(Chithunzi: Jared Rodriguez, Truthout)
Lipoti lochokera ku UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change likuwonetsa momwe capitalism imathandizira zovuta zanyengo.
Bungwe la UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) latulutsa lipoti latsopano la nyengo lomwe likusintha komanso kuphatikiza zomwe zapeza kuchokera m'malipoti onse am'mbuyomu mu kafukufuku wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa IPCC. Lipoti la kaphatikizidwe likulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti achepetse kutentha kwa dziko ndi kuteteza tsogolo labwino kwa onse. Mu kuyankhulana kwapadera kwa Wopanda, Noam Chomsky ndi Robert Pollin akupereka chidziwitso chodabwitsa pa zomwe lipoti latsopano la IPCC likutanthawuza komanso zotsatira zake pazandale komanso zachuma, zomwe zikuphatikizapo.
Noam Chomsky ndi pulofesa wotuluka mu dipatimenti ya linguistics ndi filosofi ku MIT komanso pulofesa wopambana wa linguistics ndi Agnese Nelms Haury Chair mu Programme in Environmental and Social Justice ku yunivesite ya Arizona. M'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'mbiri yamakono komanso waluntha wotsutsa anthu omwe amawonedwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ngati chuma chadziko komanso mayiko, Chomsky wasindikiza mabuku opitilira 150 m'zinenero, malingaliro andale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma chandale, maphunziro azama TV, zakunja zaku US. ndondomeko ndi zochitika za dziko, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Robert Pollin ndi pulofesa wodziwika wa zachuma komanso wotsogolera wa Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) ku yunivesite ya Massachusetts-Amherst. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri azachuma omwe akupita patsogolo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Pollin wasindikiza mabuku ambiri ndi nkhani zamaphunziro zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi chuma chambiri, misika yantchito, malipiro ndi umphawi, komanso zachuma ndi zachilengedwe. Anasankhidwa ndi Magazini ya Foreign Policy monga mmodzi wa "100 Leading Global Thinkers for 2013." Chomsky ndi Pollin ndi olemba anzawo Mavuto a Zanyengo ndi Global Green New Deal: Chuma cha ndale cha Saving the Planet (2020).
CJ Polychroniou: IPCC yangotulutsa lipoti la kaphatikizidwe lomwe latengera zomwe zili mu Lipoti lake lachisanu ndi chimodzi, mwachitsanzo, zopereka zochokera ku Magulu Antchito Atatu ndi Malipoti Apadera atatu. Mwachidule, tili ndi lipoti la kafukufuku wasayansi wokhudza kusintha kwanyengo lomwe lasindikizidwa kuyambira chaka cha 2018, kupatula kuti lipoti latsopanoli likupereka chithunzi chovutitsa kwambiri: Tayandikira kwambiri kuposa kale kuti tifikire kapena kupitilira kutentha kwa madigiri 1.5 Celsius ndi โkupitilirabe. utsi udzakhudzanso mbali zonse zazikulu zanyengo.โ Potengera zimene asayansi ambiri apeza zomwe zathandiza kuti pakhale Lipoti la Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) la IPCC, lipoti la IPCC linanena kuti โmโkupita kwa nthawi, dera lililonse padziko lapansi likuyembekezeka kukumana ndi mavuto owonjezereka a nyengo.pakati mpaka kudalira kwakukulu, kutengera dera ndi zoopsa), kuonjezera zoopsa zingapo ku chilengedwe ndi anthu (chidaliro chapamwamba kwambiri).โ Chifukwa chake, olemba lipoti la kaphatikizidwe akuti kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko kumafuna "ziro zero" zotulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndikuti mwayi "wopeza tsogolo labwino komanso lokhazikika kwa onse" "ukutseka mwachangu" ndikuyitanitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu panyengo. mbali zonse. Zowonadi, mu lipoti la kaphatikizidwe, olemba ake amatsutsa kuti pali mwayi waukulu "wowonjezera zochitika zanyengo" ndipo kusowa kwa ndale ndiko komwe kumatilepheretsa.
Noam, malingaliro anu ndi otani pa lipoti latsopano la IPCC? Sindikuganiza kuti mukudabwa ndi zomwe wapeza kapena malingaliro ake.
Noam Chomski: Malipoti a IPCC ndi zikalata zogwirizana. Chifukwa chake, iwo amakonda kulakwitsa kumbali yakuchepetsa. Izi zimandipangitsa kukhala wosiyana. Zikuoneka kuti kusimidwa mkati mwa gulu la asayansi kwafika pamlingo wakuti magalasi atsekedwa ndipo akuwona kuti nthawi yafika yosamveka. Nthawi ndi yochepa. Kuchita motsimikiza ndikofunikira mwachangu. Mwayi ulipo. Ngati sanatengedwe, mwamphamvu, tinganenenso kuti: "Zachisoni, zinali zabwino kukudziwani."
Lipotilo likuwonetsa kulephera kwa "zandale". Pabwino. Ngati tisamala mokwanira za kupulumuka kwabwino kuti tichite zinthu motsimikiza, tiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa lingaliro ili ndi tanthauzo lake kwa madera omwe alipo; kapena chabwino, kumadera omwe tili ndi chiyembekezo choti titha kuchitapo kanthu pakanthawi kochepa. Mwachidule, tiyenera kumvetsetsa bwino za machitidwe omwe ndale angakhale ndi zotsatira zenizeni.
Kodi chifuniro cha ndale chikuchitika kuti? M'misewu, kutenga fanizo lodziwika bwino, kutanthauza pakati pa anthu odziwitsidwa, achangu, okonzeka. Momwe chifuniro cha ndalechi chikugwiritsidwira ntchito, chikhoza - pamenepa, chiyenera - kufika ndi kulimbikitsa malo amphamvu, achinsinsi ndi a boma, ogwirizana kwambiri.
Tiyeni tikhale konkire. Congress yangopereka "malamulo odziwika" okhudza nyengo, Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) ya 2022. adayamika ngati lamulo lofunika kwambiri la mphamvu zoyera ndi nyengo m'mbiri ya dzikolo, "tsiku latsopano la zochitika zanyengo ku United States."
Zimenezo nโzolondola. Ndi ndemanga yomvetsa chisoni yokhudza mbiri yakale komanso ziyembekezo za "zochitika zanyengo."
Ngakhale zilibe zabwino, Lamuloli ndi mthunzi wotuwa wamalamulo omwe akuluakulu a Biden adapereka mothandizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zodziwika bwino, zomwe zidayendetsedwa makamaka ndi ofesi ya Bernie Sanders. Muzochitika zofananira, zoyeserera zofananira zidafika ku Congress mu Green New Deal Resolution yomwe idakhazikitsidwanso mu 2021 ndi Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ndi Ed Markey.
Lingaliro la Biden likadakhala "lamulo lodziwika bwino" likadakhazikitsidwa. Ngakhale kuti sizinali zokwanira poganizira zadzidzidzi zomwe tikukumana nazo, zikadakhala nthawi yayitali patsogolo. Idadulidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi 100% kutsutsa kwa Republican ku chilichonse chomwe chingathane ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la mbiri ya anthu - ndikuphwanya ntchito yawo yokonda chuma chambiri komanso mphamvu zamabizinesi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi ma Democrat ochepa akumanja akumanja, zosinthika za GOP zidakwanitsa kuchotsa zambiri zomwe zidaperekedwa poyamba.
Kuti timvetsetse mabungwe athu andale, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kudzipereka kolimba kwa GOP pakuwononga chilengedwe sikungokhala chisoni cha anthu. Mu 2008, woimira pulezidenti wa Republican John McCain adayambitsa ndondomeko yochepetsera nyengo mu pulogalamu yake, ndipo a congressional Republican anali kuganiziranso njira zina.
Kwa zaka zambiri, gulu lalikulu lamphamvu la abale a Koch lakhala likugwira ntchito molimbika kuwonetsetsa kuti GOP isachoke ku kukana kwanyengo. Atamva za kusokonekera kumeneku, adayambitsa juggernaut kuti abwezeretse zikhulupiriro: ziphuphu, ziwopsezo, kukakamiza, kuwulutsa zakuthambo, zida zonse zomwe zidalipo kumphamvu yokhazikika pazachuma. Zinagwira ntchito, mwachangu komanso mogwira mtima. Kuyambira pamenepo mpaka lero ndizovuta kuzindikira kuchoka kulikonse kwa GOP kuchokera ku ntchito yonyansa kupita ku kufunikira kwa mphamvu zokhazikika zomwe tiyenera kuthamanga kuchiwonongeko (ndi kupindula, pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi zomwe zidzafunika).
Ichi mwina ndi chitsanzo chonyanyira, koma sichili kutali kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika mumtundu wolamulira wa capitalism ya boma. Izi zili choncho makamaka mu nthawi ya capitalism yankhanza yotchedwa neoliberalism, makamaka mtundu wankhondo yowawa yamagulu obisika m'mawu osokeretsa a "misika yaulere," monga momwe machitidwe amawulula momveka bwino.
Kubwerera ku IRA, gawo limodzi lofunikira ndi zida zingapo zokopa makampani opangira mafuta ndi mabungwe azachuma omwe amathandizira kuti izi zitheke. chonde chitani bwino kwambiri. Zipangizozi ndi za ziphuphu komanso thandizo la ndalama, kuphatikiza mphatso yochokera ku boma kuti igwiritse ntchito pochotsa mafuta kwazaka zambiri zikubwerazi, patadutsa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwanyengo kosasinthika.
Kusankhidwa kwa machenjerero ndikomveka chifukwa cha mapangidwe omwe alipo kale. Zimamveka bwino mu chikhalidwe cha anthu osankhika kuti nkhawa zonse ziyenera kukhala pansi pa ubwino wa ambuye a chuma chaumwini. Ameneyo ndi Mose ndi Aneneri, kuti afotokoze Marx. Pokhapokha ambuye akusangalala, tatayika.
Mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, anthu onse anasonkhanitsidwa kukamenya nawo nkhondoyo. Koma monga Mlembi wa Nkhondo Henry L. Stimson adawona, "Ngati muyesa kupita kunkhondo, kapena kukonzekera nkhondo, m'dziko lachikapitalist, muyenera kulola bizinesi kuti ipange ndalama panjirayo kapena bizinesi sigwira ntchito." Atsogoleri abizinesi adapemphedwa kuti "ayendetse mabungwe omwe amagwirizanitsa ntchito, [koma] amakhalabe pamalipiro amakampani, akudziwabe zofuna zamakampani omwe amayendetsa. Njira yofanana, yomwe inalimbikitsa mabizinesi kuti agwirizane, inali njira yolipirira ndalama zolipirira ndalama zolipirira ndalama zolipirira, pomwe boma limatsimikizira ndalama zonse zachitukuko ndi zopangira ndikulipira chiwongola dzanja pamtengo wopangidwa. โ
Zinthu zoyamba poyamba. Ndikofunika kupambana nkhondoyi, koma chofunika kwambiri "kulola kuti bizinesi ipange ndalama." Limenelo ndilo Lamulo lenileni la Chikhalidwe, Lamulo limene liyenera kuwonedwa, osati panthaลตi ya nkhondo yowononga kwambiri mโmbiri yonse, komanso ngakhale mโnkhondo yaikulu kwambiri imene chitaganya cha anthu chikuchita tsopano: nkhondo yosunga moyo wolinganizidwa wa anthu pa Dziko Lapansi.
Mfundo yayikulu kwambiri yamabungwe athu imawululanso misala yawo. Zili ngati kuti boma la Mexico likupempha mabungwe ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti achepetse kupha anthu ambiri mwa kuwapatsa ziphuphu ndi malipiro.
Sitingadabwe kuti mitengo yamafuta itakwera pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa Putin ku Ukraine, makampani amafuta adatiuza mwaulemu kuti: Pepani anthu, Palibe Dice. Mapindu awo ochulukirachulukira atha kukulitsidwa mopitilira muyeso pochepetsa kudzipereka kwawo pang'ono ku mphamvu zokhazikika ndikuthamangitsa ndalama zazikulu, zilizonse zomwe zingachitike pa moyo wapadziko lapansi.
Zonsezi ndizodziwika bwino. Titha kukumbukira msonkhano wa COP26 Glasgow UN wokhudza zanyengo mu Okutobala 2021. Nthumwi yaku US John Kerry anali wokondwa kuti msika tsopano uli kumbali yathu. Tingataye bwanji? BlackRock ndi oyang'anira katundu wina anali kulonjeza kuti apereka madola mabiliyoni ambiri pazifukwa zachitukuko chokhazikika - ndi ma provisos awiri ang'onoang'ono: ndalama zawo zabwino ziyenera kukhala zopindulitsa, ndikutsagana ndi zitsimikizo zotsimikizika kuti sadzakhala pachiwopsezo. Zonse zikomo kwa wokhometsa msonkho wochezeka, yemwe nthawi zonse amaitanidwa kukwera kuti apulumutse miyoyo yathu Neoliberal Bailout Economy, kutengera mawu a akatswiri azachuma Robert Pollin ndi Gerald Epstein.
Nthawi zina ndatchulapo zomwe Adam Smith ananena kuti m'mibadwo yonse, "olamulira a anthu" - omwe ali ndi mphamvu pazachuma - amatsatira "zoipa" zawo: "zonse za ife eni, palibe kwa anthu ena."
M'mawu amakono, zowonerazo ndizosocheretsa pang'ono. Olamulira amene ali ndi mphamvu zopambana angathe kuchitira zinthu zabwino anthu awo, ngakhale zitawawonongera chuma chawo chochuluka. Machitidwe a chikapitalist salola kupatuka kotereku pamalingaliro oyipa. Malamulo ofunikira ndikuti mumatsata phindu ndi magawo amsika, kapena mwatuluka. Pokhapokha ngati gulu la anthu likukakamiza kuphwanya malamulo ndi momwe tingayembekezere kupatuka pamalingaliro oyipa.
Ambiri adandaula kuti ma CEO amakampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta komanso mabanki omwe amawabwereketsa amatha kupereka nsembe zidzukulu zawo kuti apeze chuma chochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimaposa kale maloto achuma. Akhoza kupereka yankho logwira mtima: Inde, ndi zimene ndikuchita, koma ngati ndisiya mchitidwe umenewu, mโmalo mwake ndidzalowa mโmalo ndi munthu amene amausunga, ndipo mwina sangakhale ndi chifuno changa chabwino, chimene chingachepetse tsokalo penapake..
Apanso, ndi misala ya mabungwe omwe amapambana.
Titha kuwonjezera ena mwa mawu anzeru a Adam Smith ogwirizana kwambiri: chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwawo chuma, ambuye amtundu wa anthu amakhala "opanga mapulani" a mfundo za boma ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zokonda zawo "zikusamaliridwa mwapadera" mosasamala kanthu za momwe angachitire. โzowawaโ zotulukapo pa ena. Zowoneka zosazolowereka.
Mphamvu zosawerengeka zomwezo zimakhudza kwambiri ziphunzitso zomwe zilipo, zomwe Gramsci adazitcha "nzeru wamba." Zovota zikuwonetsa kuti ovota omwe amadzitcha kuti aku Republican alibe nkhawa pang'ono ndi "kusintha kwanyengo" - kutengera malingaliro odziwika bwino owiritsa dziko lapansi. Izo sizodabwitsa kwambiri. Zomwe amamva kuchokera kwa atsogoleri awo komanso zipinda zimamveka ngati Fox News ndikuti ngati kusintha kwanyengo kukuchitika, zilibe kanthu. Ndi gulu lina chabe la "osankhika omasuka" pamakampeni awo achinyengo, komanso "kukonzekeretsa" kwa ana ndi "ozunza ankhanza" omwe amayendetsa chipani cha Democratic Party (chokhulupirira pafupifupi theka la ovota a GOP), kulimbikitsa "Kusintha Kwakukulu" kuwononga. mtundu woyera woponderezedwa, ndi chirichonse chimene chingapangidwe motsatira kusunga chisokonezo mu mzere pamene mapulogalamu a malamulo amawabaya kumbuyo.
Sindikufuna kunena kuti GOP ndiyokhayo pazachipongwe. Kutali ndi izo. Iwo angoyendetsa nkhondo yamagulu monyanyira zomwe zingakhale zoseketsa ngati zotsatira zake sizinali zowopsa.
Ndidatchulapo gawo limodzi la IRA: mphatso ndi thandizo kwa ochita zoipa kuti awapangitse kuchita bwino. Pali gawo lachiwiri: ndondomeko ya mafakitale, kuchoka kwakukulu kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha neoliberal. Pachifukwa ichi, thandizo lalikulu ku mphamvu zapadera kuti abwezeretse mafakitale apanyumba. Izi zikudzutsa mafunso ena: Kodi phindu lochokera kumagulu a anthu liyenera kupita m'matumba a eni ake olemera ndi zosankha zamagulu a olamulira olemera kwambiri? Kapena kodi malonda ochezera a pa Intaneti ayenera kugawidwa mosiyana, kuphatikizapo anthu onse oiwalika? Mafunso omwe sitiyenera kunyalanyazidwa.
Komanso chosayenera kunyalanyazidwa ndi nkhani yaikulu ya ntchito yomanganso gawo la chuma cha mafakitale chomwe chinatumizidwa kunja ndi akatswiri azachuma kuti apeze ubwino wawo. Khamali ndi gawo la nkhondo yayikulu yazamalonda yolimbana ndi China, yokonzedwa kuti iteteze chitukuko chake chachuma. Chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri pa nkhondoyi ndikukakamiza makampani apamwamba a ku Ulaya, Korea ndi Japan kuti asiye msika wawo waukulu ndi gwero la zipangizo ku China kuti agwiritse ntchito kampeni ya Washington kuti ateteze dziko lonse lapansi. Kodi izi zidzatheka bwanji, sitikudziwa. Koma m'pofunika kusamala ndi kulingalira.
Izi ndi zikwapu zazikulu, zomwe zimayang'ana zofunikira zambiri. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti chithunzichi ndi njira yothandiza poganizira za ntchito zomwe zikubwera. Chomaliza chimodzi chomveka ndi chakuti pali chiyembekezo chochepa mkati mwa bungwe la capitalism yankhanza. Kodi izi zingasinthidwe mokwanira mkati mwa nthawi yeniyeni, ndi gawo loyipa la amalgam litachepetsedwa kapena kuthetsedwa? Ndizosamveka kuganiza kuti zankhanzazi zitha kusinthidwa ndikubwerera ku chinthu chonga capitalism yazaka za Eisenhower, zomwe, ndi zophophonya zake zonse, zimawonedwa mwachilungamo ngati "zaka zagolide" za capitalism ya boma. Kuthetsa kupambanitsa koipitsitsa kwa nkhondo yamagulu m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndizothekadi.
Kodi zimenezo zikanakhala zokwanira kulola โchifuniro cha ndaleโ cha mโmakwalala kulepheretsa zinthu zoipa kwambiri, kutsegula njira yopita ku tsogolo labwino lomwe lingalingaliridwedi? Pali njira imodzi yokha yodziwira: Kudzipereka pantchitoyo.
Bob, maganizo ako ndi otani pa lipoti latsopano la IPCC? Kodi mpweya woipa wa "ziro" ungafikidwe m'magawo onse zaka zapakati pazaka zisanafike? Ngati ndi choncho, timayambira kuti, ndipo motani? Koma musanayankhe gawo ili la funso, kodi "net zero" zikutanthauza kutulutsa ziro? Kunena zowona, kodi pali chinthu chonga "net zero" kapena "zero carbon?"
Robert Pollin: Mu 2022, mpweya wokwanira wa carbon dioxide (CO2) wapadziko lonse lapansi unafikira matani 40.5 biliyoni. Mwa izi, matani 36.6 biliyoni, kapena 90 peresenti ya mpweya wonse wa 2022 CO2, amapangidwa ndi kuwotcha mafuta, malasha ndi gasi kuti apange mphamvu. Matani 3.9 biliyoni otsala, ofanana ndi 10 peresenti ya chiwonkhetso, adapangidwa ndi kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo, makamaka. kusaka mitengo kuchotsa malo opangira ulimi wamakampani ndi migodi. Chiwerengero cha mpweya padziko lonse cha 2022 chinali chocheperapo pang'ono pa chiwopsezo cha 2019, mwachitsanzo, chaka chomwe chitangotsala pang'ono kutseka COVID. Kutulutsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kudatsika mu 2020 chifukwa chotseka, koma ndi pafupifupi 6 peresenti, kenako adayambanso kukwera mu 2021, chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chidatuluka. Kuyambira lipoti lake lodziwika bwino la 2018, IPCC yakhala ikulimbikira kuti, kuti akhale ndi mwayi wokhazikika wa kutentha kwapakati padziko lonse lapansi ndi 1.5 digiri Celsius poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidapangidwa kale, mpweya wa CO2 padziko lonse lapansi uyenera kuchepetsedwa pafupifupi. mu theka, mpaka matani 20 biliyoni, kuyambira 2030 kenako kufikira "ziro zero" pofika 2050.
Mukungofuna kufunsa kuti mawu oti "net zero" amatanthauza chiyani kwenikweni apa. M'malo mwake, palokha, liwu limodzi laling'ono loti "net" m'mawu oti "net zero emissions" limapereka mwayi wochulukirapo komanso kusokoneza malingaliro okhudzana ndi nyengo. Opanga mafuta opangira zinthu zakale ndi wina aliyense amene tsopano akupeza phindu pogulitsa mafuta opangira mafuta, adzipereka kuti agwiritse ntchito mwaiwu kwambiri.
Mfundo ndi yakuti mawu oti "net zero" amalola kuti pakhale zochitika zomwe mpweya wa CO2 umakhalabe pamlingo wina wofunikira pofika chaka cha 2050, mwachitsanzo, kuti tikuwotcha mafuta, malasha ndi gasi kuti apange mphamvu ndipo tikuwonongabe nkhalango, kuyambira. ndi nkhalango ya Amazon. Momwe tingafikire kutulutsa mpweya wa zero pansi pazifukwa zotere kungaphatikizepo kuchotsa mpweya womwe ukupitilira mumlengalenga kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikugwera pansi pa ukadaulo wa "carbon Capture".
Kodi matekinoloje amtundu wa carbon ndi chiyani? Mpaka pano, pali imodzi yokha, ndi imodzi yokha, teknoloji yotereyi yomwe yatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi yothandiza komanso yotetezeka. Ndiko kubzala mitengo. Mwachindunji, ndikunena za kulima nkhalango - mwachitsanzo, kukulitsa nkhalango zokulirapo kapena kachulukidwe m'malo omwe anali opanda nkhalango kapena odulidwa nkhalango. Kubzalanso nkhalango, liwu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndi gawo limodzi la nkhalango. Kudula mitengo kumagwira ntchito pazifukwa zosavuta zomwe mitengo yamoyo imayamwa CO2. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kudula mitengo kumatulutsa CO2 mumlengalenga, zomwe zimathandizira kutentha kwapadziko lonse.
Funso lalikulu pakukula kwa nkhalango ndikuti, zoona zake, zingakhudze bwanji ngati njira yothanirana ndi mpweya wa CO2 womwe ukupitilira chifukwa choyaka mafuta oyaka? Mmodzi wosamala phunziro ndi Mark Lawrence ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku Research Institute for Sustainability ku Potsdam, Germany, akuti kulima mitengo kungachepetsedi mpweya wa CO2 pakati pa matani 0.5 ndi 3.5 biliyoni pachaka kupyolera mu 2050. Monga taonera pamwambapa, milingo ya CO2 padziko lonse lapansi ili pafupifupi matani 40 biliyoni. . Ngati kuyerekeza kwa Lawrence ndi olemba anzawo kuli kolondola, ndiye kuti kukwera mitengo kwamitengo kumatha kukhala njira yolumikizirana ndi nyengo. Koma kulima nkhalango sikungathe kupirira cholemetsa chachikulu chochotsa mpweya wa CO2 ngati tipitirizabe kuwotcha mafuta otsala pang'ono kufika pamlingo uliwonse.
Kupitilira nkhalangoyi pali njira zambiri zamakono zomwe, malinga ndi omwe amalimbikitsa makampani opanga mafuta, azitha kugwira CO2 ndiyeno nkuyisunga m'masungidwe apansi panthaka kwanthawi zonse kapena kukonzanso ndikuigwiritsanso ntchito ngati gwero lamafuta. Komabe, palibe matekinoloje awa omwe ali pafupi kuti athe kugwira ntchito pazamalonda pamlingo waukulu, ngakhale kuti, kwazaka zambiri, makampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta akhala ndi zolimbikitsa zazikulu kuti matekinolojewa agwire ntchito.
M'malo mwake, pomaliza kulemba lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri la IPCC, mayiko omwe amapanga mafuta oyaka mafuta adayesetsa kuti awonetsetse kuti njira yolumikizira mpweya ndi njira yabwino yothetsera nyengo. Kupitilira apo, msonkhano womwe ukubwera wapadziko lonse lapansi, COP28, uchitika mu Novembala ndi Disembala 2023 ku United Arab Emirates (UAE). Purezidenti wosankhidwa wa COP28 Sultan al-Jaber, yemwenso ndi wamkulu wa kampani yamafuta aboma ku UAE Adnoc, wakhala, Malinga ndi Financial Times, "kulimbikira kutsindika kufunika kochepetsa mpweya woipa m'malo mochepetsa kupanga mafuta." Mwa kuyankhula kwina, malinga ndi al-Jaber, Adnoc ndi makampani ena opanga mafuta ayenera kuloledwa kusambira mu phindu la mafuta pamene tikutchova njuga za dziko lapansi pa matekinoloje omwe sakugwira ntchito tsopano ndipo sangagwire ntchito. Lipoti laposachedwa la IPCC linanena kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amatumiza mpweya padziko lonse lapansi ndi "otsika kwambiri" pazomwe zimafunikira pantchito iliyonse yokhazikika yokhazikika yanyengo. Bungwe la IPCC linatsindika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kugwidwa ndi kusunga mpweya โkumayangโanizana ndi zopinga zaukadaulo, zachuma, zamagulu, zachilengedwe, zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.โ
Tiyeni tsopano tibwerere ku gawo loyamba la funso lanu: kaya mpweya wokwanira wa ziro ukhoza kutheka pofika chaka cha 2050 tikalora kuti kukwera nkhalango kungathe, makamaka, kuchotsa 5 mpaka 10 peresenti ya mulingo wapano wa mpweya woyaka mafuta oyaka? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi ndizotheka kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2050? Yankho lalifupi ndiloti, inde. Ndikunena izi ngakhale ndikuzindikira kuti, pakali pano, pafupifupi 85 peresenti ya mphamvu zamakono padziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa ndi mafuta oyaka, malasha ndi gasi. Tiyeneranso kulola kuti anthu adzafunikabe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowunikira, kutentha ndi nyumba zozizira; kuyatsa magalimoto, mabasi, masitima apamtunda ndi ndege komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi makina opanga mafakitale; mwa ntchito zina.
Komabe, monga kusanthula, vuto lazachuma ndi ndondomeko - mwachitsanzo, popanda mphamvu zonse zotetezedwa kuteteza phindu lamafuta amafuta panjira iliyonse - ndizowona kuti kutulutsa kwa CO2 padziko lonse lapansi kupitirire ku ziro pofika 2050. kuyerekeza kwapamwamba, kudzafunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongera chuma padziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi 2.5 peresenti ya GDP yapadziko lonse pachaka kuti amange nyumba zopangira magetsi oyeretsa padziko lonse lapansi kuti zichotse zida zathu zomwe zidakhalapo zopangira mafuta. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi $2 thililiyoni pachuma chamasiku ano padziko lonse lapansi, komanso pafupifupi $4.5 thililiyoni pachaka pakati pa pano ndi 2050. Izi mwachiwonekere ndi ndalama zambiri. Koma, monga gawo la GDP yapachaka, ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a zomwe US โโndi mayiko ena opeza ndalama zambiri adagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza kugwa kwachuma panthawi yotseka COVID. Ndalamazi ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri mbali ziwiri: 1) kukweza kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi panyumba, magalimoto ndi kayendedwe ka anthu ndi njira zopangira mafakitale; ndi 2) mofananamo kukulitsa mochititsa chidwi kuperekedwa kwa magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zoyera - makamaka mphamvu za dzuwa ndi mphepo - zopezeka kumadera onse ndi zigawo zonse zapadziko lapansi, pamitengo yopikisana ndi mafuta oyaka.
Mandalama awa ndi maziko a Green New Deal yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwakutero, iwo adzakhalanso gwero latsopano lokhazikitsira ntchito kumadera onse adziko lapansi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kumanga maziko atsopano a mphamvu padziko lonse kumafuna kuti anthu ogwira ntchito azigwira ntchito zawo - mitundu yonse ya ntchito, kudera lonselo, kuphatikizapo okwera denga, oyendetsa mabomba, oyendetsa galimoto, okonza makina, owerengera ndalama, oyang'anira maofesi, akatswiri a sitima, ofufuza ndi maloya. M'malo mwake, kumanga malo opangira magetsi oyeretsera padziko lonse lapansi kumafuna kuti anthu ochulukirapo kawiri kapena katatu agwire ntchitozi kuposa kukonza zida zathu zamafuta zomwe zili ndi mafuta.
Kusintha kwamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kudzaperekanso mphamvu zotsika mtengo. US Energy Information Administration limaneneratu kuti mtengo wonse wopangira magetsi ola la kilowatt kuchokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena mphepo udzakhala pafupifupi theka la mphamvu ya malasha ndi nyukiliya pofika chaka cha 2027. Kukweza miyezo yogwira ntchito pamwamba pa ndalama zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi kumatanthauzanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito makina athu osiyanasiyana kumafuna kuti tigule mphamvu zochepa, mphamvu zamtundu uliwonse - mwachitsanzo, maola ochepera a kilowatt kutenthetsa, kuziziritsa komanso kupepuka nyumba, kapena kunyamula tokha kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina. Malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono, otsika mtengo, amathanso kumangidwa m'nthawi yochepa peresenti 30 a madera akumidzi mโmaiko otukuka kumene omwe, mpaka pano, alibe magetsi.
Monga ife posachedwapa, pakhala zochitika zabwino zazikulu m'chaka chatha, ndi ndalama zogulira mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zakula mofulumira ku US ndi Western Europe. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, phindu lamakampani akuluakulu amafuta lidakwera kwambiri mu 2022 la $ 200 biliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, andale akupitilizabe kusokoneza makampani amafuta. Lingaliro la Purezidenti Biden kuvomereza ntchito yayikulu yokumba mafuta a Willow pamalo omwe ali ndi boma ku Alaska ndiye nkhani yaposachedwa kwambiri. Izi zidachitika pambuyo pa Biden adachita kampeni mu 2020 pa lonjezo lakuti "sipadzakhalanso kubowola m'mayiko a federal, nthawi."
Mwachidule, mpweya weniweni wa zero - ndi "ukonde" wongonena za kuyamwa kwa CO2 kupyolera mu kukwera nkhalango pamlingo wa 5 mpaka 10 peresenti ya mpweya wamakono - ndi zotheka kwathunthu mwaukadaulo komanso mwachuma. Koma idzapitiriza kukhala nkhondo yaikulu ya ndale. Ngakhale zili choncho, makampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta - makampani aboma monga Adnoc ku UAE komanso makampani apadera ngati ExxonMobil - alibe cholinga chosiya phindu lawo m'dzina lopulumutsa dziko lapansi.
Noam, zomwe Bob wangonena kumene ponena za kusintha kwachuma chobiriwira zikumveka zomveka kwa ine, koma monga lipoti latsopano la IPCC likunenera momveka bwino, kuchita koteroko sikungokhudza kupeza magwero akuluakulu a ndalama ndi luso lamakono komanso kugwirizana pamagulu onse a utsogoleri, mgwirizano pakati pa zofuna zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ndithudi, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Mwachiwonekere, umunthu uli patsogolo pake ntchito ya herculean. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ambiri anganene kuti sikuli kwanzeru kuyembekezera zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu ndi mabungwe andale amasiku ano. Kodi mungayankhe bwanji ku malingaliro opanda chiyembekezo oterowo koma osati mosalingalira kwenikweni chifukwa cha mbiri ya ndale za dziko?
Noam Chomski: Mawu ofunikira kwambiri ndi "chibadwa chaumunthu ndi mabungwe andale amasiku ano." Pamapeto pake, nkovuta kuwona chiyembekezo chochuluka pansi pa mabungwe andale amakono, ndiko kuti, capitalism yankhanza yokhazikitsidwa pansi pankhondo yowawa yamagulu mosokeretsa yotchedwa "neoliberalism." Palibe chifukwa chowunikiranso zotsatira zake zoyipa. Monga mwachizolowezi, chilango chankhanza kwambiri chaperekedwa kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri m'magulu olemera makamaka kupitirira. Ambiri a Global South amayenera kupirira mapulogalamu okhwima okhwima ndi zotsatira kuyambira "zaka makumi ambiri" ku Latin America mpaka kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Yugoslavia ndi Rwanda chomwe ndi gawo lalikulu lachiyambi cha zoopsa zomwe zinatsatira.
Ambiri amateteza komanso kuyamikira kwambiri nthawi ya "neoliberal". Zachidziwikire, tikuyembekeza kuti pakati pa omwe adapindula ndikuba mumsewu womwe unasamutsa pafupifupi $50 thililiyoni kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ndi apakatikati ku US kupita pa 1 peresenti yapamwamba, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa bungwe la Rand kuti takambirana. Koma otsutsa amafikira kwa akatswiri ofufuza, omwe moyenerera amayamikira kuchotsedwa kwa anthu mabiliyoni mazana ambiri ku umphawi - mochuluka ku China, osati chitsanzo chenicheni cha "msika waulere wa capitalism" wotamandidwa ndi okonda neoliberal.
Chinanso chomwe chinanyalanyazidwa ndichakuti njira zomwe zidatengedwa kuti zibweretse zotsatira zolandirikazi, limodzi ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe zidabweretsa, sizinakhazikitsidwe ndi "chuma chabwino." Mphamvu yoyendetsa inalinso mawu oipa. Njira yabwino yochitira izi ndikuyika anthu ogwira ntchito kuti azipikisana pomwe akupereka mphatso zambiri kumalipiro. Izi zikuphatikiza mapangano oteteza kwambiri omwe ali ndi ufulu wamabizinesi azaka za Clinton, zomwe zimatchedwa "mgwirizano wamalonda waulere." Njira zina zatsatanetsatane zidaperekedwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito komanso bungwe lofufuza la Congress lomwe, Office of Technology Assessment (inathetsedwa mwachangu). Mapologalamu enawa anali ndi cholinga chopanga chuma cha mayiko otukuka kwambiri, cholandira malipiro okwera kumene anthu ogwira ntchito mโmayiko onse angapindule nawo. Mโnthaลตi ya nkhondo yoลตaลตa ya magulu, iwo sanalingaliridwa nkomwe.
Titha kunena momveka kuti capitalism yankhanza imapereka chiyembekezo chochepa cha kupulumuka.
Chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri, monga tanenera poyamba paja, ndicho kunyoza nkhanzazo pamene tikuzindikira kuti kuthetsa dongosolo lodana ndi capitalist ndi ntchito yanthawi yayitali komanso yopitilira. Ntchitoyi sikutsutsana ndi ntchito yofulumira yochepetsera nkhanza. M'malo mwake, zoyesayesa ziwirizi ziyenera kulimbikitsana.
Nanga tinganene kuti chiyani pa ntchito ya chibadwa cha munthu? M'madera ena, zambiri. Pali zinthu zambiri zabwino zomwe zaphunziridwa pa nkhani ya chibadwa cha anthu, koma zimene atulukirazi zikupereka malangizo abwino m'madera amene amatidetsa nkhawa pano, omwe sitinganene molimba mtima.
Tikayangโana mโmbiri yakale, timaona kusiyana kwakukulu pa zimene zimagwirizana ndi chibadwa cha anthu. Khalidwe limene linkaonedwa kuti nโzabwinobwino mโmbuyomo likuchititsa mantha masiku ano. Zimenezi nโzoona ngakhale mโzaka zaposachedwapa. Chifaniziro chochititsa chidwi cha zosankha zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi Germany. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, idayimira pachimake cha chitukuko cha Kumadzulo mu zaluso ndi sayansi, komanso idawonedwa ngati chitsanzo cha demokalase. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake idatsikira ku kuya kwa zoyipa. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake zinali kubwerera ku maphunziro oyambirira. Anthu omwewo, majini omwewo, chikhalidwe chofanana chaumunthu, chofotokozedwa mosiyana ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe.
Pali zitsanzo zosawerengeka. Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pazokambirana zathu zapano ndi momwe timaonera ntchito. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi anayi za chiwembu cha neoliberal, ndichikhumbo chachikulu chofuna kupeza ntchito yotetezeka pang'ono m'malo mongosiyidwa pachiwopsezo chokhazikitsidwa ndi capitalism yankhanza yamasiku ano. Zaka zana limodzi mโmbuyomo, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, panali zoyesayesa zazikulu mโmabungwe a mafakitale a Kumadzulo kupanga dongosolo lachiyanjano losiyana kwambiri mmene anthu ogwira ntchito akamasulidwa ku maunyolo a ulamuliro wa chikapitalist: gulu la sosholizimu ku England, mabizinesi oyendetsedwa ndi antchito. ku Italy, zoyeserera zina zambiri. Iwo anabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku dongosolo la capitalist. Zochitazo zidaphwanyidwa m'njira zambiri. Ku US, ziwawa zowopsa za Wilson's Red Scare zidaphwanya gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito limodzi ndi ndale zademokalase, ndikutsitsimutsidwa mu New Deal zaka koma kumenyedwa kosalekeza.
Mโzaka za mโmbuyomo, anthu ogwira ntchito ankaona kukhala ndi ntchitoโndiko kuti, kugonjera mbuye kwa nthaลตi yaitali ya moyo wake wodzuka โ monga kuukira kopanda chipiriro pa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ndi ulemu, mtundu waukapolo weniweni. โUkapolo wa malipiroโ linali liwu lofala. Mawu a bungwe loyamba lalikulu la ogwira ntchito ku United States, a Knights of Labor, anali akuti "iwo omwe amagwira ntchito m'mphero ayenera kukhala nawo." Anthu ogwira ntchito sayenera kumvera malamulo a ambuye a anthu. Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, alimi okhwima maganizo anali kulinganiza kudzimasula okha mโmanja mwa osunga mabanki a kumpoto chakumโmaลตa ndi mamenejala a misika, pofuna kupanga โmgwirizano wa anthu wamba.โ Awa anali a Populists enieni.
Panali njira zodalirika zobweretsera pamodzi makalasi otchuka a zaulimi ndi mafakitale. Monga m'mbiri yonse ya ku America, zoyesayesa izi zidaphwanyidwa ndi mphamvu za boma komanso zapadera. Anthu aku America ndiachilendo pakati pa mabungwe azachuma omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamabizinesi azachuma komanso kuzindikira kwawo kwakukulu, zomwe ndi gawo lapadera la America pakati pa ma demokalase a mafakitale omwe ali ndi zosintha zambiri.
Kusintha kuchokera ku kugonjera kukhala mbuye monga kuukira kosalekeza pa ulemu waumunthu ndi ufulu wofuna kuufuna monga chikhumbo chachikulu m'moyo sikunaphatikizepo kusintha kwaumunthu. Chikhalidwe chaumunthu chomwecho. Mikhalidwe yosiyana.
Kupita patsogolo kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo wabwino kuyenera kupititsa patsogolo mbali zambiri za chikhalidwe chathu: kuthandizana, kumvera ena chisoni, ufulu wochita nawo zinthu momasuka posankha mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zina zambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, idzachepetsa njira zina zomwe kwa ambiri zimakhala zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wopindulitsa.
Kusintha kupita ku chuma chokhazikika ndi chofunikira chosathawika. Zingatheke m'njira yomwe ingapereke moyo wabwino kwambiri. Koma sizingakhale zophweka, kapena popanda zolemetsa zazikulu.
Bob, zachuma ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa kutentha kwa dziko. Komabe, chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chimakhala pakati pamavuto amtundu wina kapena china, ndipo masiku ano, vuto latsopano la banki likhoza kuchitika. Kodi pali ndalama zokwanira padziko lonse lapansi komanso ndalama zokwanira kuthana ndi vuto la ndale kuti mpweya wapadziko lonse uchepe ndi 40 peresenti pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira ngati kupewedwa kwanyengo?
Robert Pollin: Pali zochulukirapo kuposa ndalama zokwanira zomwe zingasonkhanitsidwe kuti zilipire kusintha kwamphamvu koyera. Monga ndanenera pamwambapa, tikuyenera kuyika pafupifupi 2.5 peresenti ya GDP yapadziko lonse pachaka m'mabizinesi amagetsi abwino. Izi zikufanizira ndi chuma chopeza ndalama zambiri chomwe chidalowetsa pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya GDP muntchito zolipira ndalama panthawi yotseka COVID. Momwe zilili, thandizo lapadziko lonse lamafuta opangira mafuta opangira zinthu zakale kuwirikiza kawiri mu 2022 mpaka $ 1.1 zankhaninkhani,. Kubwezeretsanso ndalamazi kuti zithandizire kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso kusungitsa ndalama, m'malo mopitiliza kulemba kukweza mitengo yamakampani amafuta ndikupindula, kungathe kupereka pafupifupi theka la ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pansi pa mfundo zogwira mtima, kusokonekera kwaposachedwa kwa banki ku US ndi ku Europe sikuyenera kuyambitsa chotchinga chilichonse chothandizira ndalama zazikulu kuti zikhazikitse mphamvu zamagetsi. M'malo mwake, mfundo zogwira mtima zitha kupangitsa kuti ndalama zogulira mphamvu zoyera zikhale zotetezeka kwa osunga ndalama, momwe ziyenera kukhalira. Izi zitha kuthandiza kukhazikika kwadongosolo lazachuma.
Monga chitsanzo chimodzi, boma la US litha kutulutsa ma bond obiriwira, omwe sangakhale ndi chiwopsezo chopanda malire kwa omwe ali ndi ma bond awa, monga momwe zilili ndi mabungwe ena onse a US Treasury (poganiza kuti ma Republican aku US House akadali ndi kamvedwe kakang'ono kofunikira kuti athe boma la federal ngongole ngongole kuwuka). Boma likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi, monga chitsanzo chimodzi, kugula magetsi oyendera dzuwa ndi mphepo kuchokera kumakampani apadera kuti athandizire boma kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Opereka magetsi oyeretsedwa azigwira ntchito ndi mapangano otsimikizika anthawi yayitali ndi boma. Izi zitha kukhala gwero lina la bata mkati mwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma. Chifukwa boma likadakhala likutsimikizira misika iyi, phindu laopereka magetsi oyera lidzayendetsedwanso ndikuchepa, monga momwe zilili pano. zothandiza anthu.
Boma la feduro litha kuyikanso gawo lalikulu landalama zake zobiriwira kumayiko akutukuka. Zimenezi zingathandize ifeyo mโmayiko olemera kukwaniritsa udindo wathu wothandiza zachuma kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu muzachuma izi, poganizira kuti US ndi mayiko ena olemera ali ndi udindo woyambitsa mavuto anyengo poyambirira. Nthawi yomweyo, ma bond obiriwira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi akadakhalabe zitetezo za US Treasury, motero akakhalabe pachiwopsezo chosasinthika.
Njira zofananira za green bond zitha kuchitikanso mosavuta m'maiko onse omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri. Chotsatira chake chingakhale kukhazikika kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi ndalama zotetezedwa ndi boma zomwe zikukwaniritsanso ntchito yofunika kwambiri yopititsa patsogolo ntchito yapadziko lonse yolimbikitsa kusintha kwanyengo, kusiyana ndi kudyetsa anthu ongoganiza opanda ntchito pa Wall Street.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama