Kalekale, m'zaka khumi zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zili kutali, zigawenga sizinali nkhani ndipo anthu othawa kwawo anali pangozi yosankha, makamaka ku Pete Wilson's California. Mu 1994, anthu aku California adavota kuti akhale lamulo Proposition 187, muyeso wokana chithandizo chamankhwala chofunikira komanso mwayi wophunzira kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, ndipo anthu ambiri othamangitsidwa adathamangira kudzudzula mavuto osiyanasiyana azachuma ndi azachuma kwa osamukira kumayiko ena, zomwe zidayamba kudana ndi Latinos, ngakhale anali. othawa kwawo kapena nzika zomwe makolo awo adamenya US kuderali.
Mu 1998, anthu odana ndi olowa m'mayiko ena adakakamiza gulu la Sierra Club kuti liyike referendum yokhudzana ndi anthu olowa m'mayiko ena pa chisankho cha pachaka. Popeza kuti anaimbidwa mlandu wa uchimo wina uliwonse padziko lapansi pano, anthu osamukira mโmayiko ena tsopano anayenera kulandidwa chifukwa cha mavuto athu a chilengedwe. Pamene mamembala a gululi adavotera kuti aletse, ambiri omwe adatenga nawo mbali adakwiya komanso kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe kudaipitsidwa pamaso pa anthu ambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1990s adawona kuwonjezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo cha chilengedwe, chomwe chinathetsa tsankho la chilengedwe - yemwe amamwa poizoni ndi zotayira ndi zopsereza, pakati pa zinthu zina - koma kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe kamene kamakhala bwino nthawi zonse pa ndale zamitundu zomwe zimabisala zomwe zimakonda kwambiri. ndi zongoganizira.
Komabe, izi ndizotalikirana ndi ndale za omenyera ufulu wolowa m'dzikolo omwe akuyesa kulanda Club mowonekera, pomwe atatu omwe akufuna zisankho za board ya Marichi akufuna kupanga ambiri ndi ena mwa mamembala omwe akukayikitsa omwe ali pano, komanso osiyanasiyana. mabungwe akunja - ena mwachiwonekere amasankhana mitundu komanso azungu - akulimbikitsa mamembala awo kuti alowe nawo gululi ndikukopa mavoti. "Mosakayikira, gulu la Sierra Club ndilofunika kulanda mwamphamvu ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana ndi ... osiyanasiyana ochita monyanyira kumanja," inatero Southern Poverty Law Center mu kalata yochenjeza. "Akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito kudalirika kwa Club ngati chivundikiro kuti apititse patsogolo malingaliro awo onyanyira."
Atatuwa ndi a Frank Morris, David Pimentel ndi Richard Lamm, onse omwe ali ndi maulalo ku bungwe lodana ndi anthu osamukira kudziko lina Diversity Alliance for a Sustainable America. Kazembe wakale wa Colorado Lamm ndi membala wa board wanthawi yayitali wa Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), yomwe imalandira ndalama kuchokera ku pro-eugenics ndi "Race betterment" Pioneer Fund. Lamm, yemwe walankhulapo za "ntchito yofa" ya okalamba, adanena mawu monga, "[T] kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Southwest, ndi kuzingidwa kwa miyezi itatu kwa mzinda wa San Diego ku 1998 onse adatsogoleredwa ndi wachiwiri- mโbadwo wa Hispanics, ana a alendo.โ (Wina amadabwa ngati iye kapena wina aliyense wotsutsa anthu othawa kwawo akukumbukira kuti chifukwa chomwe dzina la Sierra Club ndi theka la Chisipanishi ndi chifukwa California kale linali gawo la Mexico.)
Masomphenya a malo ofanana omwe ali ndi anthu osokoneza, owononga akunja ndi chithunzi chabwino cha Sierra Club yomwe yazingidwa kuposa United States pokhudzana ndi anthu othawa kwawo. Magulu akunja monga National Immigration Alert List adalimbikitsa mamembala awo kuti alowe nawo gululi kuti liumirire kuvomereza nkhani yomwe idakanidwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi m'mbuyomo ndipo mwinanso kupotoza mbiri yake ndi chithunzi chake; Kupitilira apo, ambiri omwe akufuna kukhala pampando wa gulu lakalabu ndi mamembala omwe akhalapo kwanthawi yayitali, koma atatuwa akuwoneka kuti adakhala mamembala makamaka kuti apangitse kusapindula kofanana ndi kulandidwa koyipa kwamakampani. Udani umenewo umatsindikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti iwo anakasuma, kenaka anaisiya mwachipongwe, mlandu wotsutsana ndi Club ndi pulezidenti wake wapano, yomwe inafuna chigamulo chomwe chingalepheretse gululo, board, ndi ena ofuna kusankhidwa kuti afotokoze zomwe akufuna. Purezidenti wa board pano a Larry Fahn akulemba kuti "loya wa Lamm, Morris ndi Pimentel adalemba ganyu kampani yamphamvu kwambiri yolumikizana ndi anthu (yomwe imayimiranso American Chemical Council) kuti iweruze mlandu wawo pawailesi." Atsogoleri khumi ndi atatu apitawa a Club abwera potsutsa kulanda boma; khumi ndi mmodzi mwa iwo adatulutsa mawu omwe adaphatikizanso mawu awa: "Cholinga cha anthu akunjawa ndikutenga mipando yambiri kuti asinthe zomwe akufuna, mosaganizira zofuna kapena chidziwitso cha mamembala ndi othandizira a Sierra Club, komanso gwiritsani ntchito ndalama ndi zinthu zina za Kalabu kukwaniritsa iziโฆ. Tikukhulupirira kuti zovuta zomwe gululi likukumana nazo ndi zenizeni ndipo zitha kupha, kuwononga masomphenya a John Muir, komanso ntchito ndi zopereka za mazana masauzande odzipereka omwe apanga bungweli. " (Zowonadi, wosamukira ku Scotland, Muir nayenso anali watsankho - adanenanso zinthu zodabwitsa za Amwenye Achimereka - koma iyi ndi nkhani ina, ndi nthawi.)
Ambiri akumanzere adalemba kale za Sierra Club yazaka 112, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zina ndimaganiza kuti mawu ake ayenera kukhala a Earth First "Palibe kunyengerera poteteza Amayi Padziko Lapansi" popanda Ayi, imakhalabe momwe idakhalira. kwa zaka zambiri: chitsogozo cha kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe cholimbana ndi chilichonse kuyambira pakudulidwa momveka bwino komanso kutentha kwa dziko lapansi mpaka zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha komanso kuipitsa madzi. Ngati sichivomerezedwa ndi kuchotsedwa mphamvu, momwemonso zidzakhalira zambiri. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti cholinga cha anthu odana ndi anthu olowa mโdzikolo nโchochepa kapena chilibe chochita ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Pambuyo pa maulalo onse pakati pa osamukira kudziko lina ndi zovuta zachilengedwe ndizowoneka bwino.
Mโzaka za mโma 1990, malire ankakambidwa ngati kuti ndi malo ooneka, kusiyana kokhazikitsidwa ndi Mulungu. Ndinakulira ndi chithunzithunzi chooneka bwino cha Iron Curtain, chifukwa chakuti ankanenedwa ngati kuti chinali chogwirizana mofanana ndi Khoma la Berlin. Koma Khoma la Berlin linapangidwa ndi konkire, pamene Iron Curtain silinapangidwe ndi chitsulo, ngakhale kuti ndinali ndi masomphenya a mpanda wa mphepo yamkuntho yomwe ndinali nayo. Monga malire a US-Mexican, linali lingaliro landale lolimbikitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga, matekinoloje, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mfuti. Mu 1998, ndinakhala milungu ingapo kumalire a ku Texas. Kumeneko, malire ndi mtsinje, Rio Grande, ndipo kumeneko ndinazindikira kuti m'malingaliro ambiri ndi nthano chabe. Pamene ngalawa yathu inkayandama kunsi kwa mtsinje, Mexico inali mlengalenga wowoneka bwino kumanja, United States thambo lopanda mdima kumanzere, ndipo kuwoloka mbalame zoimba nyimbo ndi ng'ombe zinkawoneka zosalabadira lingaliro lakuti chipululu cha Chihuahuan chinalidi mayiko awiri. Zowopsa zochokera ku ulimi waku America ndi Juarez maquilladoras kusanganikirana mosasankha mumtsinje wapangโonopangโono, wabulauni, ngakhale pamene zomera ndi zinyama zinaunjikana ndi kuphuka mโmphepete mwake. Sanali malire koma malo otsetsereka. Osati Khoma la Berlin, ngakhale simuli namzeze kapena cactus wren.
Malire mulibe mwachilengedwe. Ndinamva kuti ulendo wachiwiri kumpoto kwa Canada, kumene British Columbia imakumana ndi Northwest Territories. Ndinali kuyendanso pa bwato, ndipo katswiri wa za mbalame amene tinali nafe ankadzuka mโbandakucha kuti azindikire, kuvina, ndi kumasula mbalame zoimba nyimbo zimene anagwira mu maukonde ake. Anakonda kunena kuti ambiri aiwo amakhala kumadera otentha ku Central America kotero kuti ntchito zoteteza zachilengedwe ziyenera kukhala zamayiko ena. Chipululu chakutali kwambiri cha Canada sichinali malo padera; zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi madera otentha.
Malire mulibe mwachilengedwe, koma amatha kupangidwa. Ku San Diego ndi Tijuana patangopita nthawi yayitali moto wa Okutobala watha chaka chatha, abwenzi adandilozera momwe gawo limodzi lachilengedwe lidapatukana kwambiri chifukwa cha machitidwe a anthu. Kumbali ya Baja, zothandizira kuzimitsa moto sizinalipo kwenikweni; kuzungulira kwa moto sikunasokonezedwe kwambiri; kotero kuti mafuta ochulukirapo omwe angatenthe kwambiri kuzungulira San Diego anali asanaunjike. Kupatula anthu aku Mexico alibe chidwi chosamukira kumadera akutali ndi anzawo. Zotsatira zake siziri kokha kuti analibe moto wowononga wotero komanso kuti analibe nyumba zazikulu m'zigwa ndi pamwamba pa mapiri zomwe ozimitsa moto amayenera kuika miyoyo yawo pachiswe ndipo boma linkawononga ndalama zomwe zikuchepa.
Awa si malo okhawo kumene zachilengedwe zimasungidwa bwino kumwera kwa malire kuposa kumpoto kwake. Taganizirani nkhani ya mbalame yotchedwa Sonoran pronghorn yomwe yatsala pangโono kutha. Pafupifupi kakhumi ochuluka omwe apulumuka ku mbali ya Sonora, pamene kumbali ya Arizona, ali pafupi kwambiri ndi Barry Goldwater Bombing Range - osati malo abwino kwambiri kwa anthu angapo omaliza a mtundu wawo ku US ndinapitakonso, pakati pa zizindikiro zochenjeza za zida zankhondo ndi phokoso la kuphulika kwa mabomba kutali.
Kulanda kwa Sierra Club kudzapambana ngati oukirawo apangitsa anthu kukhulupiriranso kuti malirewo akuwonetsa kugawanika kwachilengedwe komanso kuti US ili, kapena ikhoza kukhala, malo padera. Lingaliro lovomerezeka ndiloti, othawa kwawo ndi oipa kwa chilengedwe, koma mukhoza kukonzanso njira zingapo. Chimodzi ndicho kufotokoza kuti sitifunikira thandizo kukhala oipa kwa chilengedwe. Dziko la US limagwiritsa ntchito chuma cha padziko lonse mosagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ambiri aife timagwira ntchito nthawi yowonjezereka kuti tithe kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko. (Amayi anagwidwa mโmikangano imodzimodziyo nthaลตi yomalizira pamene nkhani ya anthu otuluka mโdziko la Sierra Club inasokoneza madzi a Kalabu ya Sierra ndi kunena kwa ine kuti, โKoma bwanji ngati abwera kuno ndi kukhala monga ife?โ pamene yankho lothekera linali lakuti, โBwanji ngati timakhala kuno ndi kukhala ngati ife?โ) Ngati mumasamala za chilengedwe, pali nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri zimene mungasankhe kuchita musanasamuke. Ngati mumasamala za kuyimitsa kusamukira, kumbali ina, chilengedwe ndimwala wokhudza ubwino wamba, kapena zaufulu, mutha kubisala kumbuyo.
Osauka omwe si azungu omwe ndi omwe akutsata kampeniyi nthawi zambiri amamanga ndi kuyeretsa nyumba zazikuluzo kumadera akutali ndikutchetcha udzu ndikuwonjezera magalimoto oyendetsa chipale chofewa, koma samakonda kukhala eni ake, kapena kupanga zisankho zochotsa. zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kapena kubweza ndalama za Superfund yoyeretsa pulogalamu, kapena miyezo yotsika yotulutsa mpweya. (Timasankha anthu kuti achite zimenezo, kwenikweni.) M'malo mwake, ngati kuchulukana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu ndizomwe zikuwopseza kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndiye kuti osamukira atsopano omwe amakhala movutikira, mochuluka, komanso amadalira zoyendera za anthu onse ndi chidzudzulo kwa anthu ambiri akumidzi. ku US.
Lingaliro loti US ikhoza kusindikizidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati dimba lotchingidwa ndi mipanda m'malo ocheperako amanyalanyaza mfundo zina zambiri zosokoneza, monga gawo la dziko lathu, ndi zida monga zotayira zaulimi ndi World Bank, popangitsa maiko ena kukhala otopa. , kapena kuti nawonso ali ndi minda yawo ndipo ifenso tili ndi zisakasa zathu. Nthawi zina ndikuwonongeka kwa minda yawo komwe kumawayika panjira ya anthu osamukira kumayiko ena - ndithudi ndizomwe zilili ndi alimi aku Mexico omwe adasokonezedwa ndi NAFTA. Koma ndizodabwitsanso chifukwa kulekanitsa minda ndi momwe gulu losamalira zachilengedwe linayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 pamene linali logwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu osankhana mitundu, anthu okhulupirira zachilengedwe, komanso amatsenga. Kumbuyo kwa malo osungiramo nyama zakale ndi madera achipululu kunali lingaliro la tsankho - kuti zinali zokwanira kupulumutsa malo okongola kwambiri komanso obiriwira, ma kilomita angapo kapena mazana angapo nthawi imodzi.
Kupatula gawo limodzi nthawi zonse kumatanthauza kuti malo ena onse ndi oyenera kulandidwa, ndipo mpaka m'ma 1960 njira yayikulu ya Sierra Club inali kuchita chimodzimodzi. Iwo anamenyana ndi malo opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Nipomo Dunes ku California koma anagwirizana kuti zinali bwino kuika imodzi ku Diablo Canyon m'malo mwake; Omenyera ufulu wamakalabu ngati a David Brower adanong'oneza bondo kwambiri kuti adatetezedwa ku Utah's Dinosaur National Monument kuti asawonongeke polola Glen Canyon Dam kupita patsogolo. Tsopano ambiri okonda zachilengedwe amatsutsana ndi madamu akuluakulu ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya, kotero kuti mikangano ikukhudza ndondomeko, osati malo okha.
Kalelo, Rachel Carson anali atangotipatsa uthenga woipa wokhudza mankhwala ophera tizilombo - kuti sanakhalepo koma anadutsa m'madera akutchire komanso m'matupi athu, ndipo izi zinayamba kuonekeratu kuti simungathe ' t kungoteteza malo. Muyenera kutsatira malangizo; munayenera kuzindikira machitidwe; Munayenera kumvetsetsa kuti, mu aphorism yodziwika bwino ya John Muir, "Tikayesa kusankha chilichonse chokha, timachipeza cholumikizidwa ndi china chilichonse m'chilengedwe." Pamene ananena zimenezo, ndithudi, sanali kuganiza kuti pulasitiki detritus kulowetsedwa ndi mbalame za m'nyanja pakatikati pa nyanja ya Pacific Ocean kapena zimbalangondo kumtunda kupitirira mayiko otukuka kumene kukhala hermaphroditic ku kuipitsidwa mankhwala, koma tingathe.
Zinthu zochulukirachulukira zikubwera pansi pazachilengedwe masiku ano, kuyambira zomwe timadya mpaka pomwe mankhwala athu amathera. Kusamukira kudziko lina, pokhapokha ngati ndi gawo la zokambirana zazikulu zokhuza kumwa, kuchuluka kwa kubadwa, ufulu wobereka, ulimi, mfundo zachuma zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malonda, kufalikira, ndi zina zambiri, sizimodzi mwazo. M'malo mwake zikuwoneka kuti chilengedwe ndi chovala chaukoma momwe otsutsa olowa m'dzikolo akuyesera kudzikulunga. Koma iwo amawonedwa bwino amaliseche.
Kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri za momwe angavotere pachisankho cha Sierra Club, Dinani apa.
Mbadwa yachiwiri yaku America, Rebecca Solnit ndi mlembi wa mabuku angapo, kuphatikiza mphotho ya National Book Critics Circle. Mtsinje wa Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge ndi Technological Wild West ndi Maloto a Savage: Ulendo wopita ku Landscape Wars ku America West, yomwe ikukhudza gulu lachilengedwe lochotsa nzika zaku America ku masomphenya aku America achilengedwe.
Copyright C2004 Rebecca Solnit
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