Tikukhala m'dziko lomwe likukumana ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zilipo pomwe kusagwirizana kwakukulu kukusokoneza madera athu ndipo demokalase ikuchepa kwambiri. US, pakadali pano, ikufuna kukhalabe ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi pomwe mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ukufunika mwachangu kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zapadziko lapansi.
Mumafunso omwe amatsatira, Noam Chomsky, waluntha wathu wamkulu wapagulu wamoyo, amasanthula ndikusanthula dziko lapansi ndi kuzindikira kwake kowoneka bwino, pomwe akufotokoza chifukwa chake tili pachiwopsezo chowopsa m'mbiri ya anthu komanso chifukwa chomwe utundu, tsankho, ndi kuchita zinthu monyanyira zikukweza mitu yawo yoyipa. padziko lonse lero.
CJ Polychroniou: Noamu, wanenapo kambirimbiri kuti dziko lili pachimake choopsa kwambiri mโmbiri ya anthu. Nโchifukwa chiyani mukuganiza choncho? Kodi zida za nyukiliya ndi zoopsa kwambiri masiku ano kuposa kale? Kodi kuwonjezereka kwa ulamuliro wamapiko amanja m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi kowopsa kuposa kukwera ndi kufalikira kotsatira kwa chipani cha fascism mu 1920s ndi 1930s? Kapena ndi chifukwa cha zovuta zanyengo, zomwe mwanena kuti zikuyimira chiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe dziko lapansi lidakumana nalo. Kodi mungafotokoze mofananiza chifukwa chake mukuganiza kuti dzikoli ndi loopsa kwambiri kuposa mmene linalili poyamba?
Noam Chomsky: Mavuto a nyengo ndi apadera kwambiri mโmbiri ya anthu ndipo akuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka. Ngati njira zazikulu sizingatengedwe mkati mwa zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, dziko lapansi likhoza kufika poti silingabwererenso, kukumana ndi kuchepa kwa tsoka losaneneka. Palibe chotsimikizika, koma izi zikuwoneka ngati kuwunika kovomerezeka kwambiri.
Zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri komanso zoopsa kwambiri. Takhala tikupulumuka pansi pa lupanga la Damocles kuyambira kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba ku Hiroshima. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, zaka za 70 zapitazo, US, ndiye Russia, adayesa zida za nyukiliya, ndikuwulula kuti nzeru zaumunthu "zapita patsogolo" kutha kuwononga chirichonse.
Mafunso okhudza magwiridwe antchito amakhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chimawalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito. Izi zidatsala pang'ono kugwa muvuto la missile la 1962, lofotokozedwa ndi Arthur Schlesinger ngati mphindi yowopsa kwambiri m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi chifukwa, ngakhale titha kufikira nthawi yosaneneka ku Europe ndi Asia. Dongosolo la MAD (chiwonongeko chotsimikizika) chinathandizira mtundu wachitetezo, wamisala koma mwina chofupikitsa chamtundu wa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe mwatsoka akadali chikhumbo chokha.
Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, chitetezo cha MAD chinasokonezedwa ndi kupambana kwaukali kwa Purezidenti Bill Clinton ndi pulojekiti ya Bush II-Trump yothetsa ulamuliro wolamulira zida zomwe zinamangidwa movutikira.
Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, chitetezo cha MAD chinasokonezedwa ndi kupambana kwaukali kwa Purezidenti Bill Clinton ndi pulojekiti ya Bush II-Trump yothetsa ulamuliro wolamulira zida zomwe zinamangidwa movutikira. Pali kafukufuku wofunikira waposachedwa wa mitu iyi Benjamin Schwarz ndi Christopher Layne, monga gawo la chiyambi cha kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine. Amawonanso momwe Clinton adayambitsira nyengo yatsopano yazochitika zapadziko lonse momwe "United States idakhala gulu losintha ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi" posiya "zokambirana zakale" ndikuyambitsa malingaliro ake osintha zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.
โMabungwe akaleโ anayesetsa kusunga bata padziko lonse mwa โkumvetsetsa zofuna za mdani wake ndi zolinga zake komanso luso lololera kulolerana mwanzeru.โ Unilateralism yatsopano yopambana yakhala "cholinga chovomerezeka [ku US] kusintha kapena kuthetseratu makonzedwewo [wa m'mayiko ena] ngati sakugwirizana ndi zomwe amati amatsatira komanso zomwe amatsatira."
Mawu oti "kuvomereza" ndi ofunikira. Nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa pachidziwitso pano, osati kwina kulikonse.
Kumbuyo kuli chiphunzitso cha Clinton choti dziko la US liyenera kukhala lokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, mayiko ambiri ngati tingathe, mopanda malire ngati tifunika, kuonetsetsa zofunikira komanso "kufikira misika yofunika kwambiri, mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi zida zogwirira ntchito mosaletseka."
Chiphunzitso chotsatira chankhondo chapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zotsogola kwambiri za zida za nyukiliya zomwe zitha kumveka ngati "mphamvu yolimbana ndi Russia ndi China" (Rand Corporation) - mphamvu yoyamba, yolimbikitsidwa ndi kuphwanya kwa Bush panganoli. zomwe zinaletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zankhondo zolimbana ndi ballistic pafupi ndi malire a adani. Machitidwewa amawonetsedwa ngati chitetezo, koma amamveka mbali zonse kuti ndi zida zoyamba kumenya.
Masitepe ameneลตa afooketsa kwambiri dongosolo lakale la kuletsana, kusiya mโmalo mwake kukulitsa ngozi zambiri.
Zomwe zikuchitikazi zinali zatsopano, wina angatsutsane, koma Schwarz ndi Layne akunena kuti kupambana kwa unilateralism ndi kunyoza mdani wogonjetsedwa kwakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakubweretsa nkhondo yaikulu ku Ulaya ndi kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, ndi kuthekera. kuti apitirire kunkhondo yomaliza.
Palibenso zoopsa zomwe zikuchitika ku Asia. Ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha bipartisan komanso media, Washington ikukumana ndi China pazankhondo komanso zachuma. Popeza kuti Ulaya ali mโthumba mwabwino chifukwa cha kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, dziko la United States lakwanitsa kukulitsa NATO ku dera la Indo-Pacific, motero likulowetsa ku Ulaya mโkampeni yake yoletsa China kuti isayambe kupangaโpulogalamu yomwe imaonedwa kuti si yovomerezeka chabe koma yotamandika kwambiri. Mmodzi wa oyang'anira nkhunda, Mlembi wa Zamalonda Gina Raimondo, inanena momveka bwino kuti: โNgati tikufunadi kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha ku China, tiyenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Europe.โ Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti dziko la China lisakhale ndi mphamvu zokhazikika, pomwe ili patsogolo kwambiri ndipo liyenera kukhala lokwanira pofika 2060 malinga ndi Ofufuza a Goldman Sachs. China ikuwopsezanso kuti ipanga zida zatsopano zamabatire zomwe zingathandize kupulumutsa dziko ku tsoka lanyengo.
Mwachiwonekere chiwopsezo chomwe chiyenera kukhala, pamodzi ndi kuumirira kwa China pa ndondomeko ya China-China ku Taiwan yomwe US โโinatenganso zaka 50 zapitazo ndipo yasunga mtendere kwa zaka 50, koma kuti Washington tsopano ikusiya. Pali zambiri zowonjezera. zomwe zikutsimikizira chithunzichi, nkhani zomwe takambirana kwina.
N'zovuta kunena mawu mu chikhalidwe chowonjezereka ichi, koma chiri pafupi ndi truism kuti pokhapokha US ndi China apeze njira zopezera, monga mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zimatsutsana zomwe zimatsutsana nthawi zambiri m'mbuyomu, tonsefe tatayika.
Zofananira za mโmbiri zili ndi malire ake ndithudi, koma pali ziลตiri zoyenera zimene zaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza mโchigwirizano ndi ichi: Concert of Europe yokhazikitsidwa mu 1815 ndi pangano la Versailles la 1919. Yoyambayo ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha โOld Diplomacy.โ Wogonjetsedwa wogonjetsedwa (France) adaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo latsopano la dongosolo la mayiko monga bwenzi lofanana. Zimenezi zinadzetsa mtendere kwa zaka 90. Pangano la Versailles ndi chitsanzo cha โchisinthikoโ cha dongosolo ladziko lonse lokhazikitsidwa ndi kupambana kwa zaka za mโma XNUMX ndi zotsatira zake. Germany yogonjetsedwa sinaphatikizidwe mu dongosolo la mayiko pambuyo pa nkhondo koma analangidwa koopsa ndi kuchititsidwa manyazi. Ife tikudziwa kumene izo zinatsogolera.
Pakalipano, malingaliro awiri a dongosolo la dziko akutsutsidwa: dongosolo la UN ndi "malamulo ozikidwa pa malamulo", ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ma multipolarity ndi unipolarity, kutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wa US.
US ndi ogwirizana nawo (kapena "antchito" kapena "subimperial statesโ monga momwe amatchulidwira nthawi zina) amakana dongosolo la UN ndipo amafuna kuti anthu azitsatira malamulowo.
Dongosolo la UN lakhazikitsidwa pa Charter ya UN, maziko a malamulo amakono apadziko lonse lapansi ndi "lamulo lalikulu la dziko" ku US pansi pa Constitution ya US, yomwe akuluakulu osankhidwa ayenera kumvera. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu: Ikuletsa mfundo za US zakunja. Mfundo yake yayikulu imaletsa "kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu" pazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, kupatula pamikhalidwe yopapatiza yosagwirizana ndi zochita za US. Zingakhale zovuta kupeza pulezidenti wa ku United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yomwe sanaphwanye malamulo a US, nkhani yomwe ilibe chidwi pang'ono, mbiri imasonyeza.
Kodi ndondomeko yozikidwa pa malamulo ndi iti? Yankho limadalira amene amaika malamulowo ndi kusankha nthawi yoyenera kuwatsatira. Yankho siliri lodziwikiratu: mphamvu ya hegemonic, yomwe inatenga ulamuliro wadziko lonse kuchokera ku Britain pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ikukulitsa kwambiri kukula kwake.
Mwala umodzi woyambira pamalamulo oyendetsedwa ndi US ndi World Trade Organisation (WTO). Titha kufunsa, momwe US โโamalemekezera.
Monga hegemon yapadziko lonse lapansi, US ndiyokhayo yomwe imatha kuyika zilango. Izi ndi zilango za chipani chachitatu zomwe ena ayenera kumvera, kapena ayi. Ndipo amamvera ngakhale pamene akutsutsa mwamphamvu chilangocho. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi zilango za US zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziwononge Cuba. Izi zimatsutsidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi monga tikuwonera mavoti a UN nthawi zonse. Koma amamvera.
Clinton atakhazikitsa zilango zomwe zinali zankhanza kwambiri kuposa kale, European Union idapempha WTO kuti idziwe ngati zili zovomerezeka. A US adachoka pamilanduyo mokwiya, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yopanda pake. Panali chifukwa, chofotokozedwa ndi Mlembi wa Zamalonda wa Clinton Stuart Eizenstat: "Bambo. Eizenstat ananena kuti Ulaya ikutsutsa 'mfundo za ku America za ku America za zaka makumi atatu zomwe zimabwerera ku Kennedy Administration,' ndipo cholinga chake ndi kukakamiza kusintha boma ku Havana."
Mwachidule, Europe ndi WTO alibe luso lotha kukopa kampeni yakale yaku US yachigawenga komanso kusokonekera kwachuma komwe cholinga chake ndi kugwetsa boma la Cuba mwamphamvu, kotero asocheretse. Zilango zimakula, ndipo Europe iyenera kumvera - ndipo itero. Chiwonetsero chomveka bwino cha chikhalidwe cha ndondomeko yokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo.
Palinso ena ambiri. Choncho, a Khoti Lapadziko Lonse adagamula kuti kuzizira kwa US ku Iran sikuloledwa. Sizinapangitse phokoso.
Zimenezi nโzomveka. Pansi pa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, okakamiza padziko lonse lapansi alibenso chifukwa chovomerezera zigamulo za International Court of Justice (ICJ) kuposa zisankho za WTO. Zambiri zimenezo zinakhazikitsidwa zaka zapitazo. Mu 1986, US idachoka ku ICJ pomwe idadzudzula US chifukwa chankhondo yake yachigawenga yolimbana ndi Nicaragua ndikuilamula kuti ilipire. A US adayankha ndikukulitsa nkhondoyo.
Kuti titchulenso fanizo lina la dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, US yokha idachoka ku Tribunal poganizira milandu ya Yugoslavia motsutsana ndi NATO. Inanena molondola kuti Yugoslavia idatchulapo za kuphedwa kwa mafuko, ndipo US idamasulidwa ku mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woletsa kupha anthu.
Ndi zophweka kupitiriza. Ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake US ikukana dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi UN, lomwe limaletsa mfundo zake zakunja, ndipo limakonda dongosolo lomwe limakhazikitsa malamulowo ndipo ali ndi ufulu wowachotsa akafuna. Palibe chifukwa chokambirana chifukwa chake US imakonda unipolar m'malo mwa dongosolo lamitundu yambiri.
Malingaliro onsewa amabwera mozama poganizira za mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuwopseza kupulumuka.
CJP: Mayiko onse awona kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma pazaka 50 zapitazi, dziko la China likutsogolera gululi pamene linatuluka pazaka makumi angapo kuchokera ku gulu lazaulimi kupita ku malo opangira mafakitale, ndikuchotsa umphawi wa mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti moyo wasinthadi kuposa kale. Ku US, mwachitsanzo, moyo watsika m'zaka khumi zapitazi komanso kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo ku European Union. Kodi tili pa nthawi yomwe tikuwona kutsika kwa Kumadzulo ndi kukwera kwa Kummawa? Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti kukwera kwa mbali zakumanja ku Ulaya ndi United States kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro okhudza kugwa kwa mayiko a Kumadzulo, kukwera kwa mbali yakumanja kuli chochitika chapadziko lonse, kuyambira ku India. ndi Brazil kupita ku Israel, Pakistan, ndi Philippines. M'malo mwake, alt-right adapezanso nyumba yabwino pa intaneti yaku China. Ndiye chikuchitika ndi chiyani? Kodi nโchifukwa chiyani kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, ndi kuchita zinthu monyanyira zikubwereranso kwambiri padziko lonse?
NC: Pali kuyanjana kwa zinthu zambiri, zina zamagulu enaake, mwachitsanzo, kutha kwa demokalase yadziko ku India pomwe Prime Minister Narendra Modi akutsatira projekiti yake yokhazikitsa mtundu wankhanza wachihindu wosankhana mitundu. Izi ndizolunjika ku India, ngakhale osakhala opanda ma analogue kwina.
Pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu, ndi zotsatira zofala. Chimodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusalingana m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi chifukwa cha ndondomeko za neoliberal zochokera ku US ndi UK ndikufalikira kupitirira m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Zowona ndi zomveka bwino, makamaka zophunziridwa bwino ku US The Rand Corporation kafukufuku tidakambiranapo kale pafupifupi $50 thililiyoni mu chuma chosamutsidwa kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu apakatikati - otsika 90% a ndalama - kufika pamwamba 1% panthawi ya zaka neoliberal. Zambiri zaperekedwa mu ntchito ya Thomas Piketty ndi Emmanuel Saez, mwachidule momveka bwino ndi katswiri wazandale. Robert Brenner.
Kuukira kwa a Neoliberal ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino pakusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimasiya anthu ambiri okwiya, okhumudwa, amantha, komanso onyoza mabungwe omwe akuwona kuti sakuwakomera.
Chomaliza ndichakuti kudzera mu "kuchuluka kwa nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, tinali ndi kuchepa kwa kusalingana komanso ndalama zochepa zomwe zimapita kumabulaketi apamwamba. Kwa nthawi yonse kuyambira m'ma 1940 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, opambana 1% adalandira 9-10% ya ndalama zonse, osatinso. Koma mโkanthawi kochepa kuchokera mu 1980, gawo lawo, lomwe ndi gawo la 1% yapamwamba, lakwera kufika pa 25%, pamene otsika 80% sanapindule chilichonse.โ
Zimenezo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri. Imodzi ndiyo kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama zopindulitsa ndi kusamukira ku chuma chobwereketsa, mโnjira zina kuchoka ku ndalama za chikapitalist kuti apange kupanga zopanga chuma, osati likuluโโlikulu lopeka,โ monga momwe Marx anatchulira.
Chotsatira china ndicho kusokonekera kwa dongosolo la anthu. Mu ntchito yawo yodabwitsa Mlingo wa Mzimu, Richard Wilkinson ndi Kate Pickett akuwonetsa kugwirizana pakati pa kusalingana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamagulu. Dziko limodzi ndilopanda tchati: kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwambiri koma kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuposa momwe amayembekezeredwa ndi mgwirizano. Ndilo dziko lomwe lidatsogolera njira yomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe - womwe umatanthauzidwa kuti ndi kudzipereka ku boma laling'ono ndi msika, mosiyanasiyana, momveka bwino ngati nkhondo yodzipatulira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zilizonse zomwe zilipo.
Ntchito yowulula ya Wilkinson-Pickett yapitilizidwa patsogolo kuyambira, posachedwa mu kafukufuku wofunikira wa Steven Bezruchka. Zikuoneka kuti zatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti kusagwirizana ndi chinthu chomwe chikuyambitsa kusokonekera kwadongosolo.
Pakhalanso zotsatira zofananira ku UK pansi pa malamulo okhwima okhwima, kufalikira kwina m'njira zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ofooka. Latin America idatayika zaka makumi awiri pansi pa ndondomeko zowononga zosintha. Ku Yugoslavia ndi Rwanda ndondomeko zoterezi m'zaka za m'ma 80 zinakulitsa mikangano ya anthu, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale zoopsa zomwe zinatsatira.
Nthawi zina amatsutsa kuti mfundo za neoliberal zinali zopambana kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwachangu kwa umphawi padziko lonse lapansi - koma kulephera kuwonjezera kuti kupambana kodabwitsaku kunali ku China ndi mayiko ena omwe adakana mwamphamvu mfundo za neoliberal zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa.
Kuonjezera apo, sichinali "mgwirizano wa Washington" umene unapangitsa osunga ndalama ku US kuti asamutsire malonda ku mayiko omwe ali ndi ntchito zotsika mtengo komanso ufulu wochepa wa ogwira ntchito kapena zolepheretsa zachilengedwe, motero kuchititsa kuti dziko la America likhale lopanda mafakitale ndi zotsatira zodziwika bwino kwa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Sikuti izi zinali njira zokhazo. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito komanso bungwe lofufuza kafukufuku la Congress (OTA, kuyambira pomwe linathetsedwa) adapereka njira zina zomwe zikanapindulira anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Koma iwo anachotsedwa.
Zonsezi zimapanga gawo lakumbuyo kwa zochitika zoopsa zomwe mumafotokoza. Kuukira kwa a Neoliberal ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino pakusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimasiya anthu ambiri okwiya, okhumudwa, amantha, komanso onyoza mabungwe omwe akuwona kuti sakuwakomera.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwukira kwa neoliberal chinali kulanda njira zodzitetezera. Purezidenti Ronald Reagan ndi Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher adatsegula nthawi ya neoliberal ndikuwukira mabungwe, njira yayikulu yotetezera anthu ogwira ntchito kunkhondo yamagulu. Iwo adatsegulanso chitseko chakuukira kwamakampani pantchito, nthawi zambiri zosaloledwa, koma zilibe kanthu kuti boma lomwe amawongolera likuwoneka mwanjira ina.
Chitetezo chachikulu ku nkhondo yamagulu ndi anthu ophunzira, odziwitsidwa. Maphunziro a anthu onse akhala akuwukiridwa mwaukali m'zaka za neoliberal: kubweza ndalama zakuthwa, mabizinesi omwe amakonda anthu otsika mtengo komanso osavuta kutaya (othandizira, ophunzira omaliza maphunziro) m'malo mwaukadaulo, zitsanzo zophunzitsira zomwe zimalepheretsa kuganiza mozama ndi kufunsa, ndi zina zambiri. . Zabwino kwambiri kukhala ndi anthu omwe samangomvera, omvera, komanso atomu, ngakhale atakhala okwiya komanso okwiya, ndipo motero amakhala osavuta kwa a demagogue odziwa kumenya mafunde oyipa omwe samayenda motalikirapo m'magulu onse.
CJP: Tamva kangapo konse kuchokera kwa akatswiri a ndale komanso akatswiri apamwamba kuti demokalase ikuchepa. Zowonadi, bungwe la Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) linanena koyambirira kwa 2022 kuti ndi 6.4% yokha ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi "demokalase yathunthu," ngakhale sizikuwonekeratu momwe kampani ya alongo a magazini a sabata iliyonse a Conservative. The Economist amamvetsetsa tanthauzo lenileni ndi nkhani ya mawu akuti "demokalase yathunthu." Zikhale momwe zingakhalire, ndikuganiza tonse titha kuvomereza kuti pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zikuwonetsa kusokonekera kwa demokalase m'zaka za zana la 21. Koma kodi sizili chonchonso kuti lingaliro lavuto la demokalase lakhalapo pafupifupi utali wa demokalase wamakono? Komanso, kodi sizili chonchonso kuti nkhani zavuto la demokalase zimagwiranso ntchito ku lingaliro la demokalase yaufulu, yomwe ili china koma demokalase yeniyeni? Ndili ndi chidwi ndi malingaliro anu pamitu iyi.
NC: Kodi vuto la demokalase ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Mawuwa ndi odziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, udali mutu wa kufalitsa koyamba kwa Trilateral Commission, akatswiri odziwa zambiri ochokera ku Europe, Japan, ndi US. Iwo ukuima pambali pa Powell Memorandum monga chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero za kuwukira kwa neoliberal komwe kunali kuyambitsa nthunzi mu Carter. utsogoleri (makamaka trilateralists) ndipo adanyamuka ndi Reagan ndi Thatcher. Memorandum ya Powell, yolankhula ndi bizinesi, inali mbali yovuta; lipoti la Trilateral Commission linali mbali yofewa yaufulu.
Memorandum ya Powell, yolembedwa ndi Justice Lewis Powell, sichinabwere. Linapempha mabungwe abizinesi kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake kuti abweze zomwe adawona kuti ndizowononga kwambiri bizinesi - kutanthauza kuti m'malo mwakuti mabungwe aziyendetsa momasuka pafupifupi chilichonse, panali zoyesayesa zochepa zoletsa mphamvu zake. Kuchulukirachulukira ndi kukokomeza koopsa sikuli kopanda chidwi, koma uthenga wake unali woonekeratu: Kuyambitsa nkhondo yamagulu ankhanza ndikuthetsa "nthawi yamavuto," liwu lodziwika bwino lachiwonetsero chazaka za m'ma 1960, chomwe chidatukuka kwambiri.
Monga Powell, a Trilateralists anali ndi nkhawa ndi "nthawi yamavuto." Vuto la demokalase linali loti zolimbikitsa za m'ma 60 zinali kubweretsa demokalase yochulukirapo. Magulu amitundu yonse anali kuyitanitsa ufulu wokulirapo: achichepere, achikulire, akazi, antchito, alimi, omwe nthaลตi zina amatchedwa โzokonda zapadera.โ Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri chinali kulephera kwa mabungwe omwe ali ndi udindo "wophunzitsa achinyamata:" masukulu ndi mayunivesite. Nโchifukwa chake tikuona achinyamata akuchita zinthu zosokoneza. Zoyesayesa zotchukazi zinaika katundu wosatheka ku boma, zomwe sizikanatha kuyankha zofuna zapadera izi: vuto la demokalase.
M'maboma ndi dziko lonse, chipani cha Republican lero ku US, chomwe chasiya udindo wake wakale ngati chipani chanyumba yamalamulo, chikufunafuna njira zopezera ulamuliro wandale ngati gulu laling'ono, lodzipereka ku demokalase yosagwirizana ndi mtundu wa Orban.
Yankho lake linali lodziwikiratu: โkukhala wodekha mu demokalase.โ Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kubwerera ku kungokhala chete ndi kumvera kuti demokalase ipite patsogolo. Lingaliro limenelo la demokalase lili ndi mizu yozama, kubwereranso kwa Abambo Oyambitsa ndi Britain pamaso pawo, kutsitsimutsidwa mu ntchito zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha demokalase ndi oganiza za m'zaka za zana la 20, pakati pawo Walter Lippmann, wodziwika kwambiri waluntha wapagulu; Edward Bernays, katswiri wa makampani akuluakulu ogwirizana ndi anthu; Harold Lasswell, mmodzi wa oyambitsa sayansi yamakono ya ndale; ndi Reinhold Niebuhr, wodziwika monga wazamulungu wa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu.
Onse anali abwino a Wilson-FDR-JFK omasuka. Onse anagwirizana ndi Oyambitsa kuti demokalase inali ngozi yoti ipewedwe. Anthu adziko lino ali ndi gawo mu demokalase yogwira ntchito bwino: kukankhira chowongolera zaka zingapo zilizonse kuti asankhe wina woperekedwa kwa iwo ndi "amuna odalirika." Ayenera kukhala โowonerera, osati otenga nawo mbali,โ osungika mogwirizana ndi โzinyengo zofunikaโ ndi โzowonjezera zamphamvu mโmaganizo,โ zimene Lippmann anazitcha โkupanga chilolezo,โ luso loyambirira la demokalase.
Kukwaniritsa mikhalidwe imeneyi kungapangitse โdemokalase yathunthu,โ monga momwe lingalirolo limamvekera mkati mwa chiphunzitso chademokalase yaufulu. Ena angakhale ndi malingaliro osiyana, koma iwo ali mbali ya vuto, osati yankho, kufotokoza Reagan.
Kubwereranso ku nkhawa zakugwa kwa demokalase, ngakhale demokalase yonse m'lingaliroli ikuchepa m'malo ake achikhalidwe. Ku Ulaya, "demokalase yopanda tsankho" ya Prime Minister Viktor Orban ku Hungary ikuvutitsa European Union, pamodzi ndi chipani cholamula cha Law and Justice ku Poland ndi ena omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zake.
Posachedwapa Orban adachititsa msonkhano wa anthu akumanja akumanja ku Europe, ena omwe adachokera ku neo-fascist. Komiti ya US National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la GOP yamasiku ano, idachita nawo nyenyezi. Donald Trump adapereka adilesi yayikulu. Tucker Carlson adapereka nawo zolemba zokomera.
Posakhalitsa, bungwe la NCPAC linali ndi msonkhano ku Dallas, Texas, komwe wokamba nkhani wamkulu anali Orban, yemwe adayamikiridwa ngati wolankhulira wamkulu wadziko lachikhristu lachizungu.
Izi si nkhani zoseketsa. M'maboma ndi dziko lonse, chipani cha Republican lero ku US, chomwe chasiya udindo wake wakale ngati chipani chanyumba yamalamulo, chikufunafuna njira zopezera ulamuliro wandale ngati gulu laling'ono, lodzipereka ku demokalase yosagwirizana ndi mtundu wa Orban. Mtsogoleri wawo, a Trump, sanabise chinsinsi cha mapulani ake oti alowe m'malo mwa ntchito zaboma zomwe sizili zosagwirizana ndi boma zomwe ndi maziko a demokalase yamakono ndi anthu okhulupirika osankhidwa, kuti aletse kuphunzitsa mbiri yakale yaku America mwanjira ina iliyonse, komanso kuthetsa zotsalira zazambiri. kuposa demokalase yokhazikika yocheperako.
Mโmakhalidwe amphamvu kwambiri mโmbiri ya anthu, okhala ndi mwambo wautali, wosakanizika, nthaลตi zina wopita patsogolo wa demokalase, izi siziri nkhani zazingโono.
CJP: Maiko omwe ali m'mphepete mwa dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi akuwoneka kuti akuyesera kuchoka ku chikoka cha Washington ndipo akuyitanitsa dongosolo latsopano la dziko. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale Saudi Arabia ikutsatira Iran kuti ilowe nawo ku China ndi Russia. Kodi zotsatira za kukonzanso uku mu ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zotani, ndipo pali mwayi wotani kuti Washington igwiritse ntchito njira zoletsa izi kuti zisapitirire patsogolo?
NC: M'mwezi wa Marichi, Saudi Arabia idalowa nawo ku Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Anatsatiridwa posakhalitsa pambuyo pake ndi wachiwiri wa Middle East petroleum heavyweight, United Arab Emirates, yomwe inali kale likulu la China Maritime Silk Road, yomwe ikuyenda kuchokera ku Kolkata ku Eastern India kudutsa Nyanja Yofiira mpaka ku Ulaya. Zomwe zikuchitikazi zidatsata zomwe China idachita mgwirizano pakati pa Iran ndi Saudi Arabia, omwe kale anali adani oipitsitsa, motero kulepheretsa zoyesayesa za US zolekanitsa ndikugwetsa boma. Washington amadzinenera kuti alibe nazo nkhawa, koma ndizovuta kubweza ngongole.
Chiyambireni kupezeka kwa mafuta ku Saudi Arabia mu 1938, komanso kuzindikirika kwake modabwitsa, kulamulira Saudi Arabia kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ku US Kuthamangira kwake ku ufulu wodziyimira pawokha - komanso choyipa kwambiri, kukulitsa gawo lazachuma la China - liyenera kukhala. kukhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri popanga mfundo. Ndi sitepe ina yayitali yopita ku dongosolo la ma polar ambiri lomwe ndi lonyansa kwa US
Pakalipano, US inali isanapange njira zogwirira ntchito zolimbana ndi zizolowezi zamphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zili ndi magwero ambiri-kuphatikiza kudziwononga kwa anthu aku US komanso moyo wandale.
CJP: Mabizinesi olinganizidwa akhudza kwambiri mfundo zakunja za US m'zaka mazana awiri zapitazi. Komabe, pali zotsutsana zomwe zapangidwa lero kuti pali kumasulidwa kwa bizinesi pa ndondomeko yakunja ya US, ndipo China ikuperekedwa ngati umboni wakuti Washington sakumveranso bizinesi. Koma sichoncho kuti boma la capitalist, pomwe limagwira ntchito nthawi zonse m'malo mwazabwino za bizinesi, limakhalanso ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kuti zinthu zina zimalowa mu equation ikafika pakukhazikitsa mfundo zakunja. ndi kasamalidwe ka nkhani zakunja? Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mfundo zakunja zaku US zopita ku Cuba, mwachitsanzo, ndi umboni wa kudziyimira pawokha kwa boma kuchokera pazokonda zachuma za magulu a capitalist.
NC: Ikhoza kukhala caricature kufotokoza dziko la capitalist ngati komiti yayikulu ya gulu lolamulira, koma ndi caricature ya chinthu chomwe chilipo, ndipo chakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Tingakumbukirenso mafotokozedwe a Adam Smith a masiku oyambirira a imperialism ya chikapitalist, pamene โmabwana a anthuโ omwe anali ndi chuma cha England anali โopanga mapulani aakuluโ a ndondomeko ya boma ndipo anatsimikizira kuti zofuna zawo zinaperekedwa moyenerera mosasamala kanthu za zowawa zotani. zotsatira za ena. Ena anaphatikizapo anthu a ku England, koma makamaka amene anazunzidwa ndi "chisalungamo choopsa" cha ambuye, makamaka ku India m'masiku oyambirira a chiwonongeko cha England cha omwe panthawiyo anali pamodzi ndi dziko la China lolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, pamene ankaba zambiri zake. ukadaulo wapamwamba.
Mfundo zina za dongosolo ladziko lapansi zimakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Sipayenera kukhala chifukwa chowunikiranso momwe mfundo zakunja zaku US zayendera limodzi ndi malingaliro a Smith, mpaka pano. Chiphunzitso chimodzi chotsogolera nโchakuti dziko la United States silingalole zimene akuluakulu a Dipatimenti ya Boma anazitcha kuti โlingaliro la dziko latsopano,โ lomwe limaphatikizapo โndondomeko zopangitsa kuti chuma chigawidwe mokulira komanso kukweza moyo wa anthu ambiriโ limodzi ndi lingaliro loipa lakuti โoyamba kupindula ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko ayenera kukhala anthu a dzikolo.โ Iwo sali. Oyamba kupindula ndi gulu la osunga ndalama, makamaka ochokera ku US
Munthu yemweyo atha kupanga zisankho zosiyanasiyana ngati CEO wamakampani komanso mu dipatimenti ya Boma, ali ndi zokonda zomwezo m'malingaliro koma malingaliro osiyana momwe angapititsire patsogolo.
Phunziro lolimbali linaphunzitsidwa kwa anthu aku Latin America obwerera m'mbuyo pa msonkhano wa dziko lotchedwa hemispheric wotchedwa US mu 1945, womwe unakhazikitsa Tchata cha Economic for the Americas chomwe chinathetsa mikangano iyi. Iwo sanali ku Latin America okha. Zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazo, zinkawoneka kuti potsirizira pake dziko lapansi lidzatuluka kuchokera ku mavuto a Great Depression ndi zoopsa za fascist. Kuchuluka kwa demokalase yamphamvu kudafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndi chiyembekezo cha dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi lachilungamo komanso laumunthu. Zofunikira zakale kwambiri ku US ndi mnzake waku Britain wachinyamata zinali kuletsa zikhumbozi ndikubwezeretsa dongosolo lachikhalidwe, kuphatikiza othandizira achifashisti, koyamba ku Greece (ndi ziwawa zazikulu) ndi Italy, kenako kumadzulo kwa Europe, kufalikira ku Asia. Russia idachitanso chimodzimodzi m'magawo ake ang'onoang'ono. Awa ndi ena mwa mitu yoyamba ya mbiri ya nkhondo itatha.
Ngakhale akuluakulu a anthu a Smith nthawi zambiri amaonetsetsa kuti mfundo za boma zikuthandizira zofuna zawo, pali zosiyana, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chambiri pakupanga ndondomeko. Tangokambirana imodzi: Cuba. Si dziko lapansi lokha lomwe limatsutsa kwambiri malamulo a zilango omwe akuyenera kutsatira. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi magulu amphamvu pakati pa ambuye, kuphatikizapo mphamvu, malonda a ulimi, makamaka mankhwala, omwe akufuna kugwirizanitsa ndi makampani apamwamba a Cuba. Koma komiti yayikulu ikuletsa. Zokonda zawo zachipongwe zimapitilizidwa ndi chidwi chanthawi yayitali choletsa "kukana bwino" kwa mfundo za US zomwe zimachokera ku Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, monga momwe dipatimenti ya Boma idafotokozera zaka 60 zapitazo.
Mafia Don aliyense angamvetse.
Munthu yemweyo atha kupanga zisankho zosiyanasiyana ngati CEO wamakampani komanso mu dipatimenti ya Boma, ali ndi zokonda zomwezo m'malingaliro koma malingaliro osiyana momwe angapititsire patsogolo.
Mlandu wina ndi Iran, mu nkhani iyi kubwerera ku 1953, pamene boma la nyumba yamalamulo linkafuna kulamulira chuma chake chachikulu cha mafuta, ndikulakwitsa kukhulupirira kuti "oyamba kupindula ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko ayenera kukhala anthu amtunduwu. dziko.โ Britain, yemwe anali wolamulira kwa nthawi yayitali ku Iran, analibenso mphamvu yosinthira kupatukaku kuchokera ku dongosolo labwino, zomwe zimatchedwanso minofu yeniyeni kutsidya kwa nyanja. US idagwetsa boma, ndikukhazikitsa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Shah, njira zoyambira kuzunza anthu aku Iran ku US zomwe zapitilirabe mpaka pano, kupititsa patsogolo cholowa cha Britain.
Koma panali vuto. Monga gawo la mgwirizanowu, Washington idafuna kuti mabungwe aku US atenge 40% ya chilolezo cha Britain, koma sanafune, pazifukwa zazifupi. Kuchita zimenezi kukanasokoneza ubale wawo ndi Saudi Arabia, kumene kudyera masuku pamutu chuma cha dzikolo kunali kotchipa komanso kopindulitsa kwambiri. Oyang'anira Eisenhower adawopseza makampaniwo ndi suti zotsutsana ndi trust, ndipo adamvera. Osati cholemetsa chachikulu kutsimikiza, koma makampani sanafune.
Mkangano pakati pa mabungwe a Washington ndi US ukupitilirabe mpaka pano. Monga momwe zinalili ku Cuba, mabungwe onse aku Europe ndi US amatsutsa mwamphamvu zilango zokhwima za US ku Iran, koma amakakamizidwa kutsatira, kuwachotsa pamsika wopindulitsa waku Iran. Apanso, chidwi chaboma pakulanga Iran chifukwa cha kukana bwino chimaposa zokonda za phindu lanthawi yochepa.
Contemporary China ndi mlandu waukulu kwambiri. Mabungwe aku Europe kapena aku US sakusangalala ndi kudzipereka kwa Washington "kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwazatsopano ku China" pomwe akulephera kupeza msika wolemera waku China. Zikuwoneka kuti mabungwe aku US apeza njira yozungulira zoletsa zamalonda. Kusanthula kwa Asia Business Press anapeza โmgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa mayikowa [Vietnam, Mexico, India] amene amatumiza kunja kuchokera ku China ndi kutumiza kwawo ku United States,โ kusonyeza kuti malonda ndi China angotumizidwanso.
Kafukufuku yemweyo akuti โgawo la China pazamalonda lapadziko lonse lapansi likukwera pangโonopangโono. Kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatumizidwa kunja kwakwera 25% kuyambira 2018 pomwe kuchuluka kwa mayiko ogulitsa kunja kudayima. โ
Zikuyenera kuwoneka momwe mafakitale aku Europe, Japan, ndi South Korea angachitire ndi malangizo oti asiye msika woyambirira kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha US choletsa chitukuko cha China. Zingakhale zowawa kwambiri, zoyipa kwambiri kuposa kutaya mwayi wopita ku Iran kapena Cuba.
CJP: Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, Immanuel Kant anapereka chiphunzitso chake cha mtendere wosatha ngati njira yokhayo yomveka yoti mayiko azikhala limodzi. Komabe, mtendere wosatha udakali chinthu chovuta kuupeza. Kodi zitha kukhala kuti dongosolo la ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi kutali ndi dziko monga gawo loyamba ndilofunika kuti mtendere wosatha uchitike?
NC: Kant ananena kuti chifukwa chake chidzabweretsa mtendere wosatha mโdongosolo labwino la ndale padziko lonse. Wanthanthi wina wamkulu, Bertrand Russell, anaona zinthu mosiyana atafunsidwa ponena za ziyembekezo za mtendere wa dziko:
โPambuyo pa zaka zambiri pamene dziko lapansi linatulutsa mbalame zitatu zosavulaza ndi agulugufe, chisinthiko chinapita patsogolo mpaka kufika pamene chinapanga Neros, Genghis Khan, ndi Hitler. Izi, komabe, ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi maloto owopsa; mโkupita kwa nthaลตi dziko lapansi lidzakhalanso losakhoza kuchirikiza zamoyo, ndipo mtendere udzabwerera.โ
Sindimaganiza zolowa m'magulu amenewo. Ndikufuna kuganiza kuti anthu ali ndi kuthekera kochita bwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe Russell adaneneratu, ngakhale kuti sangakwaniritse zomwe Kant akufuna.
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