Monga chofunikira kwa iwo omwe amathandizira Z kudzera mu Z Sustainer Program pali mabwalo angapo omwe anthu amatha kufunsa mafunso kwa olimbikitsa komanso olemba monga Noam Chomsky. Nawa mayankho a Chomsky ku mafunso okhudza Israel Ndi Palestine sabata yatha. Ngati mupeza kuti izi ndi zothandiza lingalirani kujowina.
Bush, Arafat ndi Kusintha
Purezidenti Bush adayitana, powonekera poyera, kuti a Palestine alowe m'malo mwa Yasser Arafat monga mtsogoleri wawo ndikuyambitsa "kusintha" kwa ulamuliro wa Palestina. Poganizira kuti pamene Arafat amasaina pamzere wamadontho, "gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi" silinasamale zachinyengo zaulamuliro wa Arafat zitha kuganiziridwa kuti Washington ikufuna kuchotsa Arafat ndi Marshal Petain ndikubweretsa Palestina wankhanza. Komabe, kulingalira, kodi zingatheke kuti Israeli ndi Washington akuyesera kuyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Palestine monga momwe amayesera kuchita pamene amachirikiza chikhazikitso cha Chisilamu monga mphamvu yolimbana ndi dziko lachiarabu lachiarabu? Kodi ichi chingakhale chifukwa chopezera ntchito yachikhalire?
Ndikuganiza kuti ndi mawu oti "gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi" (m'mawu) mukutanthauza kunena zachipongwe ku US ndi makasitomala omwe angatsatire - momwe mawuwa amagwiritsidwira ntchito mu Newspeak yamakono.
Ngati ndi choncho, mukunena zowona za gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi komanso Arafat's Palestinian Authority. Malingana ngati iwo ankalamulira anthu a Palestina, ndi chiwawa chilichonse ndi kuponderezedwa, palibe amene ankasamala ngati akukhala mumsewu wapamwamba ku Gaza ndikugwirizana ndi anzawo a Israeli kuphwanya anthu omvetsa chisoni. Arafat adakhala "gawo lavuto" pokhapokha atalephera kulamulira, ndipo anthu ofunikira adataya mphamvu zawo zachiwawa ndi zigawenga, momwe adangokhalira kukhumudwa kwakukulu. Ndizofanana ndi zomwe anthu osankhika adachita ku 9-11 kumadzulo.
Choncho ayenera kuloลตedwa mโmalo ndi munthu wina amene angathe kugwira ntchito imene wapatsidwa.
Ndikukayika kuti Israeli akufuna ntchito yokhazikika. Zokwera mtengo kwambiri, komanso zosagwira ntchito. Bantustans ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Barak, nkhunda yolemekezeka Shlomo Ben-Ami, adalongosola zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti cholinga cha ndondomeko ya Oslo ndikukhazikitsa "kudalira neocolonial" kwa Palestina, komwe kudzakhala "kwamuyaya." Ngati Arafat ndi gulu lake sangathe kuchita izi, ena adzapezeka kuti azitumikira ambuye moyenera.
Komanso khoti lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lakhazikitsidwa kumene ku Hague ICC, wina angaganize, liyenera kuyang'anira mkanganowu. Kodi zingatheke kuti njira imodzi yomuchotsera Arafat ingakhale kumuimba mlandu wamilandu pankhondo, mwachitsanzo, kumuimba mlandu wachigawenga? Tangoganizani ngati ICC ikanatsutsa onse Sharon ndi Arafat. Alipo angagwire Arafat koma Sharon angamugwire ndani? Kodi izi zikuwonetsa cholakwika mu lingaliro la ICC poti zigawenga zokhazo omwe "anthu apadziko lonse lapansi" akufuna kuwamanga ndi omwe amamangidwa chifukwa ndi okhawo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zomangaโฆsadzimanga okha?
Ponena za ICC, ili ndi cholakwika chofanana ndi mabungwe onse apadziko lonse lapansi. Mโdziko lolamulidwa ndi nkhanza, anthu olemera ndi amphamvu amachita zambiri zimene amakonda. Ndizosatheka kuganiza kuti ICC ikhoza kuyesa, ngakhale kufufuza, zigawenga zaku Western. Tangowonani zomwe zidachitika ku Khothi Ladziko Lonse ndi Security Council pomwe adayesa kupangitsa US kuti asiye nkhondo yake yachigawenga yolimbana ndi Nicaragua. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi Nuremberg. Anthu amene anaweruzidwa anali ena mwa zigawenga zoipitsitsa mโmbiri ya anthu, mosakayikira, koma tanthauzo la โupandu pankhondoโ linali โupandu wankhondo umene iwo anachita koma ife sitinatero.โ Ndipo ngakhale mawu abwino a Justice Robert Jackson okhudza momwe mfundo za Nuremberg ziyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, US ndi ogwirizana nawo adakhalabe otetezedwa pomwe adapanga milandu yambiri m'zaka zotsatila, chifukwa ndi amphamvu kwambiri osakhudza, komanso chifukwa makalasi ophunzira ndi okwanira. omvera kubisa mayendedwe awo.
Pempho la Mtendere
NYT ikunena kuti Arafat wangovomera kupereka kwamtendere kwa Camp David komwe sikulinso koyenera - NYT idapitiliza kunena kuti ichi chinali chopereka chowolowa manja kwambiri chomwe Israeli adapereka ndipo Arafat adachikana pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuperekedwa kwachilimwe cha 2000, m'malo mopereka mowolowa manja kwambiri mu Januware 2001. Mwachiwonekere NYT ikulakwitsa kufotokoza za chilimwe 2000 kupereka monga mowolowa manja kwambiri, pamene Israeli anapita patsogolo mu January 2001. Ndinawafotokozera izi. Funso langa ndi iliโndi zomwe Arafat ananena kuti ali wokonzeka kuvomera? Kodi adawonetsadi kufunitsitsa kuvomera zopatsa mowolowa manja kuposa zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Taba, kapena a NYT akungonama? Komanso, kodi Arafat adakana zomwe Tababa adapereka kapena Israeli adasiya kukambirana chifukwa cha chisankho chomwe chikubwera?
Kungofotokozera, panalibe kuperekedwa kwa Israeli mu Jan. 2001. Misonkhano iyi (Taba) inali yosavomerezeka. Malingaliro adapangidwa, koma palibe chovomerezeka. Pali mbiri yabwino kwambiri ya zomwe zidachitika ndi wowonera EU, zotsimikiziridwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri, zosindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Israeli. Pakhala pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kuyambira pomwe Camp David adafika pakukhazikika koyenera, ngakhale panali kusiyana kwakukulu. Israel idasiya misonkhano, mwina chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe zikubwera. Lingaliro langa, pa zomwe zili zoyenera, zinali (ndiye, komanso mopitilira muyeso), kuti utsogoleri wa Palestine ukanalangizidwa kuti uike mphamvu zochulukirapo pakulengeza zotsatira zoyeserera ku Taba, padziko lonse lapansi komanso kwa anthu awo, ndi kuyesa kugwiritsira ntchito zimenezo monga maziko a kukambitsirana kowonjezereka, kupeลตa kuputa mkwiyo ndi chiwawa.
Sizikudziwika kuti Camp David 2000 inali chiyani, kapena ngati panali imodzi, mwalamulo. US sanapange udindo uliwonse. Israel idapanga malingaliro angapo, koma sizikudziwika kuti anali ovomerezeka bwanji, kapena kwenikweni zomwe anali. Mapu adasindikizidwa ku Israeli, ndipo apa, koma mosavomerezeka. Ndizodabwitsa kuti atolankhani ndi manyuzipepala pano sanatulutse mamapu - osachepera, palibe omwe ndidawapeza - ngakhale ndizodziwikiratu kuti kuwunika zomwe zaperekedwa komanso "kukongola" kwake ndi "kuwolowa manja" komwe kumatamandidwa kwambiri, munthu wachita bwino. kuyang'ana pamapu ndikuwona zomwe zikuperekedwa. Ndikulingalira kuti kutha kumeneko sikunangochitika mwangozi. Kungoyang'ana mamapu omwe alipo (omwe ndi osasinthasintha) kukuwonetsa kuti mawuwo sanayenerere mawu oterowo.
Lipoti la Times silinadziwike, ndipo zikuoneka kuti Arafat sananene chilichonse chotsimikizika kapena chomveka. M'mikhalidwe yake yamakono, n'zovuta kuona momwe akanatha.
Malingaliro a Gunnar Jarring, Egypt ndi Sadat
Ndidachita chidwi ndikufufuza zowona zomwe sizikudziwika (makamaka ku US) zoyambitsa mtendere ndi Gunnar Jarring ndi mayankho a Egypt ndi Israel. Ndinatha kupeza kope la zikalata zazikulu zitatu, komanso kukambirana koyenera kuchokera muzolemba za Rabin (191-195). Ndikudziwa kuti ndinu m'modzi mwa ofufuza ochepa omwe angazindikire zochitika zotere m'mbiri (chochititsa chidwi kuti buku langa la koleji la mbiri yakale la dziko lapansi linanenanso mwachidule), kotero ndinali kudabwa ngati mungandithandize kuthetsa zingapo. mafunso okhudza nkhani ya malire a June 1967 asanafike. Monga mukudziwira, Jarring's Aide Memoire akufunsa Israeli mwa zina kuti achoke ku gawo logonjetsedwa la Igupto kupita ku "malire a mayiko," ndipo akupempha Aigupto kuti athetse udani ndi kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa Israeli. Egypt inavomereza mfundo iliyonse, ngakhale kuti pamapeto pa yankho lake inawonjezera kuti โmtendere wolungama ndi wokhalitsa sungapezeke popanda . . . Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti Igupto amangovomereza mtendere pokhapokha Israeli amatsatira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse? Sindikuwona kuti pempho la Jarring likunena chilichonse chokhudza kuchotsa kwathunthu monga kudzipereka, ngakhale akunena za "kukhazikika molingana" ndi UN 242, kutanthauziridwa mosiyana ndi Israeli padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zimanditsogolera ku funso lokhudza kuyankha kwa Israeli. Mwanena mu _Fateful Triangle_ pakati pa malo ena, kuti kuyankha kwa Israeli kunali kukana kotheratu kwa pempholi popanda kuperekedwa, koma pamwamba zikuwoneka ngati Israeli adavomereza mfundo zonse za Jarring. Pamfundo ya 4-mwina yofunika kwambiri poyankhapo-Israeli idavomera "kuchita" zomwe zikukhudza kuchotsa "kuchokera ku mzere wa Israeli-UAR woyimitsa moto kupita ku malire otetezedwa, ozindikirika ndi ogwirizana kuti akhazikitsidwe mu mgwirizano wamtendere. Israel sidzachoka pamzere wa June 5, 1967. Zolemba za Rabin zikunena kuti iye, limodzinso ndi akuluakulu a ku Washington anakhumudwa ndi kuyankha kwa Israyeli, kumene Rabin analongosola kukhala โkungoyendayenda [ndi] kunyada [ndi] kupitirira chabe ndi kusamveketsa bwino kwake.โ Mwina ndikusowa china chake, koma mfundo 4 sinali kuvomereza zomwe ndachita, ndikukana chinthu chomwe Rabin amatchedwa "ulalo wofunikira"? Ngati ndi choncho, nโchifukwa chiyani ntchito ya Jarring [inazimiririka] mโmbiri?
Mu Feb. 1971, Gunnar Jarring anapanga ndondomeko yeniyeni, yomwe adapereka ku Egypt ndi Israel. Idafuna mtendere wathunthu pakati pa Egypt ndi Israeli kuti Israeli achoke kumalire odziwika padziko lonse lapansi (malire a June 1967 asanafike). Purezidenti Sadat waku Egypt adavomereza popanda ziyeneretso. Israeli adachiwona, adachizindikira kuti chinali chopereka chamtendere chenicheni (monga momwe zolemba za Rabin ndi maumboni ena ambiri zimamvekera bwino; zindikirani kuti zotsutsa za Rabin, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'mawu omwe mwagwira, zinali zanzeru, osati zenizeni). Pokambitsirana zamkati, zidazindikirika kuti ngati Israeli avomereza zoperekazo pangakhale mtendere, koma pamtengo wokulitsa malo ku Sinai, chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa chipani cholamulira cha Israeli chomwe chinkalamulira panthawiyo. Chifukwa chake Israeli idaganiza zokana zomwe Jarring adapereka, ponena kuti sizingachokere kumalire a June 1967. Izi zinamaliza ntchito ya Jarring.
Israeli kenako anapitiliza ndi mapulani ake okhazikitsa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sinai ("Galili Protocols"), kuthamangitsa mwankhanza alimi ndi Abedouin 10,000, kuwathamangitsira m'chipululu, kuwononga midzi yawo, mizikiti, manda, ..., ndikupitiriza kumanga mzinda wa Ayuda onse wa Yamit. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa nkhanza zazikulu za Sharon (zochitidwa, monga zolakwa zake zambiri, motsogozedwa ndi boma la Labor). Sadat anachenjeza kuti "Yamit amatanthauza nkhondo," ndipo pamene US ndi Israeli adamuchotsa mwachipongwe, adapita kunkhondo ku 1973 - osati kuukira Israeli, monga momwe amanenera zabodza zambiri, koma m'dera lake lomwe adagonjetsedwa ndi Israeli ndikugwiriridwa. mothandizidwa ndi US atapereka pangano lamtendere lathunthu, popanda zikhalidwe.
Mfundo yakuti Egypt inanena kuti "mtendere wolungama ndi wokhalitsa" udzafunika kuchoka kumadera onse (mogwirizana ndi UN 242, monga momwe dziko lonse lapansi linavomerezera, kuphatikizapo US panthawiyo) sizothandiza. Sizinali lamulo loti Aigupto avomereze chikumbutso cha Jarring, komanso sichinali chifukwa chimene Israyeli akanachikana, monga momwe mfundo zangotchulidwa kumene (zokambitsirana mu โFateful Triangleโ ndi kwina kulikonse) zikusonyezera. Mawu anu akuti "pamtunda zikuwoneka ngati Israeli adavomereza mfundo zonse za "Jarring initiative" ndizolakwika, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi mawu a yankho lachilamulo la Israeli lomwe mumagwira mawu: Israeli adzachoka "kumalire otetezedwa, odziwika ndi ogwirizana. kuti akhazikitsidwe mu mgwirizano wamtendereโ koma osati - kubwereza OSATI - ku "mizere isanachitike June 5, 1967."
Ine ndikuyembekeza izo zidzathetsa chisokonezo. Umboni wolembedwa ndi wowonekera komanso wosatsutsika: Sadat sanachitepo kanthu, ndipo Israeli adakana mwatsatanetsatane zomwe Sadat adapereka (kutanthauza kuvomereza kwake kopanda malire kwa lingaliro la Jarring).
Ponena za chifukwa chake chochitikacho chinazimiririka mโmbiri, zimenezo nzolunjika. US idathandizira kukana mtendere kwa Israeli. Choncho chochitikacho sichingakhalebe m'mbiri. Panali fanizo labwino masabata angapo apitawo pamene Jarring anamwalira. Nโzoona kuti panali maulosi ambiri. David Peterson adafufuza pawailesi yakanema. Kupatulapo chimodzi (Los Angeles Times, yosindikizidwanso mu Boston Globe), atolankhani adangopewa chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pazandale pantchito yake, chomwe tikukambirana. LAT ndi BG adazitchulapo, koma adanamizira, ponena kuti Israeli ndi mayiko achiarabu adakana pempho lake. Izi ndi zachilendo pamene US ikusokoneza chiyembekezo cha mtendere. Pachifukwa ichi, zolemba zamaphunziro nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochititsa manyazi; Ndapereka zitsanzo zingapo zosindikizidwa.
Zomwe zanenedwa mu "Fateful Triangle" ndi kwina kulikonse, kutengera zolemba izi. Sindikuwona kusamveka kulikonse.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti pempho la Jarring, ndi kuyankha kwa Aigupto, anali kukana 100%: palibe kuvomereza ufulu uliwonse wa Palestine wodzilamulira (monga UN 242), udindo womwe tingawutchule "tsankho," mwinamwake a kubwerera ku Nazism, ngati nsapato inali pa phazi lina. Popanda ndemanga ina, izo zimatiuza zambiri za chikhalidwe chaluntha ndi makhalidwe abwino, ofunikira kwambiri masiku ano, chifukwa cha mawu ochititsa manyazi omwe olemba mawu a Bush adangomuwerengera, ndi zomwe anachita.
Ndili ndi funso lina laukadaulo lokhudza semantics, ndipo ndiyenera kuliyankha ngati mungaliyankhe. Munati mawu a Jarring, "malire a mayiko pakati pa Egypt ndi ulamuliro wa Britain ku Palestine," anali malire a June 1967 asanafike. Zikuwoneka kuti zikuphatikiza mzere wa Gaza monga momwe yankho la Aigupto likuwonekera momveka bwino, koma kodi Gaza silinali gawo la Egypt mu ulamuliro wa Britain ku Palestine (Balfour ngati sindikulakwitsa)?
Ndi funso labwino, ndipo sindikuganiza kuti lili ndi yankho lomveka bwino. Gaza inali gawo la Palestine pansi pa League of Nations Mandate. Idalandidwa ndi Egypt munkhondo ya 1948, koma monga ndikukumbukira, sinalowetsedwa mwalamulo. Udindo wake udali wosamvetsetseka, ngakhale malire a mayiko (Green Line) amachoka ku Gaza mkati mwa Palestine, osati Egypt. Zomwe Aigupto anachita pa zomwe Israeli anachita ku Gaza ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sinai zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Ikhoza kudandaula za nkhanza ndi chitukuko ku Gaza, koma osati mozama monga ndikukumbukira. Komabe, pamene boma la Golda Meir Labor linayamba kukhazikika kumpoto chakum'maลตa kwa Sinai, ndipo Sharon anachita nkhanza zazikulu kumeneko molamulidwa ndi boma, zomwe Aigupto anachita zinali zosiyana kwambiri: chenjezo lakuti Aigupto adzapita kunkhondo, monga momwe adachitira (zodabwitsa ndi zodabwitsa kwa aliyense. , kutengera malingaliro omwe alipo atsankho).
Ndimafuna ndikufunseninso funso lokhudza 1977. Pepani chifukwa cha uthenga wowonjezera. Komabe, popeza mukunena kuti chifukwa chake Sadat adalandiridwa ngati munthu wamtendere ku 1977 chifukwa amatha "kugwirizana ndi zolinga za US" panthawiyo, mukuganiza kuti Sadat akanapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi 1971 ngati US idadziwa za Egypt. mphamvu zankhondo? Kodi mukudziwa komwe ndingapeze zambiri za zolinga za US zokhudzana ndi zomwe zachitika mu 1971? Ndikukonzekera kuyang'ana za Ubale Wachilendo wa United States ndi zokumbukira za Kissinger pakati pa malo ena. Zikomonso.
Sindikumvetsa mfundo yanu. Palibe vuto la "kupanga Egypt kufanana."
Mu 1977 Sadat adabwereza zomwe adapereka mu 1971, koma nthawi ino akuwonjezera zinthu zina: kuti dziko la Palestine likhazikitsidwe m'madera omwe Israeli adalanda; chimenecho chinali chithunzithunzi cha kusintha kofunikira pa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, kusiya kukana koyambirira (kupatula US ndi Israel). Pazopereka zake za 1977, Sadat akuyamikiridwa munkhani yovomerezeka ngati "munthu wamtendere" wamkulu. Chopereka chake cha 1971, choyandikira kwambiri ku zofuna za US-Israel, chachotsedwa m'mbiri. Chifukwa chake ndikuti malo a US-Israel adasintha. Nthawi ya 1967-73 inali imodzi yachipambano chopambanitsa, chophatikizidwa ndi kusankhana mitundu. Zoonadi zikufotokozedwa bwino m'buku la mlembi wofunika kwambiri wa ku Israeli Amnon Kapeliouk pa nthawi, zomwe ndatchula pa izi; Ndikhoza kuwonjezera kuti ine ndi ena tinayesa kupeza wofalitsa wa ku Amereka wa bukhulo (mโChihebri, lotembenuzidwa mโChifrenchi), koma mwachabe; inali nkhani yolakwika. Polingalira kuti Igupto anali dengu, Israel ndi Kissinger anaona kuti akanangonyalanyaza Igupto. Nkhondo ya 1973 inakhala chinthu chapafupi, ndipo pafupifupi inayambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Izi zinakweza mitambo ngakhale kwa Kissinger. A US ndi Israeli adatembenukira ku njira yochiritsira zachilengedwe: kuchotsa Igupto ku mkangano, kuti Israeli apitirize, mothandizidwa ndi US, kuti aphatikize madera omwe adagwidwa ndikuukira Lebanon.
Panalibe funso la "kupangitsa dziko la Egypt kukhala logwirizana" mu 1971. Mu 1971, US-Israel idakana pempho la Sadat lamtendere pobwezera kuchoka kudziko la Egypt. Mu 1977, adavomereza (pamene akukana chikhalidwe chake chatsopano chokhudza dziko la Palestina). Chifukwa chake ndikuzindikira kwawo kuti Aigupto sakanangonyalanyazidwa, motero adayenera kuchepetsedwa ngati zolinga zomwezo zikanati zichitike. Mwachidziwitso, sizikuwonekeratu kuti Carter anamvetsa zambiri za izi; mwina ayi, kwenikweni, ngakhale zinali zodziwikiratu, ndipo zikuwonekera momveka bwino mu ndemanga za Israeli (ndi ndemanga zotsutsa apa).
Zolemba zamkati za nthawi ya 1971 sizinatulutsidwebe. Kissinger adanenanso zifukwa zake. Iwo agwidwa mawu mu "Fateful Triangle" (tsamba 65), ndipo mwatsatanetsatane, mu ndemanga yanga ya kukumbukira kwake, zomwe zinalembedwanso mu "Towards a New Cold War." Amawulula kupusa kochititsa manyazi kotereku komanso kusazindikira zoyambira zapadziko lonse lapansi kotero kuti amanyalanyazidwa mu mbiri yamaphunziro a Kissinger, kupatulapo kawirikawiri. Kuchokera pa umboni womwe ulipo pano, zikuwoneka kuti boma la US lidagawikana pa zomwe Sadat adachita. Mlembi wa boma Rogers mwachiwonekere ankakonda kuthandizira izo (zinkagwirizana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya boma ya US Rogers). Kissinger, yemwe panthawiyo anali mlangizi wa National Security Advisor, adakonda zomwe adazitcha "stalemate". Akuwoneka kuti wapambana pankhondo yamkati mwamabungwe. Pazifukwa zake, munthu akhoza kungoganiza chabe. Zikuwoneka kuti amayenera kuchita makamaka ndi kuyesa kwake kufooketsa Rogers ndikuwongolera kwathunthu malamulo akunja. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi David Korn, mu akaunti ya munthu wamkati, ndipo zikusonyezedwa ndi kupusa kotheratu kwa zokumbukira za Kissinger, mogwirizana ndi izi (zomwe siziri zapadera; onani ndemanga yomwe yatchulidwa).
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