Ili ndi Gawo II la nkhani yomwe idasinthidwa kuchokera ku nkhani ya Noam Chomsky pa Feb. 28, mothandizidwa ndi Nuclear Age Peace Foundation ku Santa Barbara, Calif.
Nkhani yapitayi idafufuza momwe chitetezo chilili chofunikira kwambiri kwa okonza boma: chitetezo, ndiko kuti, mphamvu za boma ndi chigawo chake chachikulu, mphamvu zapadera - zonsezi zikutanthawuza kuti ndondomeko yovomerezeka iyenera kutetezedwa kuti iwonongeke.
M'mawu awa, zochita za boma zimakhala zomveka, kuphatikizapo kulingalira kwa kudzipha pamodzi. Ngakhale kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi ndi zida za nyukiliya sikunakhalepo kwakukulu pakati pa nkhawa za akuluakulu aboma.
Kutchula chitsanzo chakumapeto kwa Cold War: Mu Novembala 1983 bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi US la North Atlantic Treaty Organisation lidayambitsa masewera ankhondo omwe adapangidwa kuti azifufuza momwe angatetezere ndege zaku Russia, kufanizira kuwukira kwamlengalenga ndi pamadzi komanso chenjezo lanyukiliya.
Zochita izi zidachitika panthawi yovuta kwambiri. Mivi ya Pershing II inali kutumizidwa ku Europe. Purezidenti Reagan, watsopano kuchokera ku "Evil Empire", adalengeza za Strategic Defense Initiative, yotchedwa "Star Wars," yomwe anthu aku Russia amamvetsetsa kuti ndi chida choyamba chomenyera - kutanthauzira kokhazikika kwachitetezo cha mizinga kumbali zonse.
Mwachilengedwe izi zidadzetsa mantha ku Russia, omwe, mosiyana ndi US, anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo adawukiridwa mobwerezabwereza.
Zosungira zakale zomwe zangotulutsidwa kumene zimasonyeza kuti ngoziyo inali yaikulu kwambiri kuposa mmene akatswiri a mbiri yakale ankaganizira poyamba. Zochita za NATO "pafupifupi zinakhala chiyambi cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya yoletsa (Russian)," malinga ndi nkhani ya chaka chatha ya Dmitry Adamsky mu Journal of Strategic Studies.
Komanso uku sikunali kuyimba kokhako kwapafupi. Mu Seputembala 1983, zida zochenjeza za ku Russia zidalembetsa kuukira kochokera ku United States ndikutumiza chenjezo lapamwamba kwambiri. Ndondomeko yankhondo ya Soviet inali yobwezera ndi kuwukira kwawokha.
Msilikali wa ku Soviet yemwe anali pa ntchitoyo, Stanislav Petrov, atalengeza chenjezo labodza, anaganiza kuti asanene machenjezo kwa akuluakulu ake. Chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza ntchito yake, tili ndi moyo kuti tikambirane za nkhaniyi.
Chitetezo cha anthu sichinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa okonza Reagan kuposa omwe adatsogolera. Kusalabadira koteroko kukupitirizabe kufikira lerolino, ngakhale kuyika pambali ngozi zambiri zotsala pangโono kuyandikira, zopendedwa mโbuku latsopano lochititsa mantha, โCommand and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety,โ lolembedwa ndi Eric Schlosser.
Ndizovuta kutsutsa kutha kwa mkulu womaliza wa Strategic Air Command, Gen. Lee Butler, kuti anthu mpaka pano apulumuka nyengo ya nyukiliya โmwa luso linalake, mwaลตi ndi kuloลตererapo kwaumulungu, ndipo ndikukaikira kuti zimenezi zidzachitika mokulirapo.โ
Kuvomereza kwanthawi zonse, kosavuta kwa boma zowopseza kuti apulumuke kumakhala kodabwitsa kwambiri kuti sikungathe kufotokoza m'mawu.
Mu 1995, Soviet Union itagwa, bungwe la US Strategic Command, kapena Stratcom, lomwe limayang'anira zida za nyukiliya, linafalitsa kafukufuku wakuti, โEssentials of Post-Cold War Deterrence.โ
Chomaliza ndichoti dziko la US liyenera kukhalabe ndi ufulu womenya nkhondo yoyamba ya nyukiliya, ngakhale motsutsana ndi mayiko omwe si a nyukiliya. Ndiponso, zida za nyukiliya ziyenera kukhalapo nthaลตi zonse, chifukwa โzimaika mthunzi pavuto lililonse kapena mkangano.โ
Choncho zida za nyukiliya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, monga momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito mfuti ngati mukuyifuna koma osawombera pamene mukubera sitolo - mfundo yomwe Daniel Ellsberg, yemwe adatulutsa Pentagon Papers, adatsindika mobwerezabwereza.
Stratcom ikupitiriza kulangiza kuti "okonzekera sayenera kukhala oganiza bwino ponena za ... zomwe mdani amafunikira," zonsezi ziyenera kuyang'ana. "[Ine] zimandipweteka kudziwonetsera tokha kuti ndife oganiza bwino komanso opanda nzeru. . Kuti dziko la US likhale lopanda nzeru komanso lobwezera ngati zofuna zake zikuwukiridwa ziyenera kukhala mbali ya dziko lomwe timapereka kwa adani onse. "
"Ndikopindulitsa [pa ... momwe timakhalira] kuti zinthu zina zitha kuwoneka ngati 'zalephera kuwongolera'" - motero zimayika chiwopsezo chanthawi zonse cha zida zanyukiliya.
Palibe zambiri m'chikalatachi zomwe zikukhudzana ndi udindo pansi pa Pangano Lopanda Kufalikira kuti apange "chikhulupiriro chabwino" kuyesetsa kuthetsa mliri wa zida za nyukiliya padziko lapansi. Chomwe chimamveka, m'malo mwake, ndikutengera nyimbo ya Hilaire Belloc yotchuka ya 1898 yokhudza mfuti ya Maxim:
Chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika tili nacho,
Bomba la Atomu ndipo alibe.
Zokonzekera zam'tsogolo n'zosadalirika. Mu Disembala ofesi ya DRM Budget inanena kuti zida zanyukiliya zaku US zidzawononga $355 biliyoni pazaka khumi zikubwerazi. Mu Januwale bungwe la James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies linati US idzawononga $ 1 trillion pa zida za nyukiliya m'zaka 30 zikubwerazi.
Ndipo ndithudi si United States yokha yomwe ili pampikisano wa zida. Monga momwe Butler anaonera, ndi chozizwitsa chapafupi kuti tapulumuka chiwonongeko mpaka pano. Tikamayesa choikidwiratu kwa nthaลตi yaitali, mโpamenenso mโpamenenso sitingathe kuyembekezera kuti Mulungu achitepo kanthu kuti apititse patsogolo chozizwitsacho.
Pankhani ya zida za nyukiliya, makamaka tikudziwa momwe tingagonjetsere chiwopsezo cha apocalypse: Zithetseni.
Koma vuto linanso lalikulu limayika mthunzi wake pakuganizira zamtsogolo - tsoka lachilengedwe. Sizodziwikiratu kuti palinso kuthawa, ngakhale tikachedwa, chiwopsezo chimakula kwambiri - osati m'tsogolomu. Kudzipereka kwa maboma ku chitetezo cha anthu awo kotero kukuwonetsedwa momveka bwino ndi momwe amachitira ndi nkhaniyi.
Masiku ano United States ikulira pafupifupi "zaka 100 za ufulu wodziyimira pawokha" pomwe dzikolo likukhala "Saudi Arabia yazaka zana zikubwerazi" - mwachiwonekere zaka zana lomaliza lachitukuko cha anthu ngati ndondomeko zamakono zikupitirirabe.
Wina atha kutenganso zokamba za Purezidenti Obama zaka ziwiri zapitazo m'tauni yamafuta ya Cushing, Okla., kukhala chidziwitso chakufa kwa zamoyo.
Analengeza monyadira, kuombera m'manja mokwanira, kuti "Tsopano, pansi pa ulamuliro wanga, America ikupanga mafuta ambiri lero kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse m'zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi. Ndikofunikira kudziwa. Pazaka zitatu zapitazi, ndalamula akuluakulu anga kuti atsegule maekala mamiliyoni ambiri kuti afufuze gasi ndi mafuta m'maboma 23 osiyanasiyana. Tikutsegula zoposa 75 peresenti yamafuta omwe titha kukhala nawo kumtunda. Tachulukitsa kuwirikiza kanayi chiwerengero cha zida zogwirira ntchito kuti chikhale chokwera kwambiri. Tawonjezera mapaipi atsopano amafuta ndi gasi kuti azungulire Dziko Lapansi kenako ena. โ
Kuwomba mโmanjaku kumasonyezanso kanthu kena kokhudza kudzipereka kwa boma pankhani ya chitetezo. Phindu lamakampani liyenera kutetezedwa chifukwa "kupanga mafuta ambiri ndi gasi pano kunyumba" kupitilira kukhala "gawo lofunikira" la njira zamagetsi, monga Purezidenti adalonjeza.
Mabungwe amakampani akupanga zokopa zazikulu zokopa anthu kuti atsimikizire kuti kusintha kwanyengo, ngati kukuchitika konse, sikuchokera ku zochita za anthu. Zoyesayesa izi ndi cholinga chothana ndi kuganiza mopambanitsa kwa anthu, komwe kukupitilizabe kuda nkhawa ndi ziwopsezo zomwe asayansi amaziwona kuti ndizachidziwikire komanso zowopsa.
Kunena mosapita mโmbali, mu kaลตerengedwe ka makhalidwe a ukapitalisti wamakono, bonasi yokulirapo mawa imaposa tsogolo la zidzukulu za munthu.
Ndiye kodi pali chiyembekezo chotani cha kupulumuka? Iwo sali owala. Koma zomwe akwaniritsa omwe akhala akuvutika kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti apeze ufulu wokulirapo ndi chilungamo zimasiya cholowa chomwe chingatengedwe ndikupititsidwa patsogolo - ndipo chiyenera kukhala, ndipo posachedwa, ngati ziyembekezo zokhala ndi moyo wabwino ziyenera kukhazikika. Ndipo palibe chimene chingatiuze momveka bwino kuti ndife zolengedwa zotani.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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