Posachedwapa Z adalandira mafunso okhudzana ndi kufunikira kapena kufunikira - kapena kumbuyo - pazomwe zimalembedwa ndi postmodernism. Tinalipo m'mbuyomu, pamene unali mutu wovuta kwambiri, kapena unkawoneka kwa ife kuti, mulimonse, tidasindikiza zolemba zingapo komanso mikangano pankhaniyi. Izi ndizosavuta kuzipeza pa ZNet. Koma mwangozi posachedwapa tawona kupangidwanso kwa yankho lalitali lomwe Chomsky adapereka kumafunso okhudzana nawo. Tinalikonda kwambiri, ndipo tidaganiza kuti zingakhale zothandiza kubwerezanso. Kusintha kokha m'munsimu, kuchokera koyambirira - komwe kunayikidwa pa intaneti mu November 1995 - kunali kuchotsa mayina a anthu omwe Chomsky anali kuyankha.
Momwe ndikumvetsetsa kusinthanitsa mpaka pano, mkanganowo unayambika ndi mlandu woti ine, Mike, ndipo mwina ena alibe "malingaliro" choncho amalephera kufotokoza chifukwa chake zinthu zikuyenda momwemo. Tiyenera kutembenukira ku "lingaliro" ndi "filosofi" ndi "zomangamanga" ndi zina zotero kuti tithetse vutoli poyesa kumvetsetsa ndi kuthetsa zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi. Yankho langa mpaka pano lakhala likubwereza zomwe ndidalemba zaka 35 zapitazo, kale "postmodernism" isanayambike mu chikhalidwe chanzeru: "ngati pali chiphunzitso, choyesedwa bwino ndikutsimikiziridwa, chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa khalidwe la nkhani zakunja kapena kuthetsa mikangano yapakhomo kapena yapadziko lonse, kukhalapo kwake kwasungidwa chinsinsi chotetezedwa bwino, ngakhale kuti pali "zolemba zabodza zasayansi."
Mโchidziลตitso changa, mawuwo anali olondola zaka 35 zapitazo, ndipo akadali choncho; kuonjezera apo, imafikira ku kuphunzira za zochitika za anthu mwachisawawa, ndipo imagwira ntchito mokulira ku zomwe zapangidwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Zomwe zasintha pakanthawi kochepa, malinga ndi chidziwitso changa, ndikudzikuza kwakukulu komanso kudzikonda pakati pa omwe amatcha "nthanthi" ndi "filosofi," koma pang'ono zomwe ndimatha kuzizindikira kupitilira "mawonekedwe asayansi abodza. " Zing'onozing'onozi, monga ndinalembera, nthawi zina zimakhala zosangalatsa, koma zimakhalabe zotsatira za mavuto enieni a dziko lapansi omwe amatenga nthawi ndi mphamvu zanga (ntchito yofunikira ya Rawls ndi yomwe ndatchula, poyankha mafunso enieni).
Mfundo yotsirizirayi yazindikiridwa. Katswiri wina wanzeru komanso wodziwa za chikhalidwe cha anthu (womwenso wochirikiza), Alan Graubard, adalemba ndemanga yosangalatsa zaka zapitazo za kuyankha kwa Robert Nozick kwa "libertarian" kwa Rawls, komanso momwe adachitira. Iye ananena kuti zimene anachita zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri. Wowunika pambuyo powunikira adatamanda mphamvu ya mikangano, ndi zina zotero, koma palibe amene adavomereza mfundo zenizeni zapadziko lapansi (pokhapokha atazifikira kale). Ndiko kulondola, monganso momwe amaonera tanthauzo lake.
Ochirikiza "nthanthi" ndi "filosofi" ali ndi ntchito yophweka ngati akufuna kufotokoza maganizo awo. Ingondidziwitsani zomwe zinali ndikukhalabe "chinsinsi" kwa ine: Ndikhala wokondwa kuyang'ana. Ndafunsapo kambirimbiri m'mbuyomu, ndipo ndikuyembekezerabe yankho, lomwe liyenera kukhala losavuta kupereka: ingoperekani zitsanzo za "lingaliro lamalingaliro, loyesedwa bwino ndikutsimikiziridwa, lomwe likukhudza" mitundu yamavuto ndi zovuta zomwe Mike, Ine, ndi ena ambiri (kwenikweni, ambiri mwa anthu padziko lapansi, ndikuganiza, kunja kwa magulu anzeru ochepera komanso odzidalira okha) tili kapena tiyenera kukhudzidwa ndi: mavuto ndi nkhani zomwe timalankhula ndikulemba, mwachitsanzo, ndi ena monga iwo. Kunena mosiyana, sonyezani kuti mfundo za "nthanthi" kapena "filosofi" zomwe timauzidwa kuti tiphunzire ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutsogola ndi mfundo zomveka zomwe ife ndi ena sitinafikire kale pazifukwa zina (ndi bwino); "ena" awa akuphatikizapo anthu omwe alibe maphunziro apamwamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti alibe vuto kuti afikire mfundozi kudzera muzochita zomwe zimapewa zovuta za "nthano" kwathunthu, kapena nthawi zambiri paokha.
Apanso, izo ndi zopempha zosavuta. Ndinazipanga kale, ndipo ndikhalabe mu umbuli wanga. Ndimapezanso mfundo zina kuchokera pankhaniyi.
Ponena za "deconstruction" yomwe ikuchitika (yomwe imatchulidwanso pamtsutso), sindingathe kuyankha, chifukwa zambiri zikuwoneka kwa ine gibberish. Koma ngati ichi ndi chizindikiro china chabe cha kulephera kwanga kuzindikira zakuya, njira yoti nditsatire ndi yomveka: ingobwerezanso zotsatira zake m'mawu omveka bwino omwe ndimatha kumvetsetsa, ndikuwonetsa chifukwa chake ndizosiyana, kapena kuposa zomwe ena anali nazo. ndakhala ndikuchita kalekale ndipo ndakhala ndikuchita kuyambira popanda mawu a silabi atatu, ziganizo zosagwirizana, mawu owonjezera omwe (kwa ine, osachepera) ali opanda tanthauzo, ndi zina zotero. Izi zidzachiritsa zofooka zanga - ndithudi, ngati zingatheke; mwina sali, kuthekera komwe ndibwerera.
Izi ndi zopempha zosavuta kukwaniritsa, ngati pali zifukwa zilizonse zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chidwi ndi mkwiyo wotere. Koma m'malo moyesera kupereka yankho ku pempho losavutali, yankho ndi kulira kwaukali: kudzutsa mafunsowa kukuwonetsa "elitism," "anti-intellectualism," ndi milandu ina - ngakhale zikuoneka kuti si "elitist" kukhala mkati. magulu anzeru omwe amangokondana okha komanso omwe amangokhalira kukopeka omwe amangolankhulana wina ndi mnzake ndipo (monga momwe ndikudziwira) samalowa mumtundu wa dziko lomwe ndingakonde kukhalamo. Ponena za dziko limenelo, ndikhoza kusiya ndandanda yanga yolankhula ndi kulemba kuti ndisonyeze zomwe ndikutanthauza, ngakhale ndikulingalira kuti anthu ambiri mโmakambitsiranowa akudziwa, kapena angathe kupeza mosavuta; ndipo mwanjira ina sindimapeza "ophunzitsa zaumulungu" kumeneko, kapena sindimapita kumisonkhano yawo ndi maphwando. Mwachidule, tikuwoneka kuti tikukhala m'maiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo zimandivuta kuwona chifukwa chomwe anga ndi "osankhidwa," osati awo. Zosiyanazi zikuwoneka kuti ndizowonekera, ngakhale sindidzakulitsa.
Kuti ndiwonjezere mbali ina, zopempha zanga zambiri zandichulukira kuti ndiyankhule ndipo sindingathe kuvomera kagawo kakang'ono ka maitanidwe omwe ndikufuna, kotero ndikupangira anthu ena. Koma chodabwitsa, sindimapereka lingaliro kwa iwo omwe amapanga "malingaliro" ndi "filosofi," kapena sindimakumana nawo, kapena chifukwa cha izi nthawi zambiri ngakhale mayina awo, mwa ine ndekha (chambiri) chokumana nacho ndi magulu otchuka komanso omenyera ufulu wawo, wamba. anthu ammudzi, koleji, mpingo, mgwirizano, ndi zina zotero, omvera pano ndi kunja, akazi a dziko lachitatu, othawa kwawo, ndi zina zotero; Ndikhoza kupereka zitsanzo mosavuta. Bwanji, ine ndikudabwa.
Mkangano wonse, ndiye, ndi wosamvetseka. Kumbali imodzi, milandu yokwiya ndi kutsutsa, kwinakwake, pempho la umboni wina ndi kukangana kowachirikiza, komwe kuyankha kuli milandu yokwiya kwambiri - koma, chodabwitsa, palibe umboni kapena kutsutsana. Apanso, wina amatsogozedwa kuti afunse chifukwa chake.
Ndizotheka kuti ndikuphonya kena kake, kapena kuti ndilibe nzeru zomvetsetsa zakuya zomwe zavumbulutsidwa zaka 20 zapitazi ndi akatswiri anzeru aku Paris ndi otsatira awo. Ndine womasuka kwambiri za izi, ndipo ndakhala kwa zaka zambiri, pamene milandu yofananayi yapangidwa - koma popanda yankho lililonse ku mafunso anga. Apanso, iwo ndi osavuta ndipo ayenera kukhala osavuta kuyankha, ngati pali yankho: ngati ndikusowa chinachake, ndiye ndiwonetseni chomwe chiri, mwa mawu omwe ndingathe kumvetsa. Zoonadi, ngati zonse zili zopitirira kuzindikira kwanga, zomwe zingatheke, ndiye kuti ndangotayika, ndipo ndidzakakamizika kusunga zinthu zomwe ndikuwoneka kuti ndikhoza kuzimvetsa, ndikupitirizabe kugwirizana ndi mitundu ya anthu nawonso akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi ndi iwo ndipo akuwoneka kuti akuwamvetsa (zomwe ine ndiri wokondwa mwangwiro kuchita, opanda chidwi, tsopano kapena kale, m'magulu a chikhalidwe chaluntha chomwe chimachita zinthu izi, koma mwachiwonekere china).
Popeza palibe amene wachita bwino kundisonyeza zomwe ndikusowa, tatsala ndi njira yachiwiri: sindingathe kumvetsa. Ndine wokonzeka kuvomereza kuti zingakhale zoona, ngakhale ndikuwopa kuti ndiyenera kukhalabe wokayikira, pazifukwa zomwe zikuwoneka bwino. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe sindimamvetsetsa - tinene, mikangano yaposachedwa ngati ma neutrinos ali ndi unyinji kapena momwe malingaliro omaliza a Fermat (mwachiwonekere) adatsimikiziridwa posachedwa. Koma kuyambira zaka 50 ndili mโmasewerawa, ndaphunzira zinthu ziwiri: (1) Ndingathe kufunsa anzanga amene amagwira ntchito mโmadera amenewa kuti andifotokozere pamlingo umene ndimatha kumvetsa, ndipo angachite zimenezi popanda vuto lililonse; (2) Ngati ndili ndi chidwi, ndingapitirize kuphunzira zambiri kuti ndimvetse.
Tsopano Derrida, Lacan, Lyotard, Kristeva, etc. - ngakhale Foucault, yemwe ndimamudziwa ndi kumukonda, komanso yemwe anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi ena onse - alemba zinthu zomwe inenso sindikuzimvetsa, koma (1) ndi (2) t hold: palibe amene anganene kuti amamvetsetsa angandifotokozere ndipo sindikudziwa momwe ndingapitirire kuti ndigonjetse zolephera zanga. Izi zikusiya chimodzi mwa zotheka ziwiri: (a) kutsogola kwatsopano m'moyo waluntha kwapangidwa, mwina kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chibadwa, komwe kwapanga mawonekedwe a "nthanthi" yomwe ili yoposa chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka, topology, ndi zina zambiri, mozama komanso mwakuzama. ; kapena (b) โฆSindizilemba.
Apanso, ndakhala zaka 50 m'maiko awa, ndachita ntchito yangayanga m'magawo otchedwa "filosofi" ndi "sayansi," komanso mbiri yakale yaluntha, ndikudziลตana bwino ndi anthu. chikhalidwe chaluntha mu sayansi, umunthu, sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zaluso. Izi zandisiya ndi malingaliro anga okhudza moyo waluntha, zomwe sindingazifotokoze. Koma kwa ena, ndikungokuuzani kuti mufunse iwo omwe akukuuzani zodabwitsa za "nthanthi" ndi "filosofi" kuti atsimikizire zonena zawo - kuchita zomwe anthu a fizikiki, masamu, biology, linguistics, ndi magawo ena amasangalala. chitani pamene wina akuwafunsa, mozama, mfundo za ziphunzitso zawo ndi ziti, pa umboni wotani zomwe zimachokera, zomwe akufotokoza zomwe sizinali zoonekeratu, ndi zina zotero. Izi ndi zopempha zachilungamo kuti aliyense apange. Ngati sizingakwaniritsidwe, ndiye kuti ndingapangire upangiri wa Hume mumikhalidwe yofananayo: kumoto.
Ndemanga yeniyeni. Wothirira ndemanga wina adafunsa yemwe ndikunena za "sukulu ya Paris" ndi "zipembedzo za postmodernist": pamwambapa ndi chitsanzo.
Kenako adandifunsa, chifukwa chake "ndikukana" za izi. Tengani, kunena, Derrida. Ndiloleni ndiyambe kunena kuti sindimakonda kupanga ndemanga zomwe zimatsatira popanda kupereka umboni, koma ndikukayika kuti otenga nawo mbali akufuna kuwunika kwa de Saussure, tinene, pamsonkhano uno, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti sindipanga. . Sindikadanena izi ndikadapanda kufunsidwa malingaliro anga momveka bwino - ndipo ndikafunsidwa kuti nditsimikize, ndiyankha kuti sindikuganiza kuti sikuyenera nthawi yoti nditero.
Choncho tengani Derrida, mmodzi wa akuluakulu okalamba. Ndinaganiza kuti ndiyenera kumvetsetsa Grammatology yake, kotero ndinayesera kuiwerenga. Ndikhoza kufotokoza zina mwa izo, mwachitsanzo, kusanthula kotsutsa kwa malemba akale omwe ndinali kuwadziwa bwino kwambiri ndipo ndinalemba zaka zapitazo. Ndinapeza kuti maphunzirowa anali odabwitsa, ozikidwa pa kuwerenga momvetsa chisoni; ndipo mkangano, monga momwe unalili, unalephera kuyandikira mitundu ya miyezo yomwe ndakhala ndikuidziwa kuyambira ndili mwana. Chabwino, mwinamwake ndaphonya chinachake: chikhoza kukhala, koma kukayikira kumakhalabe, monga taonera. Apanso, pepani kupanga ndemanga zosagwirizana, koma ndinafunsidwa, choncho ndikuyankha.
Ena mwa anthu a mโmipatuko imeneyi (momwe ndi mmene amaonekera kwa ine) Ndakumanapo nawo: Foucault (timakhala ndi kukambirana kwa maola angapo, komwe kumasindikizidwa, ndipo tinakhala kwa maola angapo mโkukambitsirana kosangalatsa, pa nkhani zenizeni, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chimene chinali chomveka bwino โ iye kulankhula French, ine English); Lacan (yemwe ndinakumana naye kangapo ndipo ndimamuona ngati wamatsenga wosangalatsa komanso wodzimva bwino, ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yoyambirira, yachipembedzo isanachitike, inali yanzeru ndipo ndakambirana m'mabuku); Kristeva (yemwe ndinakumana naye mwachidule mโnthaลตi imene anali Mmao wachangu); ndi ena. Ambiri a iwo omwe sindinakumanepo nawo, chifukwa ndili kutali kwambiri ndi magulu awa, mwa kusankha, ndimakonda zosiyana komanso zokulirapo - mitundu yomwe ndimakamba nkhani, kuyankhulana, kuchita nawo zochitika, kulemba makalata ambiri atali nthawi iliyonse. sabata, ndi zina zotero. Ndalowa mu zomwe amalemba chifukwa cha chidwi, koma osati patali kwambiri, pazifukwa zomwe tazitchula kale: zomwe ndikuwona kuti ndizodzikuza kwambiri, koma pofufuza, zambiri zimakhala zosawerengeka, zochokera ku kuwerenga molakwika kwapadera. malemba amene ndimawadziลตa bwino (nthawi zina, amene ndawalemba), mkangano umene uli wodetsa nkhaลตa chifukwa cha kusowa kwake kwachisawawa kwa kudzidzudzula koyambirira, mawu ambiri opanda pake (ngakhale atavala mawu ovuta kumva) kapena zabodza; ndi gibberish yabwino kwambiri. Ndikapitiriza monga momwe ndimachitira mโmadera ena amene sindikumvetsa, ndimakumana ndi mavuto amene atchulidwa mu (1) ndi (2) pamwambapa. Chifukwa chake ndi omwe ndikunena, ndi chifukwa chake sindipitilira patali. Ndikhoza kutchula mayina ochulukirapo ngati sizodziwika.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zolemba zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro ofanana (koma kuchokera mkati), ndingapangire David Lodge. Zochuluka kwambiri pa chandamale, momwe ine ndingathere.
Wothirira ndemanga adapezanso "zodabwitsa kwambiri" kuti "ndimakana" zamagulu anzeru awa pomwe ndimathera nthawi yochuluka "kuwulutsa momwe New York Times ikuyimira komanso kusokoneza." "Bwanji osawachitiranso anyamatawa."
Funso labwino. Palinso mayankho osavuta. Zomwe zimawoneka m'ntchito yomwe ndimapanga (NYT, magazini amalingaliro, maphunziro ambiri, ndi zina zotero) zimangolembedwa m'mabuku omveka bwino ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri dziko lapansi, ndikukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya chiphunzitso momwe malingaliro ndi mawu akuyenera kukhala. zili, ndipo makamaka, zili m'ziphunzitso zopambana monga zathu. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri zomwe zimachitika kwa anthu ovutika padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amandikhudza, mosiyana ndi omwe amakhala m'dziko lomwe Lodge ikuwonetsa (molondola, ndikuganiza). Chotero ntchitoyi iyenera kuchitidwa mozama, makamaka ngati munthu amasamala za anthu wamba ndi mavuto awo. Ntchito yomwe wopereka ndemangayo akunena ilibe izi, monga ndikudziwira. Izo ndithudi ziribe mphamvu, popeza zimangopita kwa aluntha ena omwe ali m'magulu omwewo. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kuyesetsa komwe ndikudziwa kuti ndimveke bwino kwa unyinji wa anthu (kunena, kwa anthu omwe ndimangolankhula nawo nthawi zonse, kukumana nawo, ndikulembera makalata, ndikukhala nawo m'maganizo ndikalemba. , ndi amene akuwoneka kuti amvetsetsa zimene ndikunena popanda vuto lililonse, ngakhale kuti kaลตirikaลตiri amawoneka kuti ali ndi chilema cha kuzindikira chimene ndimakhala nacho poyangโanizana ndi magulu ampatuko amasiku ano). Ndipo ndikudziwanso kuti palibe kuyesetsa kuwonetsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito ku chilichonse padziko lapansi monga momwe ndatchulira poyamba: kutsimikizira mfundo zomwe sizinali zoonekeratu. Popeza sindichita chidwi kwambiri ndi mmene anthu anzeru amanyamulira mbiri yawo, kupeza mwayi ndi kutchuka, ndi kudzipatula pakuchita nawo nkhondo yodziwika bwino, sinditaya nthawi.
Wothirira ndemanga akuwonetsa kuyambira ndi Foucault - yemwe, monga ndalembera mobwerezabwereza, ali wosiyana ndi ena, pazifukwa ziwiri: Ndikupeza kuti zina mwazomwe amalemba ndizomveka, ngakhale sizikhala zosangalatsa kwambiri; chachiwiri, sanadziyike yekha ndipo sanamangokhalira kucheza ndi anthu ena omwe anali ndi mwayi wapamwamba womwewo. Woyankhayo amachita ndendende zomwe ndidapempha: amapereka zithunzi za chifukwa chake akuganiza kuti ntchito ya Foucault ndiyofunikira. Ndi njira yolondola yochitira izi, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zimathandizira kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ndimakhala ndi malingaliro oti "osakhulupirira" zonsezi - kwenikweni, osalabadira.
Zomwe wothirira ndemangayo akufotokoza, molondola ndikutsimikiza, zikuwoneka kwa ine kukhala zosafunika, chifukwa aliyense amadziwa nthawi zonse - kupatula tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ya anthu ndi aluntha, ndipo za izi, ndiyenera kuchenjeza: ena mwa awa ndi madera omwe ndimakhala nawo. ndinadzigwira ndekha, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti maphunziro a Foucault si odalirika pano, kotero sindimakhulupirira, popanda kufufuza kodziimira, m'madera omwe sindikudziwa - izi zimabwera pang'ono pazokambirana kuchokera ku 1972 kuti. yasindikizidwa. Ndikuganiza kuti pali maphunziro abwinoko m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, ndipo ndimatsatira izi, komanso kafukufuku wanga. Koma tiyeni tiyike pambali ntchito ina ya mbiri yakale, ndikutembenukira ku "zomangamanga zamaganizo" ndi mafotokozedwe: kuti pakhala "kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku njira zowawa zopondereza kupita ku njira zobisika zomwe anthu amabwera kudzachita" zomwe amphamvu akufuna, ngakhale mwachidwi. Ndizowona mokwanira, kunena zoona, kunena zoona. Ngati ndilo "lingaliro," ndiye kuti zotsutsa zonse za ine ndizolakwika: Ndili ndi "lingaliro" nayenso, popeza ndakhala ndikunena ndendende kwa zaka zambiri, komanso ndikupereka zifukwa ndi mbiri yakale, koma popanda kufotokoza ngati chiphunzitso (chifukwa sichiyenera mawu oterowo), komanso opanda mawu omveka (chifukwa ndi ophweka), komanso popanda kunena kuti ndi zatsopano (chifukwa ndizowona). Zadziwika bwino kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mphamvu yolamulira ndi kukakamiza yatsika, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe akatswiri mumakampani a PR koyambirira kwa zaka za zana lino - omwe adamvetsetsa bwino izi - amatchedwa "kuwongolera malingaliro a anthu. " Zifukwa, monga momwe Hume anaonera mโzaka za zana la 18, nโzakuti โkugonjera kotheratu kumene amuna amasiya malingaliro awo ndi zilakolako za olamulira awoโ pomalizira pake kumadalira pa kulamulira maganizo ndi malingaliro. Chifukwa chiyani ma truisms awa ayenera kukhala mwadzidzidzi "lingaliro" kapena "filosofi," ena adzayenera kufotokoza; Hume akanaseka.
Zina mwa zitsanzo za Foucault (nenani, za njira zolangira zazaka za m'ma 18) zikuwoneka zosangalatsa, ndipo ndizofunikira kuzifufuza ngati zili zolondola. Koma "chiphunzitso" ndi kufotokozera movutikira kwambiri komanso kokwezeka kwa zomwe ena ambiri anena mophweka, ndipo popanda kunamizira kuti chilichonse chozama chikukhudzidwa. Palibe chomwe wothirira ndemangayo akufotokoza kuti sindinakhale ndikulemba za ine ndekha kwa zaka 35, ndikupatsanso zolemba zambiri kuwonetsa kuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zoonekeratu, ndipo sizimachoka kwenikweni. Chosangalatsa pazing'onozing'ono izi si mfundo, yomwe ili yowonekera, koma chiwonetsero cha momwe zimagwirira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane pamilandu yomwe ili yofunika kwa anthu: monga kulowererapo ndi chiwawa, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mantha, "misika yaulere" yachinyengo, ndi zina zotero. Zomwe sindimapeza ku Foucault, ngakhale ndimapeza zambiri ndi anthu omwe amawoneka kuti amatha kulemba ziganizo zomwe ndimatha kuzimvetsa komanso omwe sanayikidwe mumlengalenga ngati "ophunzira."
Kuti ndifotokoze momveka bwino, wothirira ndemanga akuchita ndendende: kuwonetsa zomwe akuwona ngati "zidziwitso zofunika ndi zomanga zamalingaliro" zomwe amapeza ku Foucault. Vuto langa ndilakuti "zidziwitso" zimawoneka kwa ine ndikuzidziwa bwino ndipo palibe "zongoyerekeza," kupatula kuti malingaliro osavuta komanso odziwika bwino adavekedwa ndi mawu ovuta komanso odzikuza. Woyankhayo akufunsa ngati ndikuganiza kuti izi ndi "zolakwika, zopanda pake, kapena kuyika." Ayi. Magawo a mbiriyakale amaoneka osangalatsa nthawi zina, ngakhale amayenera kusamaliridwa mosamala ndipo kutsimikizira kwawokha ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri. Zigawo zomwe zimabwereza zomwe zakhala zikuwonekera kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuziyika m'mawu osavuta kwambiri sizili "zopanda ntchito," koma zothandizadi, chifukwa chake ine ndi ena takhala tikupanga mfundo zomwezo. Ponena za "kuyika," zambiri ndizoti, m'malingaliro anga, ngakhale sindimuimba mlandu Foucault chifukwa chake: ndi gawo lozama kwambiri la chikhalidwe chachinyengo cha Paris kotero kuti adagweramo mwachibadwa, ngakhale. kwa mbiri yake, adadzipatula kwa izo. Ponena za "ziphuphu" za chikhalidwe ichi makamaka kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndi mutu wina, womwe ndakambirana kwina ndipo sindidzalowa pano. Pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuchita, m'malingaliro mwanga, kuposa kufunsa muzochita za aluntha osankhika omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zantchito ndi zinthu zina zopapatiza zawo komanso (kwa ine, osachepera) mabwalo okongola osasangalatsa. Ndi burashi yotakata, ndipo ndikugogomezeranso kuti sibwino kunena ndemanga zotere popanda kutsimikizira: koma ndafunsidwa, ndipo ndayankha mfundo yokhayo yomwe ndapeza kuti yadzutsidwa. Ndikafunsidwa za malingaliro anga onse, nditha kungopereka, kapena ngati pali china chake chachindunji, fotokozani. Sindidzalemba nkhani pamitu yomwe sizindisangalatsa.
Pokhapokha ngati wina angayankhe mafunso osavuta omwe amabwera nthawi yomweyo m'maganizo a munthu aliyense wololera pamene zonena za "nthanthi" ndi "filosofi" zidzutsidwa, ndimagwira ntchito zomwe zikuwoneka kwa ine zomveka komanso zowunikira, komanso kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi. pakumvetsetsa ndi kusintha dziko.
Wothirira ndemanga wina ananena kuti โchilankhulo chomveka sichikwanira pamene chimango cha chilolezo sichikupezeka kwa womvetseraโ; zolondola ndi zofunika. Koma kuchita bwino sikungotengera mawu osamveka bwino komanso osavuta kumva komanso kunena za "malingaliro" omwe palibe. Mโmalo mwake, ndiko kufunsa womvetserayo kukayikira mtundu wa chilozero chimene iye akuvomereza, ndi kupereka lingaliro lina limene lingalingaliridwe, zonse mโchinenero chosavuta kumva. Sindinayambe ndapeza kuti vuto ndikamalankhula ndi anthu omwe alibe maphunziro apamwamba kapena nthawi zina, ngakhale ndizowona kuti zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pamene mukukwera makwerero a maphunziro, kotero kuti kuphunzitsidwa kumakhala kozama kwambiri, ndikudzisankha nokha. chifukwa kumvera komwe kuli mbali yabwino ya maphunziro apamwamba kwabweretsa phindu lake. Wothirira ndemanga uyu akuwonetsa kuti kunja kwa mabwalo ngati forum iyi, "kudziko lonselo, ndi wosamvetsetseka" ("iye" kukhala ine). Izi ndizotsutsana kwambiri ndi zomwe ndakumana nazo, zokhala ndi omvera amitundu yonse. M'malo mwake, zomwe ndakumana nazo ndi zomwe ndangofotokoza kumene. Kusamvetsetseka kumagwirizana ndi mlingo wa maphunziro. Tengani, titi, lankhulani wailesi. Ndili pamlingo wokwanira, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndizosavuta kuyerekeza kuchokera ku katchulidwe ka mawu, ndi zina zotero, ndi anthu otani. Ndapeza mobwerezabwereza kuti omvera ambiri akakhala osauka komanso osaphunzira, ndimatha kulumpha nkhani zambiri zakumbuyo ndi "frame of reference" chifukwa ndizodziwikiratu komanso zimatengedwa mopepuka ndi aliyense, ndipo nditha kupitiliza kuzinthu zomwe zimawakhudza onse. ife. Ndi omvera ophunzira kwambiri, izo ndi zovuta kwambiri; ndikofunikira kusokoneza malingaliro ambiri.
Ndizowona kuti anthu ambiri satha kuwerenga mabuku omwe ndimalemba. Sichifukwa chakuti malingaliro kapena chilankhulo ndi chovuta - tilibe vuto pokambitsirana mwamwayi pa mfundo zomwezo, ngakhalenso m'mawu omwewo. Zifukwa ndizosiyana, mwina mwina chifukwa cha kalembedwe kanga, mwina chifukwa cha kufunikira (komwe ndikumva, osachepera) kuti ndiwonetse zolemba zolemetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwerenga movutikira. Pazifukwa izi, anthu angapo atenga zinthu zomwezo, nthawi zambiri mawu omwewo, ndikuziyika m'mapepala ndi zina zotero. Palibe amene akuwoneka kuti ali ndi vuto lalikulu - ngakhalenso, owunikiranso mu Times Literary Supplement kapena zolemba zamakatswiri zamaphunziro alibe chidziwitso cha zomwe zikunena, nthawi zambiri; nthawi zina zimakhala zoseketsa.
Mfundo yomaliza, china chake chomwe ndidalembapo kwina (mwachitsanzo, pokambirana m'mapepala a Z, ndi mutu womaliza wa Chaka 501). Pakhala kusintha kochititsa chidwi mโmakhalidwe a gulu la aluntha mโzaka zaposachedwapa. Anzeru akumanzere omwe zaka 60 zapitazo akadakhala akuphunzitsa m'masukulu ogwira ntchito, akulemba mabuku ngati "masamu a mamiliyoni" (omwe adapangitsa masamu kukhala omveka kwa mamiliyoni a anthu), kutenga nawo mbali ndikulankhulira mabungwe otchuka, ndi zina zotero, tsopano ali ambiri. osiya kuchita nawo zinthu zotere, ndipo ngakhale kuti amafulumira kutiuza kuti ndi amphamvu kwambiri kuposa inu, sapezeka, zikuwoneka, pakakhala chosowa chodziwikiratu komanso chokulirapo komanso pempho lachindunji la ntchito yomwe angachite kunja uko. m'dziko la anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto ndi nkhawa. Limenelo si vuto lalingโono. Dziko lino, pakali pano, lili mumkhalidwe wodabwitsa komanso wowopsa. Anthu amachita mantha, okwiya, okhumudwa, okayikira, osokonezeka. Awatu ndi maloto okonzekera, monga ndidamvapo Mike akunena. Ndiwonso nthaka yabwino kwa anthu okonda nkhanza ndi otengeka, omwe angathe (ndipo atero kale) kulimbikitsa chithandizo chodziwika bwino ndi mauthenga omwe si achilendo kuchokera kwa omwe adawatsogolera muzochitika zofanana. Tikudziwa kumene idatsogolera m'mbuyomu; izo zikanakhoza kachiwiri. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu komwe poyamba kudadzazidwa pang'ono ndi anzeru akumanzere ofunitsitsa kucheza ndi anthu wamba komanso mavuto awo. Zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa, mwa lingaliro langa.
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