Pa Tsiku la Amayi, Meyi 12, The Boston Globe inali ndi chithunzi cha mtsikana ali ndi mwana wake wamwamuna atagona m'manja mwake.
Mayiyo, wa ku India wa ku India, adawoloka malire a US kasanu ndi kawiri ali ndi pakati, koma adagwidwa ndikutumizidwa kudutsa malire asanu ndi limodzi mwazomwe adayesa. Anayenda molimba mtima mailosi ambiri, kupirira masiku otentha kwambiri ndi usiku wozizira kwambiri, wopanda madzi kapena pogona, pakati pa zigawenga zoyendayenda. Nthawi yomaliza yomwe adawoloka, ali ndi pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, adapulumutsidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wosamukira kumayiko ena omwe adamuthandiza kupeza njira yopita ku Boston.
Ambiri omwe amawoloka malire akuchokera ku Central America. Ambiri amati akadakonda kukhala kunyumba, ngati mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wabwino sunawonongeke. Amaya monga mayi wachichepereyu akuthaลตabe chiwonongeko chakupha anthu a mโdera lamapiri la Guatemala zaka 30 zapitazo.
Wolakwira wamkulu, a Gen. Efrain Rios Montt, wolamulira wankhanza wakale yemwe analamulira dziko la Guatemala pazaka ziลตiri zakupha kwambiri pankhondo yachiลตeniลตeni ya zaka makumi ambiri mโdzikolo, anapezeka ndi mlandu wopha anthu ndi milandu yochitira anthu milandu ku Guatemala, pa May 10.
Kenako, patatha masiku 10, mlanduwo unathetsedwa mโmikhalidwe yokayikitsa. Sizikudziwika ngati mlanduwu upitirire.
Asilikali a Rios Montt anapha anthu a ku Guatemala zikwi makumi ambiri, makamaka a Mayans, mโchaka cha 1982 chokha.
Pamene chaka chakupha chija chinali kutha, Purezidenti Reagan anatsimikizira mtunduwo kuti wakuphayo anali โmunthu wokhulupirika kwambiri ndi wodzipereka,โ yemwe anali kulandira โbum rapโ kuchokera ku mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi amene โakufuna kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa moyo wa anthu. anthu onse a ku Guatemala ndi kulimbikitsa chilungamo cha anthu.โ Choncho, pulezidenti anapitiriza kuti, "Boma langa lidzachita zonse zomwe lingathe kuti lithandizire ntchito zake zomwe zikupita patsogolo."
Umboni wokwanira wa "ntchito zopititsa patsogolo" za Rios Montt zinalipo ku Washington, osati kuchokera ku mabungwe a ufulu, komanso kuchokera ku intelligence ya US.
Koma choonadi chinali chosavomerezeka. Zinasokoneza zolinga zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu la chitetezo cha dziko la Reagan mu 1981. Monga momwe mtolankhani Robert Parry adanenera, akugwira ntchito kuchokera ku chikalata chomwe adachipeza mu Library ya Reagan, cholinga cha gululi chinali kupereka thandizo lankhondo ku boma lamanja ku Guatemala. kuti awononge osati kokha "zigawenga za Marxist" komanso "njira zawo zothandizira anthu" - zomwe zikutanthauza, kupha anthu.
Ntchitoyi inkachitika modzipereka. Reagan adatumiza zida "zosapha" kwa ophawo, kuphatikiza ma helikoputala a Bell omwe anali ndi zida nthawi yomweyo ndikutumiza ntchito zawo zakupha ndi kuwononga.
Koma njira yothandiza kwambiri inali kulembetsa maukonde a mayiko okasitomala kuti agwire ntchitoyi, kuphatikiza Taiwan ndi South Korea, omwe adakali pansi pa maulamuliro ankhanza omwe amathandizidwa ndi US, komanso tsankho la South Africa komanso maulamuliro ankhanza a Argentina ndi Chile.
Kutsogolo kunali Israel, yomwe idakhala gawo lalikulu la zida zankhondo ku Guatemala. Linapereka alangizi kwa opha anthuwo komanso kuchita nawo ntchito zolimbana ndi zigawenga.
Kumbuyo kumabweretsa mobwerezabwereza. Mu 1954, gulu lankhondo loyendetsedwa ndi CIA linathetsa mgwirizano wazaka 10 wa demokalase ku Guatemala - "zaka za masika," monga amadziwika kumeneko - ndikubwezeretsanso anthu osankhika.
Mโzaka za mโma 1990, mabungwe a mayiko amene ankafufuza za nkhondoyi ananena kuti kuyambira mu 1954 anthu pafupifupi 200,000 anaphedwa ku Guatemala, ndipo 80 peresenti ya iwo anali nzika za dzikolo. Ophawa ambiri anali ochokera ku gulu lachitetezo ku Guatemala komanso ogwirizana kwambiri.
Nkhanzazo zinachitidwa ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha US ndi kutenga nawo mbali. Zina mwa zikhulupiriro zodziwika bwino za Nkhondo Yozizira zinali zoti Guatemala inali dziko la Russia ku Latin America.
Zifukwa zenizeni, zolembedwa momveka bwino, zinalinso zoyenera: kudera nkhawa zokonda za osunga ndalama aku U.S. ndikuwopa kuti kuyesa kwa demokalase komwe kumapatsa mphamvu alimi omwe akuponderezedwa mwankhanza "kungakhale kachilombo" komwe "kafalitse," m'mawu oganiza bwino a Henry Kissinger, ponena za kwa Salvador Allende wa demokalase wa Chile.
Kupha kwa Reagan ku Central America sikunali ku Guatemala kokha, ndithudi. M'madera ambiri mabungwe a zigawenga anali magulu achitetezo aboma omwe anali ndi zida ndikuphunzitsidwa ndi Washington.
Dziko limodzi linali losiyana: Nicaragua. Inali ndi asilikali oteteza anthu ake. Reagan adayenera kupanga gulu lankhondo lakumanja kuti limenye nkhondoyi.
Mu 1986, Khoti Lapadziko Lonse, pa mlandu wa Nicaragua v. United States, linadzudzula dziko la U.S. chifukwa cha โkugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosaloledwaโ ku Nicaragua ndipo linalamula kuti anthu abweze ndalamazo. Kuyankha kwa United States ku chigamulo cha khothi kunali kukulitsa nkhondo yoyimira.
US Southern Command idalamula zigawenga kuti ziwukire anthu wamba omwe alibe chitetezo, kuti "asatulutse" ndi gulu lankhondo laku Nicaragua, malinga ndi umboni waku Southcom a General John Gavin ku Congress mu 1987.
Mabungwe a ufulu (omwewo omwe anali kupereka rap yoyipa kwa genocidaire Rios Montt) adatsutsa nkhondo ku Nicaragua nthawi yonseyi koma adatsutsa mwamphamvu njira za "zofewa" za Southcom.
Wothirira ndemanga waku America a Michael Kinsley adadzudzula mabungwe omwe ali ndi ufulu chifukwa chosiya mawonekedwe abwino. Iye anafotokoza kuti "ndondomeko yomveka" iyenera "kukumana ndi chiyeso cha kusanthula mtengo wa phindu," kupenda "kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi masautso omwe adzatsanulidwe, ndi mwayi woti demokalase idzatulukira pamapeto ena."
Mwachilengedwe, ife aku America tili ndi ufulu wosanthula - zikomo, mwina, ku ulemu wathu komanso mbiri yakale kuyambira masiku omwe kontinenti idachotsedwa mliri wamba.
Chikhalidwe cha "demokalase yomwe idzawonekere" sichinali chodziwika bwino. Ilo likulongosoledwa molondola ndi katswiri wotsogola wa โkukwezeleza demokalase,โ Thomas Carothers, amene anagwira ntchito mโmapulojekiti oterowo mu Dipatimenti ya Boma la Reagan.
Carothers akumaliza, mwachisoni, kuti chikoka cha US chinali chofanana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa demokalase ku Latin America, chifukwa Washington imangolekerera "kusintha kwademokalase kocheperako komwe sikunakhale pachiwopsezo kusokoneza miyambo yakale yomwe United States idakhala nayo nthawi yayitali. adagwirizana (mu) m'mabungwe opanda demokalase."
Palibe kusintha kuyambira pamenepo.
Mu 1999, Purezidenti Clinton adapepesa chifukwa cha milandu ya ku America ku Guatemala koma palibe chomwe adachita.
Pali mayiko omwe amakwera kwambiri kuposa kupepesa kwachabechabe popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Guatemala, ngakhale akukumana ndi zowawa zambiri, achita zomwe sizinachitikepo zobweretsa mtsogoleri wakale wa boma pamilandu yake, zomwe titha kukumbukira pazaka 10 zakuukira kwa US ku Iraq.
Mwinanso zomwe sizinachitikepo ndi nkhani ya mu The New York Times yolemba Elisabeth Malkin, mutu wakuti "Kuyesa Kuphedwa kwa Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni ku Guatemala Kusiya Udindo Wa US." Ngakhale kuvomereza zolakwa zako nkosowa kwambiri.
Zosowa kulibe ndi zomwe zingachepetse zotsatira zoyipa zamilanduyo - mwachitsanzo, kuti United States ilipire chiwongola dzanja ku Nicaragua chomwe Khothi Ladziko Lonse lalamula. Kusakhalapo kwa zochita zoterozo kumapereka mulingo umodzi wa phompho lomwe limatilekanitsa ndi kumene anthu otukuka ayenera kukhala.
Buku laposachedwa kwambiri la Noam Chomsky ndi Power Systems: Zokambirana pa Global Democratic Uprisings ndi Zovuta Zatsopano ku US Empire. Zokambirana ndi David Barsamian. Chomsky ndi pulofesa wopuma pantchito wa linguistics ndi filosofi ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology ku Cambridge, Mass.
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