Chitsime: Chowonadi
"Palibe "chinthu chofanana m'mbiri yaku America" ndi kutsanulidwa kwakukulu kwa ziwonetsero zomwe zidachitika ndi kuphedwa kwa George Floyd, atero wanzeru wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi Noam Chomsky. Ngakhale pachimake cha kutchuka kwa a Martin Luther King Jr., zionetsero zazikuluzikulu zomwe Mfumu idatsogolera ndikulimbikitsa "sizinafike paliponse" ku zionetsero zazikulu zachilungamo zomwe zachitika chaka chathachi, Chomsky akuwonjezera.
Pamene tsiku lokumbukira kuphedwa kwa Floyd likuyandikira, ndidayitana Chomsky - woganiza bwino yemwe amaphatikiza mbiri yozama komanso yosaneneka, kuzama kwamalingaliro, komanso chidwi chachikulu pakuwunika kwake zandale komanso zomwe zilipo - kuti alankhule nane za imfa ya George Floyd ndi olakwa. chigamulo chotsutsana ndi Derek Chauvin, komanso ziwawa zotsutsana ndi anthu akuda ku North America komanso momwe US idakhazikitsira "chikhalidwe chamfuti."
Chomsky ndi waluntha yemwe ndimamukonda kwambiri, kumusirira komanso kumuganizira ngati mnzanga. Kupyolera m’chitsanzo chake, ndaphunzira kuchita kusamvera ndi kusagwirizana m’dziko lodzala ndi maphunziro. Mwachidule, wandiphunzitsa kuti aliyense akagwirizana pa chinthu chovuta kwambiri kuposa “ziwiri kuphatikiza ziwiri zofanana ndi zinayi,” tiyenera kukayikira.
George Yancy: Kwa ena aife, kuwona kuphedwa kwa George Floyd ndikumumva akunena kuti satha kupuma zidatikumbutsa za imfa ya Eric Garner, wazaka 43 wakuda mu 2014, ngakhale adati, "Sindingathe kupuma" 11 nthawi. Mukaganizira zomwe zidachitikira a George Floyd m'mbiri yayikulu yakusankhana azungu ku US, kodi imfa ya Floyd imakulankhulani bwanji? Kwa ine sizinali zachilendo, koma zidalankhula kwa inu bwanji?
Noam Chomski: Imfa yake inaimira zaka 400 za upandu ndi nkhanza zoopsa, ndipo mwachionekere zinatanthauza zimenezo kwa anthu ambiri. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwake, monga momwe tiyenera kuzitchulira. Panali kutsanulidwa kwakukulu, palibe chofanana ndi mbiri ya America. Panali ziwonetsero zazikulu; panali lingaliro la mgwirizano wodzipereka wa Akuda ndi azungu akuguba limodzi. Iwo sanali achiwawa kwambiri, ngakhale mapiko oyenera angafune kuti mukhulupirire mosiyana. Panalinso chithandizo chambiri cha anthu, ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu omwe amathandizira ziwonetsero. Palibe chomwe chili kutali ngati chimenecho m'mbiri ya US.
Zionetsero zotsogozedwa ndi Martin Luther King Jr., pachimake cha kutchuka kwake, sizinafike paliponse. Izi ndi zotsatira zake, ndikuganiza, za ntchito zambiri zomwe zachitika pansi ndi Black Lives Matter ndi magulu ena omwe akweza chidziwitso ndi kuzindikira mpaka pamene chinthu ichi chinachitika chinangoyatsa moto, ndipo kuyatsa kunali kokonzeka kuyaka. Ndipo zakhudza nthawi yayitali. Ndikuganiza kuti zasintha malingaliro ndikumvetsetsa kwambiri, osati kukhumudwa chifukwa kuphana kwa apolisi kumapitilira pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.
Pamene ndimayang'ana chigamulo cholakwa cha Derek Chauvin, ndikukhulupirira kuti banja la Floyd lidapeza mpumulo ndipo mwina atha kupumanso. Komabe, zinandichitikiranso kuti pankhani yopeza Chauvin wolakwa pamilandu yonse itatu, panalibe malire osonyeza kulakwa kwake. Anamugwadira kwa mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi masekondi 29. Sindikufuna kuwoneka ngati wopanda chiyembekezo kapena wosuliza, koma mukuwona chiyani ngati "wopambana" kapena "wopita patsogolo" pazachigamulo cholakwa?
Mukudziwa, m'mbuyomo munali mmene zinthu zinalili bwino kuposa ine, mmene moyo wa Black unalibe ntchito. Lingaliro linali lakuti ngati mzungu anazengedwa mlandu pambuyo pa kupha Wakuda, lingaliro linali lakuti mwina anali ndi “chifukwa chabwino.” Kotero, ingowamasulani. N’zoona kuti panalinso milandu yoipitsitsa kwambiri imene azungu ankachita kupha anthu komanso kuzunza anthu ndipo ankawayamikira. Chabwino, mwamwayi, ife tadutsa izo.
Koma osati kale kwambiri, mtsogoleri wa Black Panther Fred Hampton, mwachitsanzo, adaphedwa pakupha kwamtundu wa Gestapo, wokhazikitsidwa ndi FBI, yemwe adadyetsa apolisi aku Chicago nkhani zabodza zokhudzana ndi mfuti zomwe zimagwidwa m'nyumba mwake. Apolisi adalowa m'nyumba yake cha m'ma 4 koloko m'mawa ndikumupha iye ndi mnzake, Mark Clark. Anangowapha iwo. Chifukwa chopha Hampton chinali chophweka kwambiri. Iye anali wofunikira kwambiri mwa okonza Black Panther. FBI inkafuna kutsata okonzekera bwino ndipo Hampton anali pachimake cha iwo; iye ankayenera kuti aphedwe. M'malo mwake, inali yomaliza pamndandanda wautali wazomwe a FBI adayesa kuyambitsa mkangano pakati pa Black Panthers ndi gulu lachigawenga, Blackstone Rangers, omwe anali ku Chicago.
FBI idatumiza makalata abodza kwa a Ranger olembedwa m'chilankhulo chabodza chakuda kunena kuti a Panthers anali ndi mgwirizano kwa atsogoleri awo. Koma iwo anali ogwirizana mokwanira, kotero iwo ankadziwa chimene chinali kuchitika. Pankhani ya Hampton, komabe, anali ndi FBI infiltrator, yemwe anali mlonda wake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti panali chiwembu chachitali cha FBI osati motsutsana ndi Panthers, koma motsutsana ndi mayendedwe a Black palimodzi. Zinatenga zaka zambiri za ntchito yodzipereka yochitidwa ndi maloya ena akuluakulu achichepere, Flint Taylor ndi Jeffrey Haas, akugwira ntchito pamlanduwo kwa zaka zambiri kuti pamapeto pake apeze njira yokhazikika.
Mlandu umodziwu ukuposa chilichonse chomwe adayimbidwa Richard Nixon. Kodi adayimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito apolisi andale kupha komanso kupha anthu okonza mapulani akuda? Ndipo pa funso lanu, ndiko kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nthawiyo ndi pano. Tsopano zinthu zili choncho kotero kuti oweruza atha kuweruza wina chifukwa chopha munthu wakuda. Koma ngati muyatsa Fox News, taonani zimene anachita. Mvetserani kwa Tucker Carlson, yemwe akunena kuti mlandu wa Derek Chauvin sunali wovomerezeka chifukwa oweruzawo anali ndi mantha, anali ndi mantha kuti anthu akuda abwera kudzawononga nyumba zawo ndi kuwapha onse. Alan Dershowitz, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe yemwe amakonda kudziwonetsera ngati choncho, adanenanso kuti mlanduwu unali wosaloledwa chifukwa oweruzawo adachita mantha.
Sitinadzimasulire tokha. Pali mtunda wautali woti tipite, koma kuphedwa kwa George Floyd kudabweretsa zabwino kwambiri pagulu, zomwe ndi chiyambi cha kumvetsetsa kuti pali china chake choyipa pachimake pa mbiri yathu. Zabwera mwanjira zina, monga 1619 Project yofalitsidwa ndi The New York Times. Olemba mbiriyakale ena akulemba za izo, “Inu munalakwitsa izi; mwalakwitsa.” Koma sizofunika ngakhale pamene, potsiriza, tikuzindikiridwa muzofalitsa zazikulu ndi dziko kuti takhala ndi zaka 400 za nkhanza zoopsa zomwe anthu akuda akukumana nazo. Choncho, tiyeni tione, tifunse kuti ndife ndani komanso kuti ndife ndani. Ichi sichinthu chosagwirizana ndi mbiri ya America. Ndilo maziko a chitukuko cha chuma cha US; ndichifukwa chake ndili ndi mwayi.
Thonje anali mafuta azaka za zana la 19. Gawo lalikulu la chuma cha United States, komanso Britain, komanso pang'onopang'ono kontinenti, chinali chochokera ku thonje lotsika mtengo. Kodi thonje yotsika mtengo mumapeza bwanji? Eya, mwa dongosolo loipa kwambiri laukapolo limene linalipo. Zambiri mwa izi zikungowonekera. Buku la Edward E. Baptist, Hafu Sanauzidwepo, imapereka chithunzi chodabwitsa cha zinthu zomwe mwina akatswiri a mbiri yakale ankadziwa, koma ndithudi anthu onse, ngakhale anthu odziwa zambiri, sanadziwike. Sindinadziwe zambiri zomwe adazifotokoza; zinali zopitirira zoopsa zomwe ndimazidziwa. Zambiri mwa izi zikungoyamba kutuluka patatha zaka mazana ambiri. Yakwana nthawi.
Ndithudi.
Ndipo tiyenera kuyang'ana zinthu zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, n’chifukwa chiyani anthu akuda ndi ochepa kwambiri amene ali ndi chuma? Pali zifukwa zambiri. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi njira za New Deal, zomwe zidatsimikiza kuti nyumba za federal ziyenera kupatulidwa. Ndipo m’ma 1950, kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, mwamuna Wakuda anali ndi mwaŵi wopeza ntchito yabwino m’bungwe la magalimoto pafakitale ya magalimoto, kuti apeze ndalama mwinanso kugula nyumba. Koma sakanatha kugula nyumba, chifukwa bungwe la Federal Housing Projects (Levittown, ku Long Island, New York, mwachitsanzo) linatsekereza anthu akuda.
Ku US, chuma ndi nyumba ndizogwirizana kwambiri. Chuma chambiri cha anthu chili mnyumba mwawo. Antchito akuda atangopezako ufulu wochepa, mwayi wopeza ntchito, anauzidwa kuti, “Pepani anthu inu, koma simungagule nyumba kuno chifukwa tili ndi malamulo atsankho.” Izi zidafika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, zomwe zidathetsedwa ndi ziwonetsero zodziwika bwino m'ma 1960. Ndiyenera kunena kuti akuluakulu a Democratic Democratic senators omwe adavotera lamuloli amatsutsana kwambiri ndi tsankho. Iwo sanali atsankho. Ankafuna nyumba zopanda anthu, koma sakanatha kupeza chilichonse kudzera ku Southern Democrats, yomwe inkalamulira Senate. Izi ndi zofanana kwambiri m'nthawi yathu ino pamene simungathe kudutsa pokhapokha mutapeza chipani cha Republican, chomwe chimadzipereka ku chuma ndi mphamvu, kuti chigwirizane. Ndipo ili ndi vuto lalikulu mdziko muno.
M'miyezi ingapo yapitayi, tamva za kuwombera pambuyo powombera. Kodi mungalankhule za kuopsa kowonjezereka kwa mfuti? Lingaliro langa ndikuti pali nthano zozama zachikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi mfuti. Kodi mungalankhulenso ndi izi?
Ziwawa zamfuti zikuchulukirachulukira osati kuno kokha, koma chimodzi mwazotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha mfuti zaku US zili ku Mexico ndi Latin America. Iwo adzaza ndi mfuti zaku America, zomwe zikupha anthu pamlingo wowopsa. Mexico ndi malo ophera anthu ambiri aku America. Ku Central America, kulinso chimodzimodzi. Mumasefukira m'madera okhala ndi mfuti komwe kuli mikangano ndi zovuta zambiri ndipo mukupha. M’malo moti anthu azikalipirana, amawomberana. Ndipo ndizodabwitsa kuti wina ngati ine, mwachitsanzo, yemwe sakudziwa kuti mfutiyo agwire mbali iti, atha kupita kusitolo ku Arizona, komwe ndimakhala, ndi kukatenga mfuti yapamwamba ndikuipereka kwa winawake wa ku Arizona. Mexico cartel. Kwenikweni, zinthu ngati zimenezo ndi themberero la dziko. Ndipo izo ziyenera kuchiritsidwa basi.
Mbiri ya izi ndi yofunika kukumbukira. M'zaka za zana la 19, panalibe chikhalidwe cha mfuti. Anthu anali ndi mfuti. Kupatula apo, linali dziko laulimi, kotero alimi anali ndi ma musket akale othamangitsa nkhandwe ndi zina zotero, koma panalibe chikhalidwe cha mfuti. Zomwe zidachitika mwachiwonekere - ndipo pali phunziro labwino la izi wolemba mbiri Pamela Haag, yemwe wapenda izi mwatsatanetsatane - ndikuti opanga mfuti anali akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma.
Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku America inapereka msika waukulu wamfuti zamakono zamakono. Mayiko a ku Ulaya anali pankhondo, anali kugula mfuti. Koma Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni inatha, ndipo Ulaya analoŵa m’malo abata kwakanthaŵi. Panalibe nkhondo zambiri ndi kumenyana kotero kuti msika unauma. Kotero, iwo amagunda pa lingaliro loyesa kupanga msika kupyolera mu malonda. Woyamba wamkulu malonda ndawala anayamba ndi concocting fano la "Wild West," mtundu wa chinthu chimene ine ndinakulira. Panali Wyatt Earp, sheriff yemwe adathamanga mwachangu, kapena panali Lone Ranger yemwe amakwera kukapulumutsa. Kumadzulo kunalibe chinthu chakutali chonga ichi, koma chinapangidwa ndipo chinakhudza kwambiri. Ndikukumbukira kuyambira ndili mwana, ndipo tonse tinazikhulupirira.
Inde, mfundo yaikulu pa zonsezi inali yakuti mugulire mwana wanu mfuti yapamwamba kwambiri, apo ayi sadzakhala “mwamuna weniweni.” Chabwino, izo zinakhazikitsa maziko a mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha mfuti, ndipo izo zinakopedwa ndi ndawala zina zotsatsa. Tonse timakumbukira munthu wa Marlboro. Mukudziwa kuti mumafuna kusuta ndudu n’kukhala ngati woweta ng’ombe amene akuthamangira kukapulumutsa. Ndipo zinakhala zothandiza kwambiri. Kampeni ya fodya yomwe idaphedwa - ngakhale palibe amene akudziwa, mwina mamiliyoni a anthu - ndipo chikhalidwe cha mfuti chikuphabe anthu pamlingo wowopsa, zomwe zidakulitsidwa ndi Khothi Lalikulu mu 2008 - District of Columbia v. Heller - kumene Justice Antonin Scalia adasintha zaka 100 zachiyambi ndikutanthauziranso Kusintha Kwachiwiri kuti apereke mwayi wopeza mfuti ndi anthu. Scalia anali wolemba zachiyambi, wolemba malemba.
Lingaliro ili ndiloti simusamala zomwe anthu omwe adayambitsa malamulowo amatanthauza; inu simukuloledwa kuchita zimenezo. Muyenera kungoyang'ana pa lembalo, osati zomwe limatanthauza kwa anthu omwe adalemba. Ndizo zapathengo, osati maphunziro owona.
Chotero, iye anayang’ana pa lembalo ndi kuyesa kusonyeza kuti winawake wokhala m’zaka za zana la 18 akanatanthawuza Chisinthiko Chachiwiri kutanthauza kunyalanyaza magulu ankhondo. Zowona kapena zabodza, ndizopanda ntchito. Tikudziwa ndendende chifukwa chomwe oyambitsa adayambitsa Second Amendment. Chifukwa chimodzi chinali gulu lankhondo la Britain. Iwo anali mphamvu yaikulu padziko lapansi. A US analibe asilikali, ndipo British akhoza kubwerera. M'malo mwake, adachita zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, ndipo wina adayenera kukhala ndi magulu ankhondo kuti adziteteze ku Britain.
Chifukwa chachiwiri chinali ukapolo. M'madera ngati South Carolina, anthu akuda omwe anali akapolo anali ochuluka kuposa azungu. Ndipo panali zigawenga zaukapolo zomwe zikuchitika ku Caribbean konse, ndipo zimatha kufalikira kuno. Ndipotu iwo anatero. Conco, azungu anaganiza kuti afunika mfuti za zigaŵenga. Koma chifukwa chachikulu chinali chiwawa ndi kuphana mitundu. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za Revolution ya America chinali chakuti Mfumu George III adayambitsa chilengezo chachifumu chomwe chinaletsa atsamunda kupita kudera la Indian Nations. Sanayenera kuwaukira. Atsamunda amayenera kukhala kummawa kwa Appalachians, koma sanafune zimenezo. Iwo ankafuna kupha ndi kuchotsa anthu a ku America Indian. Iwo amakhoza kukhazikika kumeneko. Openda malo ngati George Washington ankafuna kusamuka. A British atangopita, chabwino, azungu azungu anafunikira magulu ankhondo, anafunikira mfuti.
Pambuyo pake, gulu lankhondo lidapangidwa, okwera pamahatchi adawasamalira, ndipo kupyola m'zaka za zana la 19, mayiko amtundu wawo adawonongedwa, kuukiridwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa. Anafunikira mfuti zambiri kuti achite zimenezo. Mwaona, ndichifukwa chake oyambitsawo anafunikira mfuti, koma sitiloledwa kuyankhula za izo. M'malo mwake, timanena zomwe wina ngati Scalia amaganiza kuti wina akanamvetsetsa ndi Kusintha Kwachiwiri. Ndipo tsopano izo zakhala zolemba zopatulika. Anthu ambiri ku US, mukawafunsa zomwe zili mu Constitution, chinthu choyamba chomwe anganene ndi Second Amendment. Ilo langokhala mbali yaikulu ya chikhalidwe.
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