Kubwerera ku United States kuchokera ku Venezuela ndi chochitika chachilendo. Kuthera nthawi ndi anthu osauka ndi chiyembekezo za tsogolo lawo ndi tsogolo la ana awo ndi mutu zinachitikira-ndipo palibe amene ndakhala nawo kwa nthawi yaitali mu US.
Ndangokhala masiku 10 ku Venezuela, ndikuchita nawo ulendo wothandizidwa ndi Marin Interfaith Task Force (MITF) ya Mill Valley, California. Pali zambiri zomwe ndidakumana nazo zomwe ndiyesera kugawana nazo, koma pamapeto pake iyi ndi nkhani yowoneka bwino, popeza sindilankhula Chisipanishi-ngakhale ndinali ndi mwayi wopeza omasulira abwino kwambiri; sanakhalepo kumwera kale kuposa matauni akumalire a Mexico; ndipo ndiribe maphunziro apamwamba mu maphunziro a Latin America, ndi zina zotero. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sindikudziwa kanthu za Latin America, monga ndaphunzira zambiri kwa zaka zambiri, koma ndikudziwitsa owerenga kuti ndilibe malire kuti athe kuweruza bwino zomwe ndikuyenera kuchita. kunena.
Mosasamala kanthu za zolephera zimenezi, ndakhala ndiri โmโdziko lotukukaโ mโmbuyomo: kasanu ndi kamodzi ku Philippines pakati pa 1986 ndi 1994, kunena ndendende. Ndilinso ndi digiri ya Masters mu Development Studies yochokera ku Institute of Social Studies ku The Hague, kumene 90% ya ophunzira anali ochokera m'mayiko osauka. Ndipo pano ndimaphunzitsa maphunziro a Sociology of Developing Countries pasukulu yapayunivesite ya Purdue ku Indiana. Kotero, ndimabweretsa chidziwitso pazochitikazo, koma zochepa.
Ndi maziko awa, komanso pozindikira zolephera zanga, ndiroleni ndigawane zomwe ndawona paulendo wofulumirawu. Ndinayenda mโgulu la anthu 16 aku North Americaโochokera kumpoto ndi kumโmwera kwa California, ndi Washington, DC, komanso ndi ana asukulu awiri ochokera ku Purdue North Central amene anali atangomaliza kumene maphunziro anga a Mayiko Otukuka Mโchaka chino - ndipo tinayenda ndi kalozera wabwino kwambiri. , Lisa Sullivan. Sullivan anali mmishonale wakale wa Marynoll, yemwe wakhala zaka zoposa 20 ku Latin America, makamaka ku Venezuela. Tinakhala masiku angapo ku Caracas, likulu la dzikolo, ndipo tinayendera maiko a Lara ndi Miranda-makamaka chigawo cha Barlovento chakumapetochi, komwe kuli likulu la anthu a ku Afro-Venezuela.
Ngakhale atolankhani aku US akungokhalira kunyoza, kubwereza mosalekeza milandu yoti Purezidenti waku Venezuela Hugo Chavez ndi wolamulira wankhanza, izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri: Venezuela ndi demokalase-boma lomwe lili ndi zovomerezeka zademokalase pakati pa anthu ake kuposa momwe boma liliri pano. ku US, nditha kunena - ndipo anthu ndi omasuka komanso omasuka. Mphindi zochepa zowonera zoulutsira nkhani kumusi uko, zomwe zimadana ndi Chavez, zidzathetsa zonena zilizonse zankhanza. Ngakhale Caracas, likulu laphokoso komanso losalamulirika, silinamvepo zoponderezedwa: panali apolisi ochepa kwambiri - pali apolisi ambiri m'misewu tsiku lililonse m'tawuni yanga yaku Chicago kuposa momwe ndidawonera m'masiku 10 poyenda ku Venezuelaโndipo kunalibe kusamvana pakati pa anthu mโmisewu ndi apolisi amene anali kumeneko. Anthu anali omasuka, komanso ochezeka. Inde, pali umbanda ndipo wina amayenera kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika, koma sindinawone chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuposa ku Chicago. Pokhala ku Manila panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Marcos, kusiyana kwake kunali kodabwitsa.
Pamodzi ndi izi, boma la Chavez lakhala likuika chuma chambiri pamaphunziro ndi zaumoyo kwa anthu osauka. Mwanjira ina, Purezidenti Chavez adapeza malingaliro amisala m'mutu mwake kuti anthu wamba a dziko lolemera mafuta apindule ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndi lingaliro lotani-lingaliro lomwe limamupangitsa iye kukhala "chikominisi." Ndikudziwa kuti sitingakhale ndi chilichonse mwazinthu izi ku US.
Funso lomwe ndinali nalo kwambiri m'maganizo mwanga linali ili: ndani amalamulira mapulogalamu ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe boma la Chavez layambitsa? Kodi iwo akulamulidwa ndi boma, pamwamba-pansi, kapena ndi anthu, pansi-mmwamba? Pogawana zina mwazochitika zanga, ndikukhulupirira kuti yankho lidzakhala lodziwikiratu.
Tinayenda kuzungulira Caracas. Caracas ndi mzinda waukulu, osati wautali kwambiri, umene uli mu "chigwa" pakati pa mapiri awiri kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa izo-mpaka nditafika kumeneko, ndinaganiza kuti Caracas anali pamphepete mwa nyanja, koma si choncho.
Anthu osauka amene anasamukira mumzindawo amanga nyumba za simenti mโmbali mwa matanthwe otsetsereka kuchokera kuchigwa chopita mโmwambaโndipo zodabwitsa mmene anthu amangira mโmbali mwa mapiri ameneลตa ndipo nthaลตi zambiri sanakokoloke. โMipiringidzoโ imeneyi imafikira pamwamba pa mzindawo, nyumba yothinjikana pa nyumba ndi yopanikizana. Mapiri ndi otsetsereka, ndipo n'zovuta kufika m'derali kupatula pa jeep.
Tinapita ku Barrio Carapita, kumene tinachezera anthu ammudzi. Anatiuza za masukulu awo atsopano, ndipo adagawana chisangalalo chawo chazinthu zatsopano za ana awo. Sukulu ya pulayimale imene tinapitako inali yokonzedwa bwino kwa ana. Anthu a mโderali anatiuza mmene anakonzera kuti apezerepo mwayi pa zimene boma linapereka pothandiza ntchito za maphunziro.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa zomwe tidapeza ndikuti, mochulukira, anali azimayi omwe amakonzekera kuti madera awo akhale abwino. Mwachiwonekere, ambiri a amunawo amapita ku Caracas kukafunafuna mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito yomwe angapeze, ndipo awo amene amakhalabe mโbwalo lankhondowo sadziloลตetsa mโntchito za mโmudzi. Atsogoleri aakazi adatiuza kuti abambo asiya kuwaletsa kugwira ntchito za mdera, koma amuna sakufuna kuvutitsidwa. Zinadziwika kuti ntchito yaikulu inali yoti amunawa alowe nawo mโderalo.
Pambuyo pake, mmodzi wa atsogoleri ammudzi omwe anatitengera kwinakwake adaganiza kuti tiyime ku Project Guire, ntchito yazachilengedwe yoyeretsa gwero la madzi a mzinda wa Rio Guire. Anthu a ku Venezuela sasamala kwenikweni ndi zinyalala, ndipo zimaunjikana mofala, mbali zonse zowononga za madera ndi mโmitsinje imene madzi amvula amathiramo. Tinayima ndi kuphunzira za ntchito yofunikayi, ndipo tinamwetulira modziwa pambuyo pake pamene tinawona mabasi a mumzinda omwe ali ndi mapu a Project Guire akuwaphimba, kapena zikwangwani zazikulu zomwe boma lakhazikitsa kuti lidziwitse anthu za ntchitoyi. Ichi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomwe boma limathandizira.
Titadya chakudya chamasana, tinapita ku mlatho, Puente Llaguno, pafupi ndi nyumba ya Pulezidenti ya Miraflores. Panthawi yofuna kulanda boma mu Epulo 2002, atolankhani ambiri adawonetsa othandizira a Chavez (Chavistas) akuwombera kuchokera pamlatho pamisonkhano yotsutsa yomwe ikupita ku Miraflores. Komabe, filimuyo "The Revolution Sizidzaonetsedwa pa TV" idawonetsa zomwe zidachitikadi: Chavistas pamlatho adawomberedwa ndi zigawenga -anthu angapo adagundidwa pamutu -ndipo pongoyesa kuthamangitsa owomberawo pomwe anthu adayamba. kuwombera kumbuyo. Susana Gonzales, yemwe analipo pa mlatho panthawi ya kuwomberako, adatipatsa ulendo ndikufotokozera zomwe zikuchitika - kuphatikizapo kuwonetsa kuti maulendo otsutsa omwe a Chavistas akuoneka kuti akuwombera mfuti popanda kuwombera, anali kutali kwambiri ndi mfuti iliyonse. .
M'mawa wotsatira, nthumwi zina zonse zidawona mwachidule mbiri ya Venezuela, ndipo adakumana ndi Wothandizira Wachiwiri kwa Nduna ku North America kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zakunja waku Venezuela. Lisa Sullivan anali atakonza zoti ndikumane ndi atsogoleri ochokera mโmalo aลตiri aakulu ogwirira ntchito mโmaลตa umenewo, ndipo chotero ndinaphonya zochitika zimenezi.
Komabe, ndinagwirizananso ndi gululo mโnthaลตi yake kuti ndikadye chakudya chamasana ndi Eva Golinger, wa ku Venezuela wa ku America amene tsopano akukhala ku Caracas. Golinger ndi mlembi wa The Chavez Code, akuwulula mozama udindo wa US muchinyengo komanso kuyesetsa kusokoneza boma la Chavez. (Atagwiritsa ntchito zikalata zomwe Golinger ndi mnzake, Jeremy Bigwood, adawonetsa poyera udindo wa AFL-CIO's Solidarity Center pakukhazikitsa maziko oyeserera kulanda boma [chonde lumikizanani ndi www.labornotes.org/archives/2004/04/articles/e.html]-in chitsanzo chochititsa mantha chomwe chimakumbutsa za zochitika za anthu ogwira ntchito ku Chile chisanachitike mu 1973-zinali zabwino kuti nditha kumuthokoza iyemwini chifukwa cha ntchito yake.) Golinger adanenanso za kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zankhondo m'dzikolo-zikuwoneka kuti zidapangidwa ndi magulu ankhondo aku Colombia "ochotsedwa" opanda zida kapena maluso opitilira kuopseza anthu, komanso kufunitsitsa kugwira ntchito yolipidwa-ndipo adalankhula zakuwopseza komwe kukuchitika ndi United States. Adalengezanso kuti buku lake latsopano lasindikizidwa ku US, lofotokozera komanso kumasuliridwa bwino kwambiri kuposa buku loyamba lofalitsidwa ku Havana, lomwe ndimalimbikitsa anthu kuliwerenga.
Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi ulendo ndi ulendo wa Fabricio Ojeda, akadali ku Caracas. Ichi ndi co-op, chomwe chimatengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa malo achitsanzo a "endogenous" ("chitukuko chochokera mkati") chomwe chikulimbikitsidwa ndi boma. Monga momwe ulendo wa MITF ukufotokozera, malowa amayendetsedwa ndi anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi barrios, ndipo ali ndi nsalu ndi nsapato co-op, chipatala chaumoyo, munda wachilengedwe, malo ophunzitsira masewera ndipo akuphatikizidwa ndi co-op kwa anthu olumala. Tinali ndi nthawi yoyendera fakitale ya nsalu yotanganidwa, koma yowala bwino, ya mpweya komanso yokonzedwa bwino, ndiyeno chipatala.
Zachipatala zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Linamangidwa posachedwapa, koma linali lamakono komanso lamakono. Ogwira ntchito anali ochezeka, komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino. Iwo anafotokoza mmene chisamaliro chaumoyo tsopano chinali chaulere kwa aliyense amene anabwera ku chipatala chawo, kaya akukhala pafupi kapena ayi. Iwo adalongosola kuti pansi pa ndondomeko yatsopano ya boma, zipatala zachipatala zamangidwa m'mabwalo onse, ndi ntchito zapamwamba monga opaleshoni ndi ntchito ndi zoberekera zimaperekedwa ku zipatala zingapo zapamwamba, ndipo zonsezi zimathandizidwa ndi zipatala za m'deralo. Ndikungolakalaka osauka m'dziko lathu akanakhala ndi mwayi wopeza zipatala zotere! Komanso, chofunika kwambiri, kumene madokotala ambiri mโzipatalazi poyamba anali anthu aku Cuba omwe anadzipereka kubwera ku Venezuela kudzapereka chithandizo ndi kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito zachipatala ku Venezuela, ogwira ntchito omwe tinakumana nawo onse anali aku Venezuela. Ngakhale amayamikira zoyesayesa za anthu aku Cuba, ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo amanyadira kwambiri ntchito yawo.
Pambuyo pa masiku aลตiri aafupi kwambiri ku Caracas, tinanyamuka pagalimoto kupita kumapiri a mโchigawo cha Lara. Tinapita ku tawuni ya Sanare, pafupifupi maola 6 kumโmwera chakumโmawa kwa Caracas. Tili mโnjira, tinaona misewu yabwino ndipo tinachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amene tinaona mโmisewu ikuluikuluโmwachionekere, chuma chikuyenda bwino.
Tinapita kusukulu yasekondale yakumidzi ku La Pastora, kumene tinaona zotsatira za โchigawengaโ choyamba. Ana asukuluwo anatiimba gule wokongola kwambiri. Kenako tinakambirana, alendo komanso ophunzira akufunsana mafunso. Ophunzirawo sanali amanyazi kwambiri, ndipo mmodzi kapena aลตiri atalankhula, madzi oundana anasweka. Anatiuza chidwi chawo cha kuphunzira nafe-pomwe kale, ophunzira akumidzi sakanatha kupitilira zaka zitatu zamaphunziro, lero akhoza kupita ku yunivesite ngati atayenerera. Anali ofunitsitsa kulankhula nafe. Anatiwonetsa zakudya zomwe adapanga, ndipo adatifotokozera chiyembekezo chawo pakukhazikitsa bizinesi yoyendera alendo kuti apereke ntchito kuti anthu asachoke m'dera lawo kupita kumizinda. Tinawafunsa za maphunziro awo, ndipo tinauzidwanso za maphunziro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana-ophunzirawo adawona kuti ndizofunikira kuti apatsidwe chidziwitso chomwe amafunikira kuti apange zisankho zoyenera. Mphunzitsi wina anali atatiuza za ophunzira omwe adasowa chifukwa cha mimba, komanso kupezeka kwa matenda a Edzi m'derali. Kwinakwake pamzerewu, nyimbo zinayamba kuyimbidwa, ndipo posakhalitsa ophunzira akusekondalewa anali kufunsa alendo awoโena azaka za mโma 60, 70 ndipo ngakhale mโma 80โkuvina!
(Pambuyo pake, ndinamva kwa mmodzi wa nthumwi za amayi kuti anapeza mwaลตi wolankhula ndi mmodzi wa aphunzitsi mwamseri. Aphunzitsiwo anali atamuuza za mavuto omwe anali kupitirizabe pa nkhani ya kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mโderalo, kuphatikizapo kusakhulupirika, mwamuna kapena mkazi wakeโmakamaka mkazi. -Nkhanza, mimba zosakonzekera, ndi kugwiriridwa. Kusintha kwa maukwati pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kunali kwapang'onopang'ono. Patatha masiku angapo, kunalengezedwa kuti gulu la oweruza achimuna lathetsa malamulo ofunika kwambiri oteteza amayi.)
Usiku umenewo, tinachitiridwa โkonsatiโ ya nyimbo za Afro-Venezuela. Nyimboyi imachokera pa ng'oma, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yothamanga kwambiri. Oyimba-achichepere omwe Lisa Sullivan ndi abwenzi adagwira nawo ntchito kwanthawi yayitali - anali odabwitsa!
Kutacha mโmaลตa unali ulendo wopita ku chipatala chakumidzi. Dokotala kumeneko anali waku Cuba. Anafuna kubwera ku Venezuela pamene anali wokwatiwa, anafotokoza motero, koma mwamuna wake sanalole zimenezo; tsopano popeza adasudzulidwa, adadza. Anali atakhala mโchipatala cha barrio Palo Verde kwa miyezi 18, ndipo anatiuza za mavuto azaumoyo amene amawaona nthaลตi zonse: panali matenda aakulu a kupuma. (Pambuyo pake tinaphunzira za kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mโderali, koma sindikudziwa ngati ankadziwa zimenezo.) Chochititsa chidwi nโchakuti, pamene ankayesa kufufuza zoyesayesa zilizonse zopezera thanzi la maganizo mโderalo, wophunzira wina anafunsa funso. za izi. Dokotalayo sanamvetse, ndipo anafunsa chitsanzoโpamene munthu wina, poyesa kukhala wothandiza, anatchula โkuvutika maganizo,โ dokotalayo anatiuza kuti kulibe mโchigawocho. Zikuoneka kuti kuvutika kuti ukhale ndi moyo ndi kusamalira banja lako sikunasiyiretu nthawi yodzimva chisoni.
Pambuyo pake, tinakwera phiriโlochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti tikachezere kampani yazaulimi, La Alianza ku Las Lajitas. Malinga ndi MITF, uwu ndi mgwirizano womwe unakhazikitsidwa zaka 20 zapitazo ndi gulu lachipembedzo la France, Abale Aang'ono a Yesu a Charles de Foucault.
Ansembe ndi abale amagwira ntchito mโmunda limodzi ndi mamembala ena a mโmabungwe. Kupatula kulera mbewu zingapo ndi ng'ombe zingapo, a Co-op akuyesera ulimi wa organic: pomwe ena mwa malo awo ndi achilengedwe, opitilira 70% a malo awo sagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mamembalawo anali ataona kuti anthu ambiri anali ndi vuto la kupuma, ndipo atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mavutowa anatha.
Boma likuwona mgwirizano umenewu ngati chitsanzo cha dziko, ndipo limapereka ndalama zowonjezera ntchito zawo. Komabe, mamembalawo anakana kungotenga ndalamazo; iwo anaumirira kuti abweze ngongole iliyonse imene analandira. Kudzera mโzokambilana ndi unduna wa zaulimi, adagwirizana kuti apereke zokambirana ndi maphunziro ena kwa magulu omwe akufuna kukhazikitsa ma co-op awo. Izi zikuwoneka ngati zofunika-chiwerengero cha ma co-op mdziko muno chakwera kuchoka pa 7,000 pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo kufika pa 108,000 lero! Monga mamembala a co-op anatiuzira, ngakhale theka litalephera, ichi ndi chitsogozo chachikulu kwa ma cooperative.
Kutsatira mgwirizanowu, tinayenda mumsewu wotsetsereka kwambiri wopita ku Barrio Monte Carmelo. Tinakonza chakudya chamadzulo ndi banja lina, koma tinali mโbandakucha, chotero tinapita kusukulu ya kwathuko. Tidawona ophunzira achikulire-azaka zawo za 40, 50s ndi 60s, ndikukhulupirira-omwe analipo, pansi pa ntchito yophunzitsa ya boma, Mission Robinson, kuti apeze maphunziro omwe sanawapeze pansi pa maboma am'mbuyomu. Ophunzira ameneลตa anali akuphunzira kwa zaka pafupifupi ziลตiri, ndipo anatisonyeza zolembera zawo zaudongo ndi zolondola, zonse zosungidwa mosamala mโmabuku awo. Kunyada pa zoyesayesa zawo kunali kosatsutsika.
Titachoka kumeneko, tinapita ku msonkhano wa khonsolo ya mโderalo yomwe inkachitika mโtchalitchi chathu. Ili linali gulu la anthu pafupifupi 10, osankhidwa ndi anthu, kuti asonkhane kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pa barrio. Anakumana kuti akonzekere ntchito ya Loweruka imeneyo yoyeretsa ngalande zawo zamadzi. Iwo anakamba za kuyesetsa kwawo kutukula mudzi wawo.
Tisanadye chakudya chamadzulo, tinapunthwa pa chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa zomwe zikuchitika. Mayi wina wazaka 76 anatidziลตikitsa, ndipo anatiuza kuti anali atangobwera kumene kuchokera ku Cuba, kumene anali atangochitidwa opaleshoni ya ngโala, yoperekedwa kwaulere ndi boma la Venezuela ndi madokotala a ku Cuba. Amafunikirabe diso lake lina "lomaliza," koma amawona bwino momwe angayambire sukulu - izi zisanachitike, adasiya sukulu mwachangu kuti alere banja lake, ndipo anali asanapezepo mwayi wopeza maphunziro omwe kale. kulakalaka. Anasangalala kwambiri.
Komabe, tinaphunzirapo chinthu china chofunika kwambiri kuposa ubwino wa mayi wachikulire ameneyu. Kumene anthu a ku Venezuela anatumizidwa ku Cuba kukachitidwa opaleshoni ya maso, tsopano madokotala okwanira aku Venezuela anali ataphunzitsidwa kuti athe posachedwapa kuchita maopaleshoniwa ku Barquisimeto, mzinda waukulu ku Lara. Zinkayembekezeredwa kuti anthu ochokera kuzungulira kontinentiyo abwera posachedwa kuti adzachite opaleshoni yomwe amafunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, boma linali litalengezanso kuti lipereka maopaleshoni aulere a ng'ala kwa anthu 100,000 aku America ku Barsimeto!
Ndiyeno, imodzi mwa mfundo zenizeni za ulendowu: tinakumana ndi Sandino. Sandino anali mnyamata, wazaka 19. Pamene tinabwerera kudzadya ndi banja la kumaloko, Sandino anali mmodzi wa ziลตalo za banjalo. Ndi kupezeka kwakukulu ndi chidwi, adatiuza zomwe Revolution-kwenikweni, ndondomeko ya demokalase koma yosinthika yomwe ikuchitika ku Venezuela-ikutanthauza kwa achinyamata: chiyembekezo. Analankhula za kufunikira kotenga nawo mbali, ndipo adayankhula ndi chilakolako ndi kudzipereka kwa masiku abwino kwambiri a Black Power, nkhondo ya anti-Viet Nam, ndi kayendetsedwe ka akazi ku States. Iye ananena za kufunika kwa achinyamata. Anauza achinyamata anayi omwe anali mu nthumwi zathu za kufunika kwawo, za kufunikira kwa achinyamata kuti atenge nawo mbali, kupanga dziko monga momwe amafunira, osati kungokhala pansi ndi kuvomereza chilichonse chimene apatsidwa. Anakhudza mitima ya ana athu mโnjira zapadera paulendowu.
Pamapeto pake, inakwana nthawi yoti ndichoke ku Sanare ndi malo ozungulira. Kubwerera mu basi yathu, ndi ulendo wautali wobwerera ku Caracas. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe tinaziwona ndikuyamba ntchito yomanga njanji yodutsa mtunda kuti isamutse katundu bwino.
Tinaima ku Caracas. Tinapempha msonkhano ndi mamembala otsutsa ndale (kwa Chavez), kuti atenge maganizo awo, koma adalephera kuyankha pempho lathu.
Tinachita chinthu chotsatira bwino kwambiri: tinapita ku malo ogulitsira okongola kwambiri kum'mawa kwa Caracas kuti tiwone momwe "mbali ina" imakhala - ndipo ndikuuzeni, amakhala bwino. Ndinauzidwa kale kuti Chavez adasamaliradi "gulu lapakati" ndipo zidawoneka - mwa zina, ndidawona sitolo komwe amagulitsa zomwe zidawoneka ngati mfuti ndi malupanga ochepa, ndipo ndidawerengera mwachangu. lupanga lomwe ndinawona likugulitsidwa pafupifupi US $8,000! Msikawu unali ndi chilichonse chomwe misika yamakono ku US inali nayo komanso pamitengo yofanana. Ndipo munali piringupiringu ndi anthu, onse modabwitsa a khungu lopepuka kwambiri.
(Zinandifotokozera kuti anthu apamwamba anali opepuka kwambiri kuposa โavarejiโ aku Venezuela, monga momwe zinalili ku Latin America ambiri. pakati pa anthu osauka-kawirikawiri mithunzi kulikonse kuyambira wakuda wa Afro-Venezuela kuti pafupifupi woyera-ndipo powona kuti iwo ambiri sanali kusankhana wina ndi mzake pamaziko a khungu khungu, ine ndinatsimikiza kuti kusiyana kunali makamaka pa maziko a kalasi, wa kukhala bwino pazachuma, osati makamaka pa โmtundu.โ)
Ulendo wathu ku Caracas unapereka chithunzithunzi china cha dziko-nthawi ino kudzera mu maso a Chucho Garcia. Garcia, mkulu wa gulu la Afro-Venezuelan, anatifotokozera kuti akapolo anabweretsedwa ku Venezuela kuchokera ku Angola, Benin ndi Congo. Akapolo ena anali atathawa ku Curacao, ndipo atafika ku Venezuela, anamasulidwa. Boma linapereka malo ochuluka kwambiri mโzaka za mโma 1700 kwa anthu aufulu a mu Afirika posinthanitsa ndi zaka 20 za usilikali, kumene mwachionekere ambiri anatumikirapo. Ndipo ambiri anali atakhazikika mโchigawo cha Barlovento mโboma la Miranda, kumene tinapitako mwamsanga.
Tinkapita ku Barlovento kukachita phwando la masiku atatu la Yohane Mโbatizi, lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa โSan Juan.โ Phwandoli limakondwerera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Caribbean ku Venezuela, koma limakhala ku Curiepe, tawuni yokhazikitsidwa ndi akapolo omasulidwa. Yakwana nthawi yokondwerera ufulu wawo, chikondwerero chofanana ndi Juneteenth ku States.
Popeza phwando la San Juan likupitirira kwa masiku atatu, tinakhala ndi nthawi yochita zinthu zina tsiku lisanafike chikondwerero "mwalamulo" chisanayambe ndi Woyera akutuluka ku Tchalitchi chapafupi pambuyo pa misa yoyang'ana kuzungulira ng'oma yomwe imangochitika masiku atatu awa.
Tinapita kukaona Bernardo Sanz, wopanga ng'oma modabwitsa. Sanz, mtsogoleri wosavomerezeka wa oimba a derali, watchulidwa kuti ndi gawo la "banja ladziko" la Venezuela. Anatiitanira mโnyumba mwake, nalankhula za kuimba ngโoma ndi tanthauzo la phwandolo. Kenako anatisonyeza malo ake opangira ngโoma, nโkutiuza kuti amangodula mitengo ya mapeyala kuti azipangira ngโomazo pa nthawi imene mwezi unkayamba kuchepa, chifukwa kuchita zimenezi pamene ukuphwa nโkulowetsa โmabowoโ angโonoangโono mโmitengoyo.
Kuchokera kunyumba ya Sanz, tinapita ku kampani ya cacao, La Ceiba. Tinaona malo olima a kampaniyo, omwe akhala m'banja limodzi kwa mibadwo yambiri. Tinaona mmene kokowo ankakololedwa, kenako nโkukonzedwansoโndipo ena a ife tinathandiza kuwotcha nyemba za cacao zomwe pambuyo pake zinasandutsidwa chokoleti chokoma kwambiri kotero kuti chinali chokoma kwambiri!
Madzulo a tsiku limenelo, ndipo madzulowo, tinakwera mabwato oyenda ndikuyenda kudutsa mโnkhalango ya mangrove ku Tacarigua. Madzulo aliwonse, mazana kapena zikwi zambiri za mbalame zimawulukira ku chisumbu chachingโono kukagona usikuwo, ndipo tinaona chozizwitsa chimenechi cha unyinji wa mbalame zikuuluka kuchokera kumโmwera chakumโmaลตa kupita mโnjira ina yonse kutera pachisumbucho popanda kuwombana kale.
Pa June 24, ena a ife tinanyamuka ndikupita ku misa ku San Juan. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa pa phwando ili ndi chakuti anthu a Curiepe amalemekeza khanda la San Juan, osati wamkulu yemwe nthawi zambiri amakondwerera mu Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Chifaniziro cha San Juan โchimakhalaโ mโnyumba yokhala ndi banja la kumaloko mkati mwa chaka, ndipo zitseko nโzotsegukira kuti anthu azimchezera โiyeโ maola 24 patsiku. Koma pa phwandolo, "iye" amatengedwa kupita ku tchalitchi cha komweko kuti akalemekezedwe ndi misa, ndiyeno "iye" akutsatiridwa m'misewu ya Curiepe.
Chikondwerero m'misewu ndi chimodzi choti muwone. Anthu okhalamo akuti anthu opitilira 20,000 ochokera m'dziko lonselo amabwera ku Curiepe kudzakondwerera San Juan, zomwe zimapangitsa tawuni yaying'ono ya anthu 10,000 kudumpha! Muli kumwa ndi kuvina kwambiri m'misewu - nthawi zina zimakhala zosatheka ngakhale kuyenda mozungulira pakati pa anthu.
Paphwando lonse, ng'oma yothamanga, yamphamvu imakhala pakati. Oyimba ng'oma ndi azaka zilizonse, kukwanitsa kukhala njira yokhayo: Kuyimba ng'oma ku Venezuela kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa momwe ndidawonera kwina. Ndipo izo zimapitirira pitirira, mwamsanga pamene gulu limodzi la oimba ng'oma litopa, lina limachitika. Nyimbo zikupitirirabe. Ndipo anthu amavina-pakati pomwe pa misewu.
Mosayembekezereka ndinalowa mu chikondwererocho. Banja linayamba kuvina, ndipo ena ankazungulira mozungulira. Zimenezi zikachitika, akaziwo ankatenga udindo. Iwo amalola mkazi woyamba kuvina kwa mphindi zingapo, kenako mkazi wina amatuluka mโbwalo, kukankhira wosonkhezerayo kunja kwapakati ndi kuloลตerera mโmphepete mwake, ndiyeno โadzatenga ulamuliroโ kuvina ndi mwamuna mโbwalo. Zimenezi zikanapitirizabe malinga ngati anthu ali ndi chidwi.
Amayi amavina โmokopeka,โ koma sindikuganiza kuti zinali zokhuza kugonanaโndinaziwona kukhala zamphamvu. Amadzifotokozera okha poyera, kupitiriza kwa zomwe ndidaziwona paulendo wonse, pomwe akazi samatengera amuna, komanso pomwe azimayi amamasuka kuvala zovala "zowonetsa" momwe amafunira, posatengera mtundu wa thupi.
Mayi wina anandiona ndikuonera kuvina, ndipo anandikokera mโbwalo. Ndinayamba kuvina, kenaka mkazi wina anamuloลตa mโmalo. Izi zinapitirira kwa kanthawi, ndipo akazi mwachiwonekere anali ndi chidwi chofuna kuona momwe mwamuna woyera, wa ku North America ameneyu angawayankhe. Kuvina kwina sikunali kotsimikiza, koma mwamakani-mkazi m'modzi adabwera kwa ine komwe samangogwira pamimba panga komanso adayamba kundikankha. Izi zidapitilira pang'ono, mpaka ndidakana kupitilirabe - sindimamvetsetsa zambiri zomwe zikuchitika, koma zidadabwitsa kuti izi zidachitika poyera. Zochuluka kwa Latina wamanyazi!
Kuti tichire ku chikondwererocho, tsiku lotsatira tinakhala mโmbali mwa dziwe la mโhotelo yathu. Zinali zabwino kungopumula, pambuyo pokumana ndi zambiri mu nthawi yochepa. Pambuyo pake tsiku lomwelo, tinasamukira ku hotelo ina pafupi ndi bwalo la ndege la Simon Bolivar, kumene tinanyamuka mโmaลตa wotsatira. Ndiyeno izo zinali kubwerera ku United States.
Nanga bwanji zowonera zonse? Ndapeza chiyani paulendowu?
Choyamba, nkhani zambiri zapagulu ku US zokhudzana ndi Venezuela-zonse zochokera kuboma komanso akatswiri ambiri - ndi zinyalala. Hugo Chavez, ndi zolakwa zake zonse, si wolamulira wankhanza. Nthawi. Venezuela ndi dziko laufulu, ndipo sindinamvepo chitsenderezo kapena kukangana mโmisewu, kaya ku Caracas, mโmapiri, kapena mโmphepete mwa nyanja. Ndidawona apolisi ochepa mumsewu ku Caracas tsiku lililonse kuposa momwe ndimawonera tsiku lililonse ku Chicago. "Mkangano" womwe ukunenedwa ukupangidwa ndi atolankhani odziyimira pawokha omwe amadana ndi Chavez, yemwe "milandu" yake imaphatikizapo kusakhala mzungu (ali ndi mbadwa ndipo, ndikukhulupirira magazi aku Africa, cholowa chake), kunyadira cholowa chake, ndi kuyika patsogolo kutukuka kwa moyo wa anthu osauka, komwe kumaphatikizapo pafupifupi 80% ya anthu. Anthu olemera achita ziwanda kwa Chavez, ndipo a Diplomatic Corps athu ndi atolankhani athu "odziyimira pawokha" amavomereza zinyalala zawo mosakayikira, ndikuzipereka ngati uthenga wabwino. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti Chavez ndi wangwiro kapena kuti kulibe mavuto ku Venezuela-alipodi-koma kunena kuti ngati wina angobwereza mavutowo ndikunyalanyaza kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa moyo wa osauka, ndiye kuti akuwonetsa zabodza ngati zoona. .
Zopindulitsa kwa osauka ndizambiri, ndipo ndi zenizeni. Mapulogalamu azaumoyo ndi achitsanzo. Kuti apeze zipatala zachipatala ku barrios ndi kupambana kwakukulu, m'matauni ndi kumidzi-ndipo kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsidwa m'madera osaukawa, akuwoneka kuti ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa mayi yemwe amayenera kupita ndi mwana wodwala kuchipatala 3 koloko m'mawa, ndipo amawonedwa ndikupatsidwa chisamaliro chabwino kwambiri, sizimamveka bwino - ndipo munthu akazindikira kuti akadayenda mtunda wautali m'mbuyomu, panthawi yantchito. maola, ndiyeno osawonekabeรขโฌยฆchabwino, mumapeza lingaliro.
Mapulogalamu a maphunziro alinso achitsanzo. Boma la Chavez likupereka chuma chambiri kuti maphunziro apezeke kwa aliyense, komanso kuti koleji ikhale yotheka kwa onse omwe ali oyenerera. Ana akumidzi sathanso kupita kusukulu akamaliza sitandade yachitatu. Ndipo achikulire ambiri abwerera kusukulu lerolino, akumaphunzira maphunziro amene anayenera kuwapeza ali achichepere koma sanathe. Mosadalira Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, boma lakhazikitsa "mitu" yopereka maphunzirowa mwachindunji kwa anthu-pamene akuwonjezera zida zomwe zilipo pamaphunziro achikhalidwe. Chiyembekezo chomwe chili m'maso mwa ophunzira-ophunzira azaka zonse ndi chosangalatsa komanso cholimbikitsa. Venezuela, mwamwayi, idalandira mphotho ya United Nations chifukwa chothetsa kusaphunzira pasanathe chaka chimodzi.
Mgwirizano womwe tidayendera unali wachitsanzo, koma mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu azaumoyo ndi maphunziro, ndizosiyana. Ikuwonedwa ngati ntchito yachitsanzo, yomwe ena angaphunzirepo, ndipo mamembala ake akhala okonzeka kugawana ndi kuphunzitsa. Komabe, ma cooperative akuchulukirachulukira m'dziko lonselo, ndipo akuyenera kukhala gwero lalikulu la moyo wa anthu komanso kuchepetsa kudalira kwachikhalidwe cha Venezuela pakugula zakudya kuchokera kunja m'zaka zikubwerazi.
Chiyembekezo chomwe tidachiwona, kuposa mapologalamu aliwonse, chinali m'maso mwa anthu, makamaka achinyamata. Iwo anadzimva, kwa nthaลตi yoyamba mโmbiri ya Venezuela, kuti anali mbali ya dziko ndi kuti amawonedwa kukhala amtengo wapatali. Iwo ankadziwa chikhulupiriro chimene boma lawo linali nacho mwa iwo-ndi kwa osauka, Chavez' ndi "boma" lawo - ndipo iwo anali kuyankha.
Komabe, mafunso ovuta ayenera kufunsidwa: kodi ichi ndi chithunzi chodabwitsa chomwe ndadyetsedwa? Sindikuganiza choncho, ndipo ngakhale kuti nthawi yathu inali yochepa, inali yosiyana kwambiri mโmadera osiyanasiyana a dzikolo. Tinamva zomwezo nthawi zonse kuchokera kwa osauka. Atsogoleri athu, osati Mayi Sullivan okha komanso ena amene anatithandiza, onse anakhala ku Venezuela kwa zaka zoposa 20 ndipo/kapena anali ochokera ku Venezuela. anamva. M'malo mwake, ndinafunsa makamaka ngati tikupeza ulendo wa "rosy scenario"-Sullivan adanena, mosakayikira, kuti mapulogalamu a zaumoyo ndi maphunziro omwe tidawawona akukula m'dziko lonselo, ngakhale adanena kuti mgwirizanowu unali wachilendo.
Nthawi yomweyo, zomwe tidamva mobwerezabwereza, ndikuti anthu-makamaka amayi ndi achinyamata-akudzikonzekeretsa okha, kupanga ma cooperative ndi mapologalamu ena, ndiyeno amagwiritsa ntchito chuma chaboma kuti agwire ntchito. Uku sikuli kuyesayesa kwapamwamba, komwe boma limabwera "modziwa zonse" ndikuyesa kuthetsa mavuto kwa anthu: ndi anthu omwe akukonzekera, kupanga zofunikira zawo ndi mapulogalamu awo, kupeza chuma, ndikuyika ntchito zithandizeni kuti zipindule ndi onse okhudzidwa. Ichi ndi chitukuko kuchokera pansi kupita pansi.
Komabe pali mavuto, ndipo ayenera kuthetsedwa. Ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi uyenera kuyankhidwa bwino m'madera-ophunzira m'masukulu omwe tidawona kuti sakuwoneka kuti alibe vuto lililonse ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi-ndi nkhanza kwa amayi, zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo, ziyenera kuthetsedwa.
Kudalira zakudya kuchokera kunja kulinso vuto. Chuma cha Venezuela chiyenera kukonzedwanso kotero kuti chakudya ichi, kapena zambiri zake, zitha kupangidwa m'nthaka yachonde. Kukula kwa ma cooperative kuyenera kuthandiza pa izi. Ndivuto lomwe boma limazindikira ndipo likuyesera kuthana nalo.
Vuto lalikulu ndi chuma chonse. Venezuela si dziko lowonongedwa, - lili ndi chuma chamakono. Ndi chuma cha capitalist, chomwe chikutukuka-chomwe chimati ndi "socialist" kapena "kulamulidwa ndi anthu aku Cuba" ndi zinyalala. Mafuta amadalira kwambiri mafuta, ndipo tinauzidwa kuti boma likuyesera kusiyanitsa, koma mafutawa amayendetsedwa ndi boma, m'malo molowa m'matumba a osunga ndalama ndi olemera, ndipo Chavez' wapatutsa gawo lina la phindu. kupititsa patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. Pali misewu yabwino kudera lonselo, yokhala ndi maenje ochepa, ndikhoza kuwonjezera, kuposa ku Chicago. Dzikoli lapatsidwa magetsi ngakhale kumidzi. Ndi chuma champhamvu kwambiri kuposa ku Philippines, mwachitsanzo, kotero ali ndi mwayi wosintha zina zomwe osauka akufuna.
Komabe, sindikuwona momwe chuma chingapitirire mpaka ku US, kapenanso azungu: Venezuela sinatsatire mayiko ena, kupha anthu awo komanso kuba chuma chawo kuti apindule nawo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti adzafunika kupeza njira ina, kuti apange chikhumbo chenicheni cha Chavez cha "socialism ya 21st Century," kuti akwaniritse zosowa za anthu awo. Izo sizingakhale chuma chozikidwa pa chikapitalist-ochepa, chiyenera kusakanikirana. Ndi kutentha kwa dziko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, izi zikutanthauza kuti yankho lililonse losankhidwa liyenera kukhala lokhazikika pazachilengedwe komanso pazachuma, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti silingakhale capitalist.
Kodi anthu aku Venezuela angabwere ndi yankho? Mwa iwo okha, ndizokayikitsa, makamaka ndi kukakamizidwa kochokera ku United States. Kodi angathe kupanga njira yothetsera madera, mmene mayiko oyandikana nawo angagwirire ntchito pamodzi kaamba ka ubwino wa onse, ngakhale kuti United States ikunena kapena kuchita chiyani? Zokayikitsa, koma sizingatheke-ndipo njira yokhayo yomwe ndikuwona kuti ali nayo.
Kaya anthu akuVenezuela apeza mwayi woyesa izi, modabwitsa, zitha kudalira zomwe anthu wamba amachita ku United States. Ngati tipitiliza kukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi vuto lililonse lomwe boma linganene - kaya ndi ma Republican kapena ma Democrats - ndiye kuti aku Venezuela angafunike kuphatikiza "kugonjetsa United States pankhondo" ku "zinthu zoti achite." Komabe, zopusa zomwe zingamveke, titha kuganiza za Iraq ndi Viet Nam tisanakane.
Kumbali ina, ngati ife ku United States tikana kuvomereza chinyengo chilichonse chaubongo "atsogoleri" athu, ndikusankha kuti tiwone zomwe zikuchitika ku Venezuela tokha ndikugwira ntchito kuti tipeze njira zothandizira kusintha kwawo kwa demokalase, Venezuela motsogozedwa ndi Hugo. Chavez akhoza kukhala pafupi kwambiri kuti apambane kuposa momwe tingaganizire.
Chisankho ndi chathu. Tiyeni tiyembekezere kuti anthu aku America ayankha chiyembekezo m'maso mwa anthu osauka aku Venezuela, osati chidani cha ndale za US.
Kim Scipes, Ph.D., ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira wa Sociology ku Purdue University North Central ku Westville, Indiana. Iye ndi banja lake amakhala ku Chicago. Scipes, yemwe kale anali Sergeant ku United States Marine Corps, wakhala akugwira ntchito yolimbikitsa chilungamo pazachuma ku US komanso padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zopitilira 30. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
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