Mwachibadwa ndine wokondwa kupatsidwa ulemu umenewu, komanso kulandira mphoto imeneyi mโdzina la mnzanga Edward Herman, wolemba nawo wa Chilolezo Chopanga, yemwenso wachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri pamutu wofunikirawu. Inde, sife anthu oyamba kulankhula nawo.
Mosakayikira, mmodzi mwa oyambirirawo anali George Orwell. Iye walemba nkhani yosadziwika bwino yomwe ndi chiyambi cha buku lake lodziwika bwino Farm Farm. Sizikudziwika chifukwa sichinasindikizidwe - chinapezeka patatha zaka makumi angapo m'mapepala ake osasindikizidwa, koma tsopano akupezeka. Mโnkhani ino akusonyeza kuti Farm Farm mwachiwonekere ndi chipongwe pa mdani wopondereza; koma amalimbikitsa anthu a ku England omasuka kuti asadzione ngati olungama kwambiri pa izo, chifukwa monga momwe akunenera, ku England, malingaliro osakondedwa akhoza kuponderezedwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Amapitilira kupereka zitsanzo za zomwe akutanthauza, ndi ziganizo zochepa chabe za kufotokozera, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndizotsimikizika.
Iye akuti chifukwa chimodzi nโchakuti makina osindikizira ndi a anthu olemera amene amafuna kuti asakhale ndi mfundo zinazake. Yachiwiri yake ndi mfundo yosangalatsa, yomwe sitinalowemo koma tiyenera kukhala nayo: maphunziro abwino. Mukapita kusukulu zabwino kwambiri mwakuphunzitsani kumvetsetsa kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe sizinganene. Izi, akutero Orwell, ndi ndowe yamphamvu yomwe imapitilira kutengera zofalitsa.
Kupusa kumabwera m'njira zambiri. Ndikufuna kunena mawu ochepa pamtundu umodzi womwe ndikuganiza kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zonse. Tikhoza kuzitcha 'zopusa zachitukuko'. Ndi mtundu wina wa kupusa womwe uli womveka mkati mwa chimango chomwe chimagwirira ntchito: koma chimango chokhacho chimakhala choyipa mpaka misala.
Mโmalo mofotokoza, zingakhale zothandiza kutchula zitsanzo zingapo kuti musonyeze zimene ndikutanthauza. Zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu - zaka zoyambirira za Reagan - ndinalemba nkhani yotchedwa 'The Rationality of Collective Suicide'. Zinali zokhudzidwa ndi njira za nyukiliya, ndipo zinali za momwe anthu anzeru amapangira njira yodzipha pamodzi m'njira zomwe zinali zomveka mkati mwa kusanthula kwawo kwa geostrategic.
Panthawiyo sindinkadziwa kuti zinthu zinali zoipa bwanji. Taphunzira zambiri kuyambira pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani yaposachedwa ya Bulletin of Atomic Scientists ikupereka kafukufuku wa ma alarm abodza kuchokera ku makina odziwira okha omwe US โโndi ena amagwiritsa ntchito kuti azindikire kuukira kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi ziwopsezo zina zomwe zitha kuwoneka ngati kuwukira kwa nyukiliya. Kafukufukuyu anachokera mu 1977 mpaka 1983, ndipo akuti mโnthawi imeneyi panali machenjezo onyenga otere pafupifupi 50, ndipo ochuluka kwambiri anali pafupifupi 255. Amenewa anali machenjezo ochotsedwa ndi kuloลตerera kwa anthu, kuletsa tsoka ndi mphindi zochepa chabe. .
Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti palibe chomwe chasintha kuyambira pamenepo. Koma zimafika poipa kwambiri - zomwe sindimamvetsetsa panthawi yomwe ndimalemba bukuli.
Mu 1983, panthaลตi imene ndinali kulemba nkhaniyi, panali mantha aakulu a nkhondo. Izi zinali zina chifukwa cha zomwe George Kennan, kazembe wodziwika, panthawiyo adatcha "makhalidwe osalephera a ulendo wopita kunkhondo - izi, osati china chilichonse." Idayambitsidwa ndi mapulogalamu omwe oyang'anira Reagan adachita atangoyamba kumene Reagan. Iwo anali ndi chidwi chofufuza za chitetezo cha Russia, choncho anayerekezera kuukira Russia pa ndege ndi panyanja.
Iyi inali nthawi ya mavuto aakulu. Mizinga ya US Pershing inali itayikidwa ku Western Europe, ndi nthawi yowuluka ya mphindi zisanu kapena khumi kupita ku Moscow. Reagan adalengezanso pulogalamu yake ya 'Star Wars', yomwe amamvetsetsa mbali zonse ziwiri kuti ndi chida choyamba chomenya. Mu 1983, Operation Able Archer inaphatikizapo mchitidwe umene "unachititsa asilikali a Nato kupyolera mu kutulutsa kwathunthu kwa zida za nyukiliya." A KGB, taphunzira kuchokera m'zinthu zakale zaposachedwa, adatsimikiza kuti magulu ankhondo aku America anali tcheru, ndipo mwina adayambanso kuwerengera nkhondo.
Dziko silinafike kwenikweni mโmphepete mwa phompho la nyukiliya; koma m'chaka cha 1983, adabwera, osazindikira, ayandikira mochititsa mantha - ndithudi pafupi kwambiri kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse kuyambira pamene Cuban Missile Crisis ya 1962. . Ndikunenanso kuchokera ku kafukufuku waposachedwa wanzeru zaku US, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mantha ankhondo anali enieni. Kuwunikaku kukuwonetsa kuti kumbuyoku kunali kukumbukira kosalekeza kwa a Russia a Operation Barbarossa, dzina lachijeremani lachijeremani cha kuukira kwa Hitler ku Soviet Union mu 1941, lomwe linali tsoka lalikulu kwambiri lankhondo m'mbiri ya Russia, ndipo lidayandikira kwambiri kuwononga dzikolo. . Kusanthula kwa US kukunena kuti izi ndi zomwe aku Russia anali kufanizira zomwe zikuchitika.
Ndizoipa mokwanira, koma zikuipiraipirabe. Pafupifupi chaka chapitacho tidaphunzira kuti mkati mwa ziwopsezo zapadziko lonse lapansi, njira yochenjeza yaku Russia - yofanana ndi ya Kumadzulo, koma yosagwira ntchito bwino - idazindikira kugunda kwa mizinga yochokera ku US ndikutumiza chenjezo lapamwamba kwambiri. . Protocol ya asitikali aku Soviet inali kubwezera kumenyedwa kwa zida zanyukiliya. Koma dongosolo liyenera kudutsa mwa munthu. Woyangโanira ntchitoyo, mwamuna wina dzina lake Stanislav Petrov, anaganiza zokana kumvera malamulo ndiponso kuti asanene chenjezo kwa akuluakulu ake. Analandira chidzudzulo cha boma. Koma chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza ntchito yake, tili ndi moyo tsopano kuti tikambirane.
Tikudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma alarm abodza kumbali yaku US. Machitidwe a Soviet anali oipitsitsa kwambiri. Tsopano zida zanyukiliya zikusinthidwa kukhala zamakono.
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists ali ndi wotchi yotchuka ya Doomsday Clock, ndipo posachedwapa apititsa patsogolo mphindi ziwiri. Iwo akufotokoza kuti wotchiyo โikudikira mphindi zitatu kufika pakati pa usiku chifukwa atsogoleri a mayiko akulephera kugwira ntchito yawo yofunika kwambiri, yoonetsetsa kuti anthu ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso kuti akhale ndi moyo wathanzi.โ
Aliyense payekhapayekha, atsogoleri amitundu yonse ameneลตa sali opusa. Komabe, m'mabungwe awo kupusa kwawo ndi kowopsa pazotsatira zake. Kuyang'ana mbiri kuyambira koyamba - mpaka pano kokha - kuwukira kwa atomiki, ndi chozizwitsa kuti tathawa.
Kuwonongeka kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zingayambitse kupulumuka, komanso zenizeni zenizeni. Chachiwiri, ndithudi, ndi tsoka la chilengedwe.
Pali gulu lodziwika bwino la ntchito zaukadaulo ku PricewaterhouseCoopers omwe angotulutsa kumene kafukufuku wawo wapachaka wa zomwe ma CEO amafunikira. Pamwamba pa mndandanda ndi kulamulira mopitirira malire. Lipotilo lati kusintha kwa nyengo sikunalowe m'gulu la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Apanso, ma CEO mosakayikira si anthu opusa. Zikuoneka kuti amayendetsa mabizinesi awo mwanzeru. Koma utsiru wa mwambowu ndi waukulu kwambiri, woika moyo pachiswe kwa zamoyozo.
Utsiru wa munthu ukhoza kuthetsedwa, koma utsiru wa m'masukulu ndi wosasintha. Panthaลตi ino ya chitaganya cha anthu, zikuikadi moyo wathu pangozi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti kupusa kwamagulu kuyenera kukhala kodetsa nkhawa kwambiri.
Zikomo.
Mafunso Ochokera kwa Omvera:
Kodi tingagonjetse bwanji nkhani zabodza za mโma TV ndi kupititsa patsogolo ma TV? Kupyolera mu maphunziro?
Uwu ndi mkangano wakale. Ku US akhala akukambitsirana kwa zaka zopitirira zana mkati mwa ndondomeko ya First Amendment to the US Constitution, yomwe imaletsa boma kuti liletse kufalitsa. Zindikirani kuti sikuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena kuletsa chilango cha kulankhula.
Panalibe milandu yambiri yokhudzana ndi Kusintha Koyamba mpaka Zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Makina osindikizira a ku America anali omasuka kwambiri m'mbuyomu, ndipo panali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoulutsira mawu: magazini, magazini, timapepala. Abambo Oyambitsa amakhulupirira za ufulu wa chidziwitso, ndipo panali zoyesayesa zambiri zolimbikitsa njira zambiri zoulutsira nkhani zodziyimira pawokha. Ufulu wa kulankhula, komabe, sunatetezedwe mwamphamvu.
Zisankho za ufulu wolankhula zinayamba kupangidwa kuzungulira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, koma osati ndi makhoti. Sizinali mpaka zaka za m'ma 1960 pamene US inakhazikitsa mlingo wapamwamba wa chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula. Panthawiyi m'nthawi ya nkhondo, panali kukambirana kwakukulu m'kati mwa zomwe zimatchedwa 'zoipa' ndi 'zabwino' ufulu, pambuyo pa Yesaya Berlin, zomwe First Amendment ikutanthauza za ufulu wolankhula ndi atolankhani. Panali lingaliro lomwe nthawi zina linkatchedwa 'corporate libertarianism', lomwe linkanena kuti First Amendment iyenera kukhudzidwa zoipa ufulu: ndiye kuti boma silingasokoneze ufulu wa eni ake atolankhani kuti achite zomwe akufuna. Lingaliro lina linali la demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo linatuluka mu New Deal pambuyo pa Kukhumudwa ndi nthawi yoyambirira ya WWII. Lingaliro limenelo linali lakuti payenera kukhalanso zabwino ufulu: mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wodziwa zambiri monga maziko a demokalase. Nkhondo imeneyo inayambika mโzaka za mโma 1940, ndipo ufulu waufulu wamakampani unapambana. US ndi yachilendo pankhaniyi. Palibe chofanana ndi BBC ku US. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi zoulutsira nkhani zamtundu wina zomwe zili zaufulu monga momwe anthu alili. US ikuchita izi mpaka kumapeto. Ofalitsa nkhani adaperekedwa kwa olamulira kuti agwiritse ntchito luso lawo momwe angafunire. Ndiko kutanthauzira kwa ufulu wolankhula ponena za ufulu woipa: boma silingathe kulowererapo kuti likhudze zomwe eni eni ake asankha kuchita. Pali zoletsa zochepa, koma osati zambiri. Zotsatira zake ndizowongolera malingaliro monga Orwell akufotokozera, ndipo Edward Herman ndi ine timakambirana izi mwatsatanetsatane.
Kodi mumathana nazo bwanji? Njira imodzi ndiyo maphunziro; koma njira ina ndikubwereranso ku lingaliro la ufulu wabwino, zomwe zikutanthauza kuzindikira kuti m'dziko la demokarasi timayika phindu lalikulu pa ufulu wa nzika kukhala ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikanati, ku US, zikutanthawuza kubwereranso ku zomwe zinali zoyambilira za omwe adayambitsa Republic, kuti payenera kukhala, osati malamulo ochuluka a boma pa zomwe zanenedwa, koma kuthandizira boma pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana. , kusonkhanitsa nkhani ndi kumasulira - zomwe zingathe kulimbikitsidwa m'njira zambiri.
Boma limatanthauza boma: m'dera la demokalase, boma siliyenera kukhala ndi zisankho za Leviathan. Pali mapulojekiti akuluakulu apamidzi omwe akuyesera kupanga njira zoulutsira nkhani za demokalase. Iyi ndi nkhondo yayikulu chifukwa cha mphamvu zazikulu za likulu lokhazikika zomwe zimayesa kulepheretsa izi mwanjira iliyonse. Koma ndi nkhondo yomwe yakhala ikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo pali nkhani zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhani za ufulu woipa ndi wabwino.
Kodi muli ndi malingaliro aliwonse okhudza kukhudzika kwa ma aligorivimu osakira ndi ma thovu osakira pamayesero a munthu kuti apeze zambiri poyesa kusokoneza Big Media?
Monga nonse, ndimagwiritsa ntchito makina osakira nthawi zonse. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wokwanira, intaneti ndiyothandiza kwambiri; koma phindu lake ndilofanana ndi momwe mulili ndi mwayi. 'Mwayi' apa akutanthauza maphunziro, zothandizira, luso lodziwa zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana.
Zili ngati laibulale. Tiyerekeze kuti mwasankha 'Ndikufuna kukhala katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo', ndiyeno mwalowa nawo ku Harvard Biology Library. Chilichonse chili mmenemo, kotero kuti mukhoza kukhala katswiri wa zamoyo; koma ndithudi ndizopanda ntchito ngati simukudziwa choti muyang'ane, ndipo simukudziwa kutanthauzira zomwe mukuwona, ndi zina zotero. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi intaneti. Pali zinthu zambirimbiri kunjako - zina zamtengo wapatali koma zina osati - koma pamafunika kumvetsetsa, kutanthauzira komanso maziko ngakhale kudziwa zoyenera kuyang'ana. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo yakuti Google system, mwachitsanzo, si ndondomeko yandale. Imawonetsa zokonda za otsatsa pakuzindikira zomwe zili zodziwika ndi zosayenera, ndipo muyenera kudziwa momwe mungayendere munjira iyi. Kotero ndi kubwerera ku maphunziro ndi bungwe kuti mupitirize.
Ndiyenera kutsindika kuti ngati panokha, ndinu ochepa chabe pa zomwe mungamvetsetse, malingaliro omwe mungapangire, momwe mungaganizire, ngakhale. Chifukwa chake ngati mwadzipatula, izi zimakulepheretsani kukhala ndi malingaliro, kaya kukhala wasayansi wopanga kapena nzika yogwira ntchito. Ichi ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe gulu la ogwira ntchito lakhala likutsogola kutsutsana ndi kuponderezedwa kwa chidziwitso, ndi mapulogalamu a maphunziro a ogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, omwe kale anali otchuka kwambiri ku UK ndi US. Kutsika kwa zomwe akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amachitcha 'mabungwe achiwiri', kumene anthu amasonkhana kuti afufuze ndi kufunsa, ndi imodzi mwa njira zowonongeka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala olekanitsidwa ndikuyang'anizana ndi chidziwitso ichi chokha. Choncho, ukonde ndi chida chamtengo wapatali, koma monga ndi zida zonse, muyenera kukhala okhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo sizophweka. Zimafuna chitukuko chachikulu cha anthu.
Zingatheke bwanji kupanga masukulu kukhala opusa?
Chabwino, zimatengera zomwe bungwe liri. Ndinatchula ziwiri: imodzi ndi boma lomwe likulamulira mphamvu za nyukiliya; ina ndi mabungwe abizinesi, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Amafuna njira zosiyanasiyana. Pankhani ya momwe boma likuyendera, izi zikufunika kukhazikitsa gulu lademokalase lomwe likuyenda bwino, momwe nzika yozindikira imatenga gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsa mfundo. Anthu sakufuna kukumana ndi imfa ndi chiwonongeko cha zida za nyukiliya, ndipo pamenepa tikudziwa momwe tingathetsere chiwopsezocho. Anthu akadakhala kuti akutenga nawo gawo popanga mfundo zachitetezo, ndikuganiza kuti kupusa kwapaguluku kungathe kuthetsedwa.
Pali lingaliro mu chiphunzitso cha ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti nkhawa yayikulu ya mayiko ndi chitetezo. Koma izi zimasiya funso: Chitetezo cha ndani? Ngati muyang'anitsitsa, zikuwoneka kuti si chitetezo cha anthu, ndi chitetezo chamagulu olemekezeka pakati pa anthu - magawo omwe ali ndi mphamvu za boma. Pali umboni wochuluka wa izi, zomwe mwatsoka ndilibe nthawi yowunikiranso. Chifukwa chake chinthu chimodzi choyenera kuchita ndikumvetsetsa za chitetezo chandani chomwe boma likuteteza: sichoncho lanu chitetezo. Itha kuthetsedwa pomanga gulu lademokalase lomwe likuyenda bwino.
Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zachinsinsi, palinso vuto la demokalase. Kampani ndi yankhanza. Ndiwo chitsanzo choyera cha nkhanza zomwe mungaganizire: mphamvu imakhala pamwamba, malamulo amatumizidwa pansi pa siteji ndi siteji, ndipo pansi, muli ndi mwayi wogula zomwe zimapanga. Chiwerengero cha anthu, omwe amatchedwa okhudzidwa m'deralo, alibe gawo lililonse pakusankha zomwe bungweli likuchita. Ndipo mabungwewa apatsidwa mphamvu ndi maufulu odabwitsa, kuposa a munthu payekha. Koma palibe imodzi mwa izo yojambulidwa mโmwala. Palibe chomwe chagona mu chiphunzitso cha zachuma. Izi ndi zotsatira za, makamaka, kulimbana m'kalasi, kochitidwa ndi makalasi abizinesi omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, omwe tsopano akhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo wothandiza pa anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma siziyenera kukhalapo, zimatha kusintha. Apanso, ndiye nkhani yokhazikitsa demokalase mabungwe azachikhalidwe, ndale, ndi zachuma. Zosavuta kunena, zovuta kuchita, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndizofunikira.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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