Yomasuliridwa ndi Tamara Vukov
“Mwambo wa anthu oponderezedwa umatiphunzitsa kuti ‘mkhalidwe wangozi’ umene tikukhalamo suli wosiyana koma lamulo.” —Walter Benjamin
TV: Pa February 4th chaka chino, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia inalowedwa m'malo ndi dziko latsopano la Serbia ndi Montenegro. Kutsatira kuphedwa kwa Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic pa Marichi 12, 2003, gulu latsopanoli lakhalapo nthawi zambiri pakagwa ngozi. Ngakhale kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochitika zadzidzidzi kwaperekedwa makamaka ngati mwayi wopita patsogolo wokhazikitsa demokalase yeniyeni ndi kubwezeretsa dongosolo ku dziko, kodi mungafotokoze momwe njira zadzidzidzizi zikuwonekera komanso zomwe zikuchitikadi m'dzina lawo?
AG: Mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi ukuimira kuyesa kwamisala kwa kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu kuti atenge nyumba yomwe akukhala ndikuikulitsa kukhala ndende ya dziko lonse. Ngakhale mlendo, kuyesa kopenga kumeneku kwapambana. Boma lidachitapo kanthu pa kuphedwa kwa Zoran Djindjic poyambitsa zadzidzidzi. Apolisi anapatsidwa ufulu womanga ndi kutsekera anthu m’ndende kwa masiku 30 popanda kuzenga mlandu wa mwambo, pamene womangidwayo amasiyidwa wopanda ufulu kwa loya. Apolisi apeza ufulu woloŵa m’nyumba popanda chilolezo, ufulu wopanda malire wolankhula pafoni, kutsatira, kuzonda, ndi kufufuza. Nduna ya apolisi tsopano akhoza kumanga aliyense amene amumenya ngati akumukayikira. Kumenya ndewu ndi misonkhano ya ndale zaletsedwa, ndipo ufulu woyenda unali woletsedwa kwambiri. Censorship yayambika, pomwe mkangano uliwonse wapagulu pazifukwa zoyambitsa vuto ladzidzidzi komanso kuthetsedwa kwake kwaletsedwa. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch lachitapo kanthu kale, kuchenjeza boma la Serbia kuti khalidwe laulamuliro loterolo likusemphana ndi malangizo a European Union, osatchula za makhalidwe abwino.
Mbali yaikulu yachiwiri ya mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi umenewu ndi wakuti palibe malire amene aikidwa mozungulira. Kutengera chigamulo cha pulezidenti wanyumba yamalamulo, zadzidzidzi ndikusakasaka anthu omwe adapha, komanso zipani zina zolakwa pamilandu ina ingapo. Idayambitsidwa kwa nthawi yosadziwikiratu komanso yosadziwika. Ndizovuta kudziwa nthawi yomwe onse olakwa pamilandu yosadziwika bwino adzagwidwa, ndi milandu iti yomwe iyenera kuthetsedwa molingana ndi boma “mikhalidwe yokwanira†isanakwaniritsidwe kuti boma ladzidzidzi lichotsedwe.
Ganizirani za kayendetsedwe ka malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino komwe msonkhano wadziko lonse udadziyitanira panthawi yomwe boma lidayambitsa ngozi. Msonkhano womwe udaitanidwa mnyumba ya National Assembly sunali msonkhano wa mamembala. Palibe amene anayesapo kudziwa kuti ndi mamembala angati omwe analipo, ndipo makina apakompyuta ojambulira opezekapo adachotsedwa, malinga ndi mamembala angapo okha.
Mwachidule, chitaganya cha pambuyo pa Yugoslavia chinalandidwa ufulu wawo popanda zisonyezero zowonekera kapena malonjezo okhudza pamene udzabwezedwa. Ndipo ngati idzabwezeredwa nkomwe.
TV: Kodi zina mwazovuta zapakhomo zomwe zachitika pakagwa ngozi pa ndale komanso pankhani ya nkhanza za apolisi zomwe mudatchulapo ndi ziti? Kodi amangolimbana ndi zigawenga zamagulu, monga momwe zasonyezedwera kwambiri m'manyuzipepala? Kapena kodi madera ambiri ndi mitundu yosagwirizana ndi ndale ikuyang'aniridwa?
AG: Nduna Yachilungamo Vladan Batic adanena kuti Serbia yamakono imafuna ndende zamakono zomwe zili ndi malo osachepera a 2000. Zikuoneka kuti tafika! Kusintha kwamakono ku Serbia yamakono kukuwoneka kuti kukutanthauza kumanga ndende zamakono.
Komabe, sindikudziwa ngati m'ndendezi mudzakhala malo okwanira anthu 7,000 ogwira ntchito omwe amangidwa komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende chifukwa cha ngozi. Ena mwa anthuwa ndi ophwanya malamulo, anthu opuma pa ntchito amene anasangalala poyera chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa nduna yaikulu, oimba ochepa chabe, olemba nkhani m’nyuzipepala, komanso otchedwa “achifwamba achindunji,” kuti abwereke mawu a ndunayo. Oyamba onse ndi “zigawenga zosalunjika.†Iwo ali ndi mlandu wotsutsana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa “Europeanization of Serbia.
TV: Ndiye ngati zomwe zikuchitika panthawi ya ngozi sizinangolekeredwa pazifukwa zomwe zidagwiritsidwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kutsata omwe adapha Zoran Djindjic ndikulondolera magulu aupandu, kodi pali ndale zambiri zomwe zikuchitika? Kodi ikubwezeretsedwanso mwandale, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, m'njira zotani?
AG: Palibe kukayikira kuti kuphedwa kwa Prime Minister Djindjic ndi mlandu wowopsa. Koma kodi zimenezo zilungamitsa kulandidwa kokulirapo ndi kotheratu kwa ufulu wa anthu onse? Ndikuganiza kuti yankho la funsoli ndi lochititsa chidwi “ayi.†Simungatseke anthu onse– komabe kukhazikitsidwa kwa mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi kumaika anthu onse m'ndende. Chosavuta chakuti mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi sunachotsedwe patatha masiku angapo ukuwonetsa kuti ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa nkhondo ya “power-turf†pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana achidwi. Gulu lachidwi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu likugwiritsa ntchito zida zake – zoopsa ndi zachiwawa - kuthetsa gulu lina lachidwi.
Boma la Serbia likuyesera kuti liwononge otsutsa onse, mpikisano wonse, kapena wotsutsa aliyense, ndale. Ikugwiritsa ntchito njira yophera chikhululukiro cha nduna yophedwayo, mothandizidwa ndi atolankhani olangidwa ndi aluntha omwe akupereka chilolezo chomenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi malingaliro, kukhalabe ndi mphamvu ngakhale atachotsedwa “boma la ngozi, †chomwe chikuyembekezeka kukhala chokhazikika ku Serbia.
Poyankhulana posachedwapa ku Belgrade yodziwika bwino tsiku ndi tsiku, nduna ya zachilungamo Vladan Batic adapereka gulu lake la "oganiziridwa zoyipa" poyankha funso la omwe adaphawo. Poyamba, ndunayi idayika anthu ambiri mchikaiko ngati omwe akuwakayikira pakupha nduna yayikulu. Kenako anapitiliza kunena kuti “chiyamiko nzika zili, zikumwetulira, zili ndi mzimu wapamwambaâ€TM komanso, makamaka, “athokoze boma chifukwa chokhazikitsa boma langozi lomwe lapangitsa kuti azikhala otetezeka. Kodi zimenezi zilidi choncho?
Mwachitsanzo, n'chifukwa chiyani sitinkakhala ndi lamulo? Kodi pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa sitiraka ya ogwira ntchito osakhutitsidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa Prime Minister? Strikers sanaphe Premier. Malinga ndi zomwe akuluakulu akuimbidwa mlandu, kuphaku kunali ntchito ya zigawenga zomwe zinali mu zokambirana zachinsinsi ndi nduna yayikulu.
Komanso, Batic anasonyeza chidani chachikulu kwa “atolankhani, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu, ndiponso olemba nkhani.” Kodi chidani choterocho chimachokera kuti? Batic amawawona kukhala gulu lachitatu la zigawenga zomwe ziyenera kumenyedwa. Onse otsutsa za kusinthaku akufanananso ndi akupha. Makamaka atolankhani ndi otsutsa.
Boma lopanda luso likufalitsa mantha pofuna kubisa udindo wawo. Kodi kupha kumeneku kukanapewedwa? Pambuyo pa kupha, palibe amene adavomera kusiya ntchito. Palibe maudindo omwe adasinthidwa. Anthu omwewo akutitsogolera kupyola muzochitika zadzidzidzi. Gulu lina likugwiritsa ntchito molakwika chochitika chomvetsa chisoni. Kulengeza za ngozi zadzidzidzi kwathetsa mkangano wapagulu, kumangiriza manja a anthu onse oganiza mwaufulu pomwe akuluakulu aboma amawononga anthu onse oganiza mopanda malingaliro pawailesi yakanema. Kodi iyi ndi demokalase? Zikuoneka kuti ndi choncho.
Masiku angapo apitawo, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa boma adalengeza kuti tisadandaule kuti palibe otsutsa. Tsopano ndife demokalase, kotero kutsutsa sikulinso kofunikira- ndife demokalase, kotero kuti palibe kutsutsa kuyenera kukhalapo. Izi zimatchedwa “demokalase yathunthu.†Mkhalidwe umene demokalase, pakudzikwaniritsa kotheratu, imadzithetsa yokha. Iwo ndi odzipereka kwambiri ku demokalase kotero kuti sakufunikiranso.
TV: Munthawi yotereyi ya kuphwanya malamulo ndi kupondereza anthu osagwirizana ndi omwe mumafotokoza, kodi pakhala pali kuyankha mwadongosolo kapena kuyankha kwathunthu kuchokera kwa omwe amati ndi mabungwe aboma? Ndikuganiza makamaka za gulu lomwe likukulirakulirabe la NGO lomwe nthawi zambiri limathandizidwa ndi mabungwe aku Western omwe adakula kwambiri ku Yugoslavia ya Milosevic, ndipo udindo wawo ndi kuyang'anira "ufulu wa anthu."
AG: Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa momwe kuyimitsidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu kumawonedwa ndi mabungwe omwe amati si aboma (NGO), chinthu champhamvu kwambiri pazandale ku Serbia, komanso kuchuluka kwa “renti. -a-dissident†mitundu.
Izi zisanachitike, ankadziwa kutsutsa mwamphamvu ngakhale zazing'ono zomwe ufulu wa nzika zamtundu waung'ono unali pangozi, potsutsa “nationalism†(yomwe ndi nkhani yomwe mabungwewa adachokera. kupindula kwambiri, popeza thandizo lakunja lomwe limachirikiza ambiri aiwo limachokera pa izi). Tsopano pamene ufulu ndi ufulu wa nzika zikulandidwa, osati kwa munthu m'modzi, osati m'dera limodzi, koma kwa anthu onse, mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi osagwirizana nawo akuchirikiza, kulonjeza kukhulupirika kotheratu ku boma la Serbia. Pali kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa kusinthana kwa wailesi yakanema pakati pa anthu aluntha aboma ndi "otsutsa" omwe amakambirana za momwe imfa ya Djindjic ili "yapadziko lonse lapansi," kapena momwe “nyengo yadzidzidzi imadula bwanji chingwe chakummawa. Kapena m'mawu ena odekha, momwe "maliro a Djindjic" anali kupempha anthu osowa chikhulupiriro ndi chiyembekezo, "kapena momwe "kuphedwa pandale kwa Prime Minister ndi chinthu choyipa," chifukwa “tiyenera kulipira misozi pachisangalalo chilichonse,†kuti tsiku lina tidzapeze “catharsis, catharsis of the common citizen†…
TV: Poganizira kuti kudzudzula kwadzidzidzi kwadzidzidzi ndikoletsedwa ndipo kuwunika kukuchitika, kodi zakhudza bwanji mkangano waukulu wapagulu komanso mafunso ambiri omwe adzutsidwa ndi boma ladzidzidzi?
AG: Anthu akukumana ndi zopusa zosaneneka. Nduna zikulonjeza kuti padzakhala madzi ndi magetsi nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chiyani sipangakhale? Kodi nkhondo yayamba? Zithunzi za malo oyembekezera zikuwulutsidwa m'manyuzipepala, ndikulonjeza kuti adzateteza malo osungira ana. Amalengeza kuti magwero a madzi saipitsidwa. Zakudya zakhala zokhazikika. Akuti zoyendera za anthu onse zikuyenda pa nthawi yake. Nthawi yofikira panyumba ya apolisi sinakhazikitsidwebe. Kusintha kwachuma kukupitilirabe patsogolo. Mphungu zochokera ku maofesi a mayiko a mayiko ayambanso kufika, ndikulonjeza kuti zidzalowa mu European Union.
N’chifukwa chiyani boma limeneli silinamange zigawenga zokonzedwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa “revolution†pa October 5? Ndani anali kuwaletsa? Atolankhani? Olemba nkhani? Ofufuza ndi ofotokozera? Chifukwa chiyani sanalande katundu ndi chuma cha Milosevic-era elite? N’chifukwa chiyani anawalola kuti alemere kwambiri ndiponso kuti apeze chilichonse mwa kufulumizitsa kuchita zinthu mwachinsinsi? Ndindani akupereka ndalama? Kodi nchifukwa ninji pali umphaŵi waukulu ndi wokulirapo m’chuma chomwe chawonongeka kale? Pamapeto pake, awa onse ndi mafunso omwe boma lapano, logwidwa ndi gulu la neurosis, liyenera kuyankha tsiku lina.
TV: Ndikufuna kutembenukira pang'ono pazambiri zamphamvu ndi ulamuliro zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto ladzidzidzi. Ponena za kuphedwa kwa Djindjic, Sonja Biserko wa Komiti ya Helsinki (bungwe lodziwika bwino lomwe siaboma) adalengeza posachedwapa kuti "mchitidwe wankhanzawo ndi chiyambi cha kumasulidwa ku matenda a Milosevic-era" kupereka mwayi womwe unali usanachitikepo kuti asinthe. Kodi njira zapanozi zikuyimira kupatuka kwenikweni kwaulamuliro wakale monga momwe amanenera, ndi chiyani (kapena sichinasinthe) pakusintha pakati pa ndale zakale ndi zandale?
AG: M'malo mwake, kuti timvetsetse bwino zavutoli ku Serbia, ndikofunikira kubwerera kwakanthawi, ku Milosevic's Serbia, ndikupereka kuwunika kwakanthawi komwe tingatchule “Milosevic’. dongosolo.â€
Ulamuliro wa Milosevic unali wopondereza. Panali zipani, zisankho, ndi nyumba yamalamulo, koma osati demokalase yeniyeni. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi malamulo ena ambiri anali ooneka ngati ademokalase, koma kwenikweni sanali chabe chotchinga cha ulamuliro wa munthu mmodzi.
Milosevic, komabe, sanali wolamulira wankhanza. Ulamuliro wake unali wapadera kwambiri, ndipo sakanatchedwa wopondereza. Iye analekerera, kapena anakakamizika kulekerera, manyuzipepala ena odziimira pawokha ndi masiteshoni ochepa a wailesi yakanema a m’deralo. Momwemonso, Milosevic sanayese kupanga mtundu wina wa umunthu wa Stalinist. Ndizodabwitsa kuti sanawonekere kawirikawiri pawailesi yakanema; ambiri amatchula kudzichepetsa kwake, kusafunikira kusonyeza ulamuliro wake.
Potsirizira pake, ngakhale kuti Yugoslavia moyenerera amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mayiko achinyengo kwambiri ku Ulaya, sikuti Milosevic analamulira yekha kuti adzilemeretse. Mabomba a ndege a NATO ataponya mabomba "anzeru" pa Belgrade, adaponyanso timapepala ndi timapepala. Ndidakali ndi kopi ya imodzi mwapadera - pomwe adasindikiza chithunzi chokhala ndi mawu ofotokozera kuti Milosevic anali ndi yacht ndi nyumba “monga izi†(pachithunzichi). Kulephera kwa CIA kupeza chithunzi cha katundu wa Milosevic kumadzinenera.
Pamapeto pake, Milosevic sanatembenukire ku East, Moscow, ndi Orthodoxy, monga momwe amanenera. Amalankhula Chingerezi bwino, ndipo samalankhula Chirasha chilichonse. M'mbuyomu ya ntchito yake, adapita ku New York pafupipafupi, ndipo adanena kuti amawona kuti ndi mzinda womwe amakonda kwambiri. Panthaŵi ina, Milosevic anali ndi lingaliro, osati lopanda maziko kotheratu, kuti Washington angamuvomereze mosasamala kanthu za ulamuliro wake monga momwe anavomerezera Tito. Pambuyo malonjezano osweka ku mbali zonse ziwiri, kusasamala dziko ndi kulowererapo, kunayambitsa nkhondo ku Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia ndi Kosovo, chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake, zinthu mwachiwonekere zinatenga njira yosiyana.
Mulimonsemo, Milosevic ankasangalala ndi zovomerezeka ku Serbia, ndipo anali ndi chithandizo chambiri pazandale.
Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, chithandizo cha ndale chimenecho chinacheperachepera kufika pa 20 peresenti ya oponya voti. Koma ndi chithandizo cha 20%, Milosevic adatha kusunga ulamuliro wa 100%. Choyamba, chifukwa cha kulamulira kwake pazofalitsa zazikulu, adasokoneza ndikusokoneza nzika yosakhutira komanso yosokonekera. Ikafika nthawi yachisankho, amakhala kunyumba, kapena kupereka mavoti awo kwa omwe amatchedwa “otsutsa abodza.†Pamwamba pa izi, dongosolo lachisankho lomwe linalipo lidalola kuti 30% azithandizira zisankho kumasulira kukhala 50% yanyumba yamalamulo. kuyimira. Chomwe munthu amafunikira chinali kupeza bwenzi loyenera la mgwirizano, ndipo wina adzapeza malamulo okhazikika. Ndipo ogwirizana nawo sanapezekepo, chifukwa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro ku Milosevic ku Serbia zinabweretsa chuma chambiri.
Umu ndi momwe Milosevic adafikira paunyinji wanyumba yamalamulo komanso ulamuliro wolamulira. N’chifukwa chake sanafunikire kuchita zinthu zina zapadera, zankhanza. Ntchito ndi zisankho zonse zandale zidachitidwa ndi njira zamalamulo.
Maziko a mphamvu ya Milosevic adakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wake wa chipani chake. Chipani cha Socialist cha Serbia chinali mpando weniweni wa ulamuliro wandale wolamulidwa ndi Milosevic. Monga mtsogoleri wa chipani chonse, adakwanitsanso kulamulira Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwa kusintha kosalekeza kwa malamulo a chisankho (1992-1997), adapanga dongosolo lomwe, nthawi iliyonse, chipanicho chikhoza kusintha oimira ake ndikuwasintha motsatizana.
Kuwongolera nthambi yamalamulo ya boma popanga malamulo, kunapatsanso Milosevic kulamulira kwathunthu kwa nthambi yayikulu, mwa kuyankhula kwina kwa boma lonse (monga nthambi zamalamulo ndi zotsogola sizinapatulidwe).
Atangolandira mphamvu zonse pazamalamulo ndi akuluakulu, Milosevic adangoyenera kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa oweruza. Malinga ndi Constitution ya Serbia, oweruza adasankhidwa kosatha, koma adasankhidwa ndikuchotsedwa ntchito ndi nyumba yamalamulo. Chifukwa amalamulira nyumba yamalamulo, Milosevic adathanso kuwongolera makhothi. Malinga ndi lamulo limene linayamba kugwira ntchito pa July 30, 1991, oweruza onse (2,939) ndi oimira boma pa milandu (619) anayenera kuyeretsedwa chifukwa cha zimene amati “kusankhanso” m’nyumba ya malamulo. Kuyeretsa kumeneku, komabe, kunachitika mwachisankho komanso mosasamala, kotero kuti ambiri omwe sanali kugwira ntchito zawo motsatira mfundo zoyambirira kapena mwaukadaulo adasungabe maudindo awo chifukwa chotsatira malamulo ndi malangizo ochokera pamwamba pa Boma. Izi zinapangitsa kuti oweruza ena ambiri atsutsane ndi kuba kwachigamulo kwa chisankho cha m'deralo cha 1996. Kuyambira pamenepo, Milosevic anapitiriza kukonzanso boma la oweruza. Mu 1997, pamene Milosevic adaphatikizanso ulamuliro wake, adayesetsanso "kuthetsa boma la oweruza." bwalo lamilandu loyima palokha.
Umu ndi momwe akuluakulu onse andale ndi oweruza adayikidwa pamalo odalira Milosevic. Chimodzimodzinso ndi apolisi ndi akuluakulu azamalamulo. Ndi kuperekedwa kwa lamulo la 1995 pa kusankhidwa kwa mamembala a MUP-a, apolisi aku Serbia, Milosevic adaphatikiza ufulu wokhawokha wokweza apolisi kukhala akuluakulu ankhondo ndikusankha wamkulu wa apolisi. Pansi pa malamulo ena apadera, Milosevic adayang'anira dipatimenti yoona zachitetezo chamkati. Izi zinamulola kuti asakhale mmodzi mwa akuluakulu a nkhondo ku Bosnia ndi Hercegovina, komanso kulamulira otsutsa a ku Serbia.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwaulamuliro wa Milosevic chinali kuyang'anira ndale mwachindunji kwa akuluakulu azachuma. Ku Milosevic ku Serbia, njira zoyambira zopezera ndalama sizinachitike pamsika. M'malo mwake, phindu lalikulu lazachuma lomwe lingakhalepo linapezedwa kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu kwa boma - mwa kuyankhula kwina kudzera mu ulamuliro wa boma, mwayi wokhazikika, kulingalira zandalama ndi zochitika zandalama zopanda pake, chinyengo chambiri ndi kugawidwa kwa katundu, kulowetsa kunja kosaloledwa, malonda a m'nyumba ndi ziphuphu. Zinaperekedwa kuti, mu dongosolo loterolo, akuluakulu amphamvu sakanangosintha mosavuta “malikulu a ndale†kukhala phindu lenileni, lazachuma, komanso kulamulira ndi kukhudza kayendetsedwe ka chuma chonsecho.
Umu ndi momwe Milosevic adachita bwino kupanga ukonde wokhazikika wamakasitomala padziko lonse lapansi. Unali ukonde wotambasulidwa kuti uzungulire kulikonse kumene likululo linali kupangidwa, kuyambira ndi iyeyo ndi banja lake, kufikira kwa ogwira ntchito m’fakitale ndi ogulitsa m’khwalala. Kulowa muukonde wotetezedwawu kunatanthauza kupeza ndalama zotsimikizirika. Mamembala amphamvu kwambiri a ukondewo, akuluakulu azachuma, atha kudalira kudzikundikira chuma mwachangu chifukwa cha kulamulira kwa msika, kuyambira kutenga nawo mbali molakwika mu "makonzedwe osinthana" a boma (kulowetsa mafuta ndi gasi), kupita ku malonda osaloledwa a ndudu. , zida ndi katundu wina. Izi zidatheka popereka zilolezo zotumiza kunja, pakupeza ndalama zakunja kutengera kusinthanitsa, kutsika mtengo, popereka mwamwayi malo, ndi zina zotero. Mamembala apakatikati a ukonde wamwayiwu amatha kudalira malonda opanda malire (ngakhale. pamlingo wocheperako), pantchito yabwino/yathunthu, ndi malipiro apamwamba aboma, ali ndi ufulu wogula nyumba za boma pamtengo wotsika kwambiri, ndi zina zambiri.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, dongosolo lapadera la mphamvu linakhazikitsidwa ku Serbia. Ndatcha dongosolo loterolo kleptocracy. Mfundo yaikulu ya “chiphunzitso cha Milosevic†ndi chomwe tingatchule, kuchokera ku mbiri yakale iyi "kudzipatula kwaulamuliro."
TV: Nanga nkhani zidasintha bwanji pambuyo pa Milosevic, pomwe Djindjic adakwera pampando? Kodi cholowa cha “kudzipatula kwaulamuliro†chinali chiyani, ndipo nchiyani chinabweretsedwa mmalo mwake?
AG: Ndi “petooktobarska revolucija†(“chisinthiko cha pa 5 October†) komanso kugwetsedwa kwa Milosevic, ambiri ankayembekezera kusintha kwenikweni, kopita patsogolo. Komabe, m’malo mwa sitepe iliyonse yatanthauzo yopita ku demokalase ya zachuma ndi kutengapo mbali, imene ambiri owona akumanzere a Yugoslavia anali kuyembekezera, dongosolo latsopano linakhazikitsidwa, ndi chiphunzitso chatsopano chaulamuliro: cha Djindjic. Dongosolo la Djindjic likhoza kutchedwa “authoritarian modernismâ€TM Neoliberalism yokhala ndi katchulidwe kameneko.
Djindic adapanga ma chancellery system, tsoka lake, kusokoneza dongosolo lapurezidenti, kusiya nyumba yamalamulo, ndikumanga unduna wake m'maunduna aboma. Wolemba mbiri wina wa ku Yugoslavia anatcha zimenezi “Djindjic’s naÃâve kuchenjera.†Kunalinso kulakwitsa kwake kwakukulu. Ayenera kuti adafuna kuchepetsa ulamuliro wake, ndikuwonjezera udindo wa wogwirizanitsa kapena wokambirana yemwe sangatenge mphamvu zonse. Njira yotereyi ikanakhala ndi tsogolo labwino. M'malo mwake, adapeza ulamuliro wochulukirapo, kuphatikiza kutchuka kocheperako ndi ulamuliro. Sanalemekezedwe ngakhale ndi anthu otchedwa apamwamba. Akanatsatira njira ina, akanatha kunena kuti, “Sindine wotchuka pakati pa anthu, koma anthu anzeru, oweruza, anthu amalonda, akuluakulu atolankhani, komanso abwino. -anzeru odziwika ali kumbali yanga.â Umenewo ndi mtundu umodzi wotheka wa ndale zamphamvu. sindikufuna kutchuka koma ulamuliro. Komabe, analibe kutchuka kapena ulamuliro, komabe anali ndi mphamvu zokulirapo.
Dongosolo la Djindjic lidawonetsa zenizeni zake mu “junski udar,†Kulanda kwa Juni, komwe kumatha kuwonedwa ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pazandale za pambuyo pa Milosevic Serbia. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kutengeka uku kunachitidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Djindjic, mwa kuyankhula kwina, sanali Milosevic, yemwe anachita ndi nkhanza zazikulu komanso zowonekera kwa adani ake a ndale.
Kutengako kudayamba pomwe upulezidenti wa DOS (mgwirizano wa zipani zotsutsa zomwe zidachotsa Milosevic), womwe udapangidwa ndi apurezidenti ndi nduna zazikulu za zipani zosiyanasiyana zamgwirizano, adapereka chigamulo pa Meyi 24, 2002 kuti achotse udindo wa 36. Aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo a DOS omwe “kawirikawiri samakhala nawo pamisonkhano yokhazikika yanyumba yamalamulo.†Ambiri a nyumba yamalamulo adavomereza chigamulochi pa 12 June.
Pongoyang'ana koyamba, chigamulochi chikuwoneka ngati cholakwika – “Cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa bata mdziko, kuti aphungu osankhidwa anyumba yamalamulo azigwira ntchito mokwanira kuti alandire malipiro awo,†adatero nduna yaikulu Djindjic. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti kuchita zimenezi kunali koletsedwa kotheratu. Mwa mamembala 36 osasankhidwawo, ambiri anali ochokera ku DSS, chipani cha Vojislav Kostunica, Purezidenti wa Yugoslavia komanso wopikisana nawo kwambiri pandale ku Djindjic paudindo wake ngati Prime Minister.
M'malo mwake, zinali zomveka kuti a DSS sanalowe nawo m'misonkhano yanthawi zonse yanyumba yamalamulo, chifukwa DSS idaganiza zonyanyala misonkhanoyi potsutsa zandale za Djindjic. Chomwe chinali chosangalatsa kwambiri, DSS sichikanatha kulowetsa aphungu 36 omwe sanakhalepo m'malo mwa aphungu ena a DSS ngakhale akanafuna, chifukwa mndandanda wa mamembala awo unali ndi mayina 13 okha. Chifukwa chipani cha DSS sichinathe kusintha mipando yake yochotsedwa ndi mamembala awo, mipandoyo idapita ku zipani zina kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa DOS – choyamba ndi chipani cha Democratic Party cha Zoran Djindjic. Chifukwa chokwiya ndi kuba kopusa kwa mipando yanyumba yamalamulo, mamembala onse okhala a DSS, chipani champhamvu komanso chodziwika bwino ku Serbia, adasiya nyumba yamalamulo.
Umu ndi momwe Djindic adagwiritsira ntchito bwino ntchito yotsutsana ndi aphungu kuti awonjezere mphamvu zake zandale. Kwa nthawi yayitali, adathamangitsa mdani wake wamkulu, Kostunica's DSS, pamasewera ndipo potero adalanda aphungu ambiri omwe amatha kuwongolera bwino komanso moyenera malamulo aboma.
Umo ndi momwe funso la quorum yanyumba yamalamulo idathetsedwa bwino mokomera Djindic. Posakhalitsa, malamulowo adasinthidwanso kuti aphatikize kukulitsa mphamvu za Purezidenti wanyumba yamalamulo. Iye adapeza mphamvu zolanga aphungu omwe adasankhidwa chifukwa “kusokoneza dongosolo mu zokambirana za Nyumba ya Malamulo†pochotsa mipando yawo yanyumba yamalamulo kwa masiku 90.
Ubwino wachitatu womwe Prime Minister Djindjic adapeza mu June Take-Over unali lamulo lake losatsutsidwa ndi otsala a mgwirizano wa DOS. Kuyambira pamenepo, palibe m'modzi mwa maphwando otsala mu DOS omwe anali ndi mamembala okwanira kuti atsutse ndikutsutsa boma.
Chifukwa chiyani kulanda ndale kwa Djindi sikunadzutse kulira kwakukulu kwa anthu? Choyamba, chifukwa anaphedwa mwaluso kudzera mu ndondomeko yokonzedweratu komanso yovuta yomwe anthu wamba ambiri sanaimvetse bwino. Kachiwiri, komanso chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa Djindjic pakalipano adakwanitsa kulamulira ma TV otchuka kwambiri ku Serbia. Pamene mpikisano woyamba pakati pa Djindjic ndi Kostunica unachitika mu Ogasiti 2001, zidadziwikiratu kuti Djindjic adakwanitsa kuchitapo kanthu kuti apindule nawo pazofalitsa zonse. Kuphatikiza pa wailesi yakanema yowonera kwambiri, TV Pink, Politika yapa TV ndi TV Studio B, nyuzipepala za tsiku ndi tsiku Novosti ndi Danas, pamodzi ndi Nedeljni telegraf zonse zidagwera bwino pamsasa wake wandale. Pofika mu June 2002, Djindjic anali atatenganso ulamuliro wa Politika watsiku ndi tsiku, wailesi yakanema ya boma (RTS), komanso wailesi yakanema yayikulu (BK Telecom). Choncho pamene Djindjic anachita zolakwa zake zandale, palibe amene anali ndi chifukwa chilichonse kapena chidwi cholengeza kapena kufotokoza, ngakhale kutsutsana ndi kulanda komwe kunali kotsutsana ndi demokalase.
Kwenikweni, pofika chapakati pa 2002 Djindjic anali atalanda mosavuta dongosolo lonse la Milosevic lolamulira anthu. Iye anali ndi ulamuliro wonse wa chipani chake. Pokhala ndi boma ndi aphungu ambiri kumbuyo kwake, adapeza mosavuta ma board a oyang'anira mabizinesi ofunika kwambiri – kuchokera kumakampani amafuta kupita kunkhalango. Momwemonso, ambiri mwa akuluakulu apamwamba apakati komanso ena mwa anthu apamwamba omwe ali ndi zikhumbo za kayendetsedwe ka ndale adathamangira kuti adzigwiritse ntchito.
Umu ndi momwe network yatsopano ya post-Milosevic clientalistic network idatetezedwa ndi Djindjic. Komanso, “kusintha†ndi “kusunga anthu wamba†—kunakhala zifukwa zomveka zowonjezerera. Djindjic, ndendende monga Milosevic adachita, adakwanitsa kuwongolera malamulo, akuluakulu, oweruza, ndale, azachuma, komanso mbali zina za asitikali ankhondo. Dongosolo la Milosevic lidasinthidwa kukhala Serbia yatsopano, neoliberal.
Ndafotokoza kale momwe nthambi yayikulu idalamulira makhothi pansi paulamuliro wa Milosevic. Ulamuliro watsopanowu unapitirizabe kuchita zimenezi. Kuyeretsa kwatsopano komwe kunakonzedwa ndi nduna yokhulupirika ya chilungamo, Vladan Batic, kudachitika ndendende ndi malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa pansi pa ulamuliro waulamuliro wa Milosevic, pomwe nduna ya chilungamo idakhala mtsogoleri wachindunji wa oweruza.
Kodi Djindjic adakulitsa bwino mphamvu zake potengera chiyani? Mphamvu zake sizinali pakati pa ovota kapena osankhidwa. Monga Milosevic chakumapeto kwaulamuliro wake, Djindjic ndi chipani chake sakanatha kudalira 20% ya osankhidwa. Koma, monga Milosevic, Djindjic adatha kulanda ulamuliro wa 100% ndi 20% ya mavoti.
TV: Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwake pa Marichi 12, ambiri atolankhani akumadzulo adatenga nawo gawo pakulengeza kwa Djindjic, ndikumupanga kukhala yekhayo wandale wotsogola, wochirikiza ku Western mderali, monga yekhayo amene angathe ndikudzipereka kubweretsa. kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono, chiyembekezo, ndi tsogolo la dziko. Mwanena kale momwe khalidweli silinalowererepo, osatchulanso ndondomeko yomwe ikutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwa ndale ndi zachuma zomwe zikuganiziridwa kuti zikutsimikizira tsogolo la dziko. Kodi zina mwazotsatira za chikhalidwe chotere ndi zotani zomwe zikuchitika?
AG: Dindjic adayika yekha malingaliro ake enieni pakusintha kwatsopano ndi kusintha. Lingaliro lakuti iye ndi “wokonzanso pragmatic,†yemwe akuyesera “atsogolere Serbia yamdima ndi yobwerera mmbuyo ku Ulaya†- zopusa zamaganizo zoterezi zinathandizidwa mwamsanga osati ndi maboma akumadzulo okha, ndi mitundu yonse ya akatswiri, komanso atolankhani okhwima, ndi mamembala otsutsa “abodza†akumaloko: mabungwe omwe si aboma (NGOs). A Neoliberal anali osangalala kwambiri kuti "chilungamo chakwaniritsidwa" ndipo Milosevic pomalizira pake adadzipeza "komwe ali" (ie Hague). Kuphatikiza apo, omasuka a m'nyumba anali omvera malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe boma la Djindjic linanena (pazamalonda, ntchito, misonkho), pofuna kubweretsa dziko la Serbia kudziko la "kapitalizimu yokhwima koma yongogulitsa malonda."
Lingaliro lamphamvu lotereli limakumbukira m'mbali zambiri nkhani ina yakum'maŵa kwa Europe, ija ya Prime Minister wa Slovakia Vladimir Mecijara (1991-1998) “pragmatic, pro-western reform,†yomwe idadziwonetsa mwachangu kukhala yosasamala. kudziteteza. Mecijara inatenga zaka zinayi kuti ikwaniritse zofuna za makasitomala pazinthu zadziko komanso zoulutsira mawu. Chifukwa cha njira yopezera makasitomala yomwe adalandira kale, Chancellor waku Serbia adasokoneza njirayo mwachangu kwambiri. M’miyezi ingapo asanaphedwe, Djindjic anali ndi mphamvu zonse m’manja mwake. Absolutism iyi inamuwonongera moyo wake.
Ndawonetsa kuti panalibe kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa dongosolo la Milosevic ndi Djindjic. Kulira komweko, kuchokera pansi pa nthawi ya Milosevic, kukupitirizabe kumveka m'chipululu cha kusintha. Lingaliro lofanana, lamphamvu lamphamvu linadzaza machitidwe onse awiri.
TV: Kupha kwa Djindjic kwawonetsedwanso kwambiri m'manyuzipepala a Kumadzulo monga mtengo woipa woperekedwa ndi munthu amene anali kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kuthetsa umbanda wolinganizidwa ndi ziphuphu zandale. Pokhala atazinyalanyaza ndi kuzinyalanyaza kwa nthaŵi yaitali, zikuoneka kuti ofalitsa ambiri a Kumadzulo atulukira mwadzidzidzi “upandu wolinganizidwaâ€TM monga chifukwa cha ndale chimene anthu wamba a ku Yugoslavia akhala akuchilipira kwanthaŵi yaitali. Kodi mkati mwa Serbia ndi Montenegro muli mawu otani okhudza zochitika zenizeni za kuphedwa kwa Djindjic?
AG: Pali zochitika zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera kuphedwa kwa Djindjic. Imodzi yomwe ikuwoneka yowona kwambiri kwa ine imanena kuti Djindjic anapanga “mgwirizano wolakwika ndi anthu olakwika,†pangano lomwe mwina iyemwini anaswa. Ndikukhulupirira kuti Djindjic adatsatadi ndikuyesa kuthetsa gulu lina la zigawenga, omwe mwina anali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pamilandu yankhondo yomwe idapezedwa pankhondo za Yugoslavia, ndipo adalumikizidwa ndi magulu achitetezo aboma. Koma chifukwa cha izi sichifukwa chakuti Djindjic anali ndi manja oyera kapena kuti anali pa nkhondo ya munthu mmodzi kuti achotse zigawenga zomwe zidachitika mdzikolo. M’malo mwake, chifukwa chakuti anakhazikitsa mwamphamvu mphamvu zonse, Djindjic mwachidziŵikire anali kuyesa kunyenga ena mwa anthu omwe iye mwiniyo anagwirizana nawo kuti apeze mphamvu, ndi amene maina awo anali kupezeka pamndandanda wofunidwa wa “khoti” la Hague. Anthu otere sakhululuka kuwoloka pawiri m’mapangano ndi m’zochita zawo.
Anthu ambiri amakhulupiriranso kuti Djindjic adavulala pa "masewera akulu a chess", pomwe gawo la chess yaku Germany - Djindjic mwiniwake, yemwe adalumikizidwa makamaka ndi magulu andale aku Germany - adangosinthidwa kuti akhale. mmodzi wa pro-America. Ndimaona kuti Baibuloli silingatheke.
TV: Kodi titha kulumikiza bwanji mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi ku Serbia ndi Montenegro kudziko lonse lapansi komanso zadzidzidzi padziko lonse lapansi zomwe tikuwoneka kuti tikukhalamo zaka zingapo zapitazi ndikubwera kwa chiphunzitso cha Bush?
AG: Ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa cha mantha akulu omwe boma likugwiritsa ntchito pofuna kuti anthu azitha kulamulira zitha kukhala zodziwika kwa owerenga aku North America. Kupha kumeneku kutha kuonedwa ngati mtundu wamba, mtundu wa Balkan womwe unachitika pa Seputembara 11.
Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, 2001, America idadziwitsidwa zamtundu wina wadzidzidzi, womwe udali poyambira vuto ladzidzidzi padziko lonse lapansi lomwe dziko lonse likukhalamo lero. Idawonekera momveka bwino ndi lamulo lankhondo lomwe Purezidenti wa United States adalengeza ndi lamulo la Novembara 13, 2001. ku khoti lapadera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito kutsekera kosatha komanso kutumiza anthu omwe akuganiziridwa kuti apite ku makomiti a usilikali. Bungwe la American Patriot Act la pa Okutobala 26, 2001 linali litapereka kale mphamvu kwa loya wamkulu kuti amange “mlendo†aliyense amene akumuganizira kuti angawononge chitetezo cha dziko. Kutsogozedwa kwa malamulo a Purezidenti Bush kudakhudza kufufutika kwakukulu kwa udindo wa anthuwa, komanso kupanga bungwe lomwe udindo wawo mwalamulo sungathe kufotokozedwa bwino, kufotokozedwa kapena kutchulidwa poyera.
Wina angatsutse mofananiza kuti mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi ku Yugoslavia m'njira zambiri umafanana ndi kugwa kwaposachedwa kwa America. Zigawenga (kapena m'nkhani ya ku Serbia "ochita zigawenga") si okhawo omwe amavutika, koma onse omwe sagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa neoliberal akuwongolera. Boma la Serbia lalengeza za nkhondo yam'deralo, yoletsa nzika zake zonse. Nkhondo imeneyi yadzala ndi njira zotsutsirana momveka bwino: nzika zikulimbikitsidwa kuti azionana ngati angakayikire wina ndi mnzake ndikudziwitsana apolisi. Ichi chinali chizoloŵezi cha pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, njira yoyendetsera chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe inabweretsedwa ku Yugoslavia pambuyo pa kusweka ndi Stalinism mu 1948, ndi kuti, pambuyo pake mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha Yugoslavia, mwatsoka inali ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri.
TV: Kodi mukuganiza kuti tsogolo la ndale zavutoli lidzakhala lotani ku Serbia ndi Montenegro litachotsedwa? Kuthetsa pang'ono kwa mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi kukukambidwa, komabe andale angapo awonetsa kuti njira zina zitha kusungidwa ngakhale zitachotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, apolisi angakhale ndi mphamvu zina zimene analibe nazo m’mbuyomo. Kodi ndi ziyembekezo zotani za mtsogolo posachedwapa ponena za ndale?
AG: Mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi uwu sungathe kuthetsa mavuto osaneneka omwe alipo ku Serbia lero. Mikhalidwe yamakono ya anthu ndi yoopsa kwambiri. Umphawi ukukula kwambiri ndipo ukufalikira ponseponse. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe alibe ntchito chikuyandikira anthu miliyoni imodzi. Tsiku lililonse antchito opitilira 15,000 amawonetsa. 70% ya anthu amadzinenera kuti ndi ochepera pa umphawi. Mu mpweya umodzi, fungo la umphawi ndi fungo la kutaya mtima likufalikira ku Serbia konse. Kuzama kwa kusakhutira kwa nzika sikungayikidwe ndi chiwawa.
Ngati dongosolo la Milosevic lidagwira ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha "authoritarian isolationism," ndipo pansi pa Djindjic tinali ndi "authoritarian modernism," ndiye kuti iyi ndi dongosolo la authoritarian idiocy!
Mtolankhani wina wodziwika bwino analemba mizere iyi miyezi ingapo Djindjic asanaphedwe:
“Ku Serbia kwa Tito kunali koopsa kuganiza chifukwa ukanatha kumangidwa. Ku Serbia kwa Milosevic, zinali zowopsa kuganiza chifukwa mutha kunenedwa kuti ndinu wachinyengo. Kuopsa kwa malingaliro ku Serbia ya Djindic ndikupangitsa kusungulumwa komanso kudzipatula, mpaka, ngati kukhala pamodzi kwa ochita zankhanza pambuyo pa Milosevic kupitilira, kumabweretsa funso losapeŵeka: "Kodi ndingathe kusunga misala yanga?"
Mu post-Djindjic Serbia, ndizowopsa kuganiza chifukwa mutha kutsekeredwa m'ndende, mutha kunenedwa kuti ndinu wachiwembu, ndipo mulimonse, mudzabweretsedweratu.
Andrej Grubacic ndi wolemba mbiri komanso wotsutsa za chikhalidwe cha anthu wochokera ku Belgrade, Post-Yugoslavia. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
Tamara Vukov wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito zolimbikitsa chilungamo komanso njira zina zoulutsira mawu (filimu/kanema, wailesi ya anthu ammudzi, ndi zoulutsira mawu) kwa zaka khumi. Ndiwophunzira za udokotala mu maphunziro a media and communication ku MontrÈal, Québec. Ntchito yake yaposachedwa kwambiri pa intaneti, Balkan Mediations (onani http://www.pomgrenade.org), ikuyang'ana mafunso omwe anthu aku North America adafunsidwa ndi bomba la 1999 NATO ku Kosovo ndi Yugoslavia. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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