilango chamsika chifukwa cholephera.
"Msika waulere" sukusowa pachithunzichi. Likulu ndi "mfulu" kuti ligwiritse ntchito ndikuwononga ndikusiyidwa, monga lakhala likuchita, kuphatikiza - tisaiwale - kuwononga chiyembekezo cha moyo wolinganizidwa waumunthu. Ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito ndi "omasuka" kuti ayese kukhala ndi moyo mwanjira ina ndi malipiro enieni akupumira, phindu likuchepa ndi ntchito ikukonzedwanso kuti apange kukula kwachuma.
Nkhondo yamagulu idayamba, mwachilengedwe, ndikuwukira mabungwe ogwira ntchito, njira yayikulu yodzitetezera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Zochita zoyamba za Reagan ndi Thatcher zinali ziwawa zamphamvu pamabungwe, kuyitanitsa makampani kuti alowe nawo ndikupitilira, nthawi zambiri m'njira zosaloledwa mwaukadaulo, koma izi zilibe vuto ndi dziko la neoliberal lomwe amalamulira.
Lingaliro lolamulirali linafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndi Margaret Thatcher pamene nkhondo ya m'kalasi inayambika: Palibe chinthu monga gulu, ndipo anthu ayenera kusiya kudandaula za "gulu" lomwe likubwera kudzawapulumutsa. M'mawu ake osakhoza kufa, “'Ndilibe pokhala, Boma liyenera kukhala ndi nyumba yanga!' ndiye akuponya mavuto awo pagulu ndipo anthu ndi ndani? Palibe chinthu choterocho! Pali amuna ndi akazi okhaokha ndipo pali mabanja, ndipo palibe boma lomwe lingachite chilichonse kupatula kudzera mwa anthu ndipo anthu amadziyang'anira okha. ”
Thatcher ndi anzake ankadziwa bwino lomwe kuti pali gulu lolemera kwambiri komanso lamphamvu kwa ambuye, osati dziko la nanny lokha lomwe limathamangira kupulumutsa pamene akufunikira komanso gulu lamagulu lazamalonda, zipinda zamalonda, zokopa anthu. mabungwe, oganiza bwino, ndi zina. Koma amene ali ndi mwayi wochepa ayenera “kudziyang’anira okha.”
Nkhondo ya kalasi ya neoliberal yakhala yopambana kwambiri kwa opanga. Monga tafotokozera, chizindikiro chimodzi ndi kusamutsa kwa $50 thililiyoni m'matumba a 1 peresenti yapamwamba, makamaka kwa kachigawo kakang'ono ka iwo. palibe kupambana pang'ono.
Zinthu zina zimene zatheka ndi “kusowa chiyembekezo ndi kusokonezeka kwa mayanjano,” popanda poti n’kutembenukira. A Democrats adasiya gulu la ogwira ntchito kwa adani awo azaka za m'ma 70s, kukhala gulu la akatswiri olemera komanso opereka ndalama ku Wall Street. Ku England, Jeremy Corbyn adatsala pang'ono kusintha kutsika kwa Labor Party kukhala "Thatcher lite." Bungwe la Britain, kudutsa gulu lonselo, linasonkhana mwamphamvu ndikukwera mozama mumtsinje kuti liphwanye khama lake kuti apange chipani chenicheni chotenga nawo mbali chodzipereka ku zofuna za anthu ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Kunyalanyaza kosalekeza kwa dongosolo labwino. Ku US, a Bernie Sanders achita bwino, koma sanathe kuswa utsogoleri wa chipani cha Clintonite. Ku Ulaya, maphwando achikhalidwe akumanzere asowa.
Mu zisankho zapakati ku US, a Democrats adataya antchito oyera ambiri kuposa kale, zotsatira za kusafuna kwa oyang'anira zipani kuti achite kampeni pazinthu zamagulu zomwe chipani chakumanzere chikadawonetsa.
Malo akukonzekera bwino chifukwa cha kukwera kwa neofascism kuti akwaniritse zotsalira zomwe zatsala ndi nkhondo yosalekeza yamagulu ndi kugonjera mabungwe akuluakulu andale omwe akanatha kuthana ndi mliriwu.
Mawu akuti "nkhondo yamagulu" ndi osakwanira. Ndizowona kuti ambuye a zachuma ndi antchito awo mu ndale akhala akulimbana ndi nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri kwa zaka 40 zapitazi, koma zolingazo zimapitirira kuposa omwe amazunzidwa, tsopano akufalikira ngakhale kwa ochita zoipa okha. Pamene nkhondo yamagulu ikukulirakulira, malingaliro oyambira a capitalism amadziwonetsera momveka bwino: Tiyenera kukulitsa phindu ndi mphamvu ngakhale tikudziwa kuti tikuthamangira kudzipha mwa kuwononga chilengedwe chomwe chimathandizira moyo, osadzipulumutsa tokha komanso mabanja athu.
Zomwe zikuchitika zimandikumbutsa nthawi zambiri mobwerezabwereza nthano momwe ungagwire nyani. Dulani bowo mu kokonati ya kukula kwake koyenera kuti nyani alowetse chikhatho chake ndi kuikamo chidutswa chokoma mkati. Nyaniyo adzalowamo kuti agwire chakudyacho koma kenako adzalephera kutulutsa dzanja lake lomanga ndipo adzafa ndi njala. Ndi ife, osachepera omwe akuyendetsa chiwonetsero chachisoni.
Atsogoleri athu, okhala ndi zikhadabo zomangirira chimodzimodzi, akutsata ntchito yawo yofuna kudzipha mosatopa. M'boma, a Republican akuyambitsa lamulo la "Kuthetsa Tsankho la Mphamvu" kuti aletse ngakhale kutulutsidwa kwa chidziwitso chokhudza ndalama m'makampani opangira mafuta. Ndiko kuzunzidwa kopanda chilungamo kwa anthu abwino omwe akungoyesa kupeza phindu powononga chiyembekezo cha moyo wa anthu, kutsatira malingaliro abwino a capitalist.
Kuti titenge chitsanzo chaposachedwa, maloya akuluakulu aku Republican apempha Federal Energy Regulatory Commission kuti aletse oyang'anira chuma kuti asagule magawo m'makampani othandizira a US ngati makampani akutenga nawo mbali pamapulogalamu ochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya - ndiko kuti, kutipulumutsa tonse ku chiwonongeko.
Mtsogoleri wa maere, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, amafuna kuti pakhale ndalama zogulira mafuta oyaka kwa zaka zambiri kutsogolo, pamene akusonyeza kuti iye ndi nzika yabwino mwa kulandira mwayi aganyali mu njira akadali fanciful kuchotsa ziphe amene amapangidwa ndipo ngakhale mu mphamvu wobiriwira - bola phindu kutsimikiziridwa kukhala mkulu.
Mwachidule, m’malo mopereka chuma kuti tipulumuke tsoka, tiyenera kupereka ziphuphu kwa anthu olemera kwambiri kuti awanyengerere kuti atithandize kuchita zimenezo.
Maphunziro, owoneka bwino komanso omveka bwino, akuthandizira kulimbikitsa magulu odziwika omwe akufuna kuthawa zovuta zamalingaliro a capitalist omwe amawonekera momveka bwino pamene nkhondo ya neoliberal yolimbana ndi onse ikufika magawo ake aposachedwa atsoka.
Imeneyo ndiyo mbali yowala komanso yachiyembekezo ya dongosolo lachitukuko lomwe likubwera.
Ndi kukwera kwa a Donald Trump pampando, utsogoleri wa azungu ndi ulamuliro waulamuliro zidabwerera ku ndale zazikulu. Koma sichoncho kuti US idatetezedwa ku fascism?
Kodi tikutanthauza chiyani ndi "fascism"? Tiyenera kusiyanitsa zomwe zikuchitika m'misewu, mowonekera kwambiri, kuchokera ku malingaliro ndi ndondomeko, kutali kwambiri ndi kuyang'anitsitsa mwamsanga. Fascism m'misewu ndi Mussolini Blackshirts ndi Hitler Brownshirts: zachiwawa, zankhanza, zowononga. US sinakhalepo wotetezedwa ku izi. Mbiri yoyipa ya "kuchotsedwa kwa ku India" komanso kusintha kwaukapolo kwa Jim Crow sikufunikira kufotokozedwanso apa.
Nthawi yapamwamba ya "street-fascism" m'lingaliro ili itangotsala pang'ono Marichi a Mussolini pa Roma. Nkhondo ya pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Wilson-Palmer, pambuyo pa WWI "mantha ofiira" inali nthawi yoopsa kwambiri yoponderezedwa mwankhanza m'mbiri ya US, kupatulapo machimo awiri oyambirira. Nkhani yodabwitsayi ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu kafukufuku wozama wa Adam Hochschild American Midnight.
Monga mwachizolowezi, anthu akuda anavutika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kuphedwa kwakukulu (Tulsa ndi ena) ndi mbiri yowopsya ya lynchings ndi nkhanza zina. Osamukira kumayiko ena anali chandamale chinanso pagulu la "Americanism" yotentheka komanso mantha a Bolshevism. Mazana a “oukira boma” anathamangitsidwa. Chipani chosangalatsa cha Socialist Party chinawonongedwa ndipo sichinachiritsidwe. Ntchito idathetsedwa, osati ma Wobblies okha komanso kupitilira apo, kuphatikiza kuphwanya koyipa m'dzina la kukonda dziko lako komanso kuteteza motsutsana ndi "ofiira".
Mlingo wamisala unakhala wodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti unadziwononga wokha. Attorney-General Palmer ndi mnzake J. Edgar Hoover ananeneratu za kuwukira kotsogozedwa ndi a Bolshevik pa Meyi Day 1920, ndi machenjezo a kutentha thupi komanso kulimbikitsa apolisi, asitikali ndi alonda. Tsiku linadutsa ndi mapikiniki ochepa. Kunyozedwa kofala ndi kulakalaka “zachibadwa” kunathetsa misala.
Osati popanda zotsalira. Monga Hochschild akuwonera, njira zomwe anthu aku America adasankha zidakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Dziko losiyana kwambiri likanatulukira. Chimene chinachitika chinali fascism mumsewu ndi kubwezera.
Potembenukira ku malingaliro ndi ndondomeko, katswiri wamkulu wa ndale wa Veblenite Robert Brady zaka 80 zapitazo adanena kuti dziko lonse la capitalist la mafakitale likupita ku mtundu umodzi kapena wina wa fascism, ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa boma pa chuma ndi moyo wa anthu. Kumbali ina, machitidwewa adasiyana kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chikoka cha anthu pa mfundo (demokalase yandale yogwira ntchito).
Mitu yoteroyo sinali yachilendo m'zaka zimenezo, komanso pang'onopang'ono kupitirira mabwalo akumanzere ndi kumanja.
Nkhaniyi imayamba kugwedezeka kwambiri ndikusintha kuchoka ku capitalism yomwe idalamuliridwa pambuyo pankhondo zaka makumi angapo kupita kunkhondo yandale, yomwe imakhazikitsanso malingaliro a Adam Smith akuti olamulira azachuma ndi omwe amamanga mfundo zaboma ndikuzipanga kuti ziteteze zofuna zawo. Kuchulukirachulukira m'kati mwankhondo ya gulu la neoliberal, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwachinsinsi kumawongolera chuma ndi ndale.
Zotsatira zake ndi lingaliro wamba - osalakwitsa - kuti boma silikutitumikira, koma munthu wina. Dongosolo lachiphunzitso, lomwenso makamaka lili m'manja mwa mphamvu zachinsinsi zomwezo, zimasokoneza chidwi ndi ntchito zamphamvu, ndikutsegula chitseko cha zomwe zimatchedwa "malingaliro achiwembu," omwe nthawi zambiri amakhazikitsidwa pazigawo zina za umboni: Kubwezeretsa Kwakukulu, omasuka osankhika, Ayuda, concoctions ena odziwika. Izi zimabweretsa "fascism ya m'misewu," kutengera mafunde apoizoni omwe sanaponderezedwepo komanso omwe amatha kulandidwa mosavuta ndi anthu osakhulupirika. Kukula ndi chikhalidwe chake tsopano sichiwopsezo chaching'ono ku zomwe zatsalira za demokalase itatha kugwa kwa nthawi yamakono.
Ena amanena kuti tikukhala m’nthawi yakale ya zionetsero. Zowonadi, pafupifupi dera lililonse padziko lapansi lawona chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha ziwonetsero pazaka 15 zapitazi. Nchifukwa chiyani zionetsero za ndale zafala kwambiri komanso zachulukirachulukira m'zaka zakumapeto kwa neoliberalism? Komanso, amafananiza bwanji ndi ziwonetsero za m'ma 1960?
Zionetserozo zili ndi mizu yosiyanasiyana. Kugunda kwa woyendetsa magalimoto komwe kunatsala pang'ono kuyimitsa dziko la Brazil potsutsa kugonja kwa Neo-fascist Bolsonaro pachisankho cha Okutobala kunali kofanana ndi Januware 6 ku Washington, ndipo zitha kuchitidwanso, mantha ena, patsiku la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Purezidenti wosankhidwa. Lula da Silva pa Januware 1.
Koma zionetsero ngati izi sizikufanana chilichonse ndi kuwukira kodabwitsa ku Iran komwe kudayambitsidwa ndi imfa ya apolisi a Jina Mahsa Amini. Kuukiraku kumatsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, makamaka atsikana, ngakhale kukubweretsa magawo ambiri. Cholinga cha nthawi yomweyo ndikuchotsa malamulo okhwima ovala ndi machitidwe a amayi, ngakhale kuti ochita ziwonetsero adutsa kwambiri, nthawi zina mpaka kuyitanitsa kuchotsedwa kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa atsogoleri achipembedzo. Otsutsawo apambana zina. Boma lawonetsa kuti Apolisi a Makhalidwe Abwino adzathetsedwa, ngakhale ena amakayikira zomwe zidziwitsozo, ndipo sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira za kukana molimba mtima. Zionetsero zina zili ndi zakezake.
Monga momwe pali ulusi wofanana, ndikusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Zofanana ndi ziwonetsero za m'ma 60s zikuwoneka ngati zowonda.
Kaya pali kugwirizana kotani pakati pa neoliberalism ndi chipwirikiti cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, komabe zikuwonekeratu kuti sosholizimu ikuvutikirabe kutchuka ndi nzika m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi. Ndichoncho chifukwa chiyani? Kodi ndi cholowa cha "sosholizimu yomwe ilipo" yomwe imalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa tsogolo la sosholisti?
Mofanana ndi fascism, funso loyamba ndiloti tikutanthauza chiyani ndi "socialism." Kunena mwachidule mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza umwini wazinthu zopangira, ndi ulamuliro wa ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi. “Kwenikweni sosholizimu yomwe ilipo” inalibe kwenikweni zofanana ndi malingaliro amenewo. M'magwiritsidwe a kumadzulo "socialism" yakhala ikutanthawuza chinachake monga chikhalidwe cha chuma cha boma, chomwe chimaphatikizapo zosankha zingapo.
Zochita zoterezi nthawi zambiri zaponderezedwa ndi chiwawa. Mantha ofiira omwe tawatchula kale ndi chitsanzo chimodzi, chokhala ndi zotsatira zokhalitsa. Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Kupsinjika Kwakukulu ndi Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse zinayambitsa mafunde ademokalase padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yayikulu ya opambanawo inali yowapondereza, kuyambira kuwukira kwa US-UK ku Italy, kusiya ntchito zotsogozedwa ndi zigawenga komanso zolimbikitsa anthu wamba ndikubwezeretsa dongosolo lachikhalidwe, kuphatikiza ogwira nawo ntchito achifashisti. Mchitidwewo unatsatiridwa kwina m’njira zosiyanasiyana, nthaŵi zina ndi chiwawa choipitsitsa. Russia inakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake wachitsulo m'madera ake. M'dziko Lachitatu, kuponderezedwa kwa zizolowezi zofananazo kunali kwankhanza kwambiri, osapatulapo zolimbikitsa tchalitchi, zomwe zidaphwanyidwa ndi ziwawa za US ku Latin America, komwe gulu lankhondo la US limadzinenera kuti lidathandizira kugonjetsera ufulu wachipembedzo.
Kodi mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi n’zosakondeka, zikachotsedwa pazithunzithunzi za nkhani zabodza? Pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikirira kuti sizikhala pansi kwambiri ndipo zimatha kutuluka mwayi ukapezeka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
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