NGATI: Mavuto azachuma amamveka kwambiri ku US, koma tsopano afalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kumayiko (ku South America, mwachitsanzo) omwe poyamba ankaganiza kuti adzapulumutsidwa. Ndipo kampeni ndi zisankho zapurezidenti waku America sizingakhudze anthu kulikonse, chifukwa cha udindo waukulu wa US padziko lonse lapansi. Kufalikira kwa awiriwa - zovuta komanso kampeni yapurezidenti - mwachilengedwe kwadzetsa kukambirana kwakukulu kunja kwa US. Ku Middle East, makamaka, pakhala pali mtundu wamalingaliro, mwina malingaliro olakalaka, kaya kuchokera kumanzere kapena kumanja. Othirira ndemanga achiarabu ena akuganiza kuti olamulira a Obama azitsatira mfundo zankhanza zochepa. Othirira ndemanga ena achiarabu akufuna kuwona mavuto azachuma ngati chizindikiro cha kugwa kwapadziko lonse ku America, ndikuchenjeza maboma ndi zipani zomwe zimagwirizana ndi America kuti zisiye kuchita zofuna za gulu lankhondo laku North America lomwe lawonongedwa. Kodi mumayankha bwanji pamalingaliro otere? Nthawi zambiri, pokhudzana ndi Middle East, ndi njira yanji yomwe US โโangatenge ndi utsogoleri wa Obama womwe ukubwera chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma?
NC: Ndikuganiza kuti hegemony yaku US ipitilirabe kutsika pomwe dziko likukula mosiyanasiyana. Njira imeneyi yakhala ikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali. Mphamvu ya US inafika pachimake kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, pamene inali ndi theka la chuma cha dziko lonse ndi mphamvu zankhondo zosayerekezeka ndi chitetezo. Pofika mโchaka cha 1970, chuma chake padziko lonse chinatsika ndi theka, ndipo chakhalabe chokhazikika kuyambira pamenepo. Munjira zina zofunika, ulamuliro wa US wafowoka. Chitsanzo chimodzi chofunikira ndi Latin America, "kuseri" kwachikhalidwe cha Washington. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira kulamulidwa kwa atsamunda ku Europe zaka 500 zapitazo, South America ikupita patsogolo kwambiri pakuphatikizana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, komanso ikukhazikitsa ubale waku South-South osadalira US, makamaka ndi China, komanso kwina. Imeneyi ndi nkhani yaikulu kwa okonza mapulani aku US. Pamene inali kukambirana za kufunika kowononga demokalase ya Chile mu 1971, National Security Council ya Nixon inachenjeza kuti ngati US sangathe kulamulira Latin America, sangathe. yembekezerani "kukwaniritsa dongosolo lopambana kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi" - ndiko kuti, kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi. Kulamulira Latin America kwakhala kovuta kwambiri mโzaka zaposachedwapa.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zolingazi zinafotokozedwa momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Maphunziro a State Department ndi Council on Foreign Relations adapanga mapulani, omwe pambuyo pake adakhazikitsidwa, kukhazikitsa "Grand Area," momwe US โโingachitire. "kukhala ndi mphamvu zosakayikitsa," kuthamangitsa Britain ndi France ndikuwonetsetsa "kuchepa kwa ulamuliro uliwonse" ndi mayiko omwe angasokoneze mapangidwe ake apadziko lonse lapansi. Okonza mapulani adapempha "ndondomeko yophatikizika yokwaniritsa ukulu wankhondo ndi zachuma ku United States" ku Grand Area, yomwe idayenera kuphatikiza madera akumadzulo, omwe kale anali Ufumu wa Britain, ndi Far East. Pamene nkhondo inkapitirira, ndipo zinaonekeratu kuti mphamvu zankhondo za Soviet Union zinali kuphwanyira gulu lankhondo la Nazi, kukonzekera kwa Grand Area kunafutukulidwa kuphatikizapo mbali yaikulu ya Eurasia monga momwe kungathekere. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mfundo zazikuluzikulu zasintha kwambiri m'machitidwe kuposa momwe zilili. Ndipo palibe chifukwa choyembekezera kusintha kulikonse kwa zolinga ndi kayendetsedwe katsopano ka US, ngakhale kuti mwayi wowazindikira ukuchepa mu dongosolo ladziko lonse lovuta komanso losiyana.
Pankhani ya Middle East, mfundo zakhala zokhazikika kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe Washington idazindikira kuti mafuta aku Middle East ndi "gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu" komanso "mmodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi." Izo zikadali zoona. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene zifukwa zowukira Iraq zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchirikiza, ndemanga zazikuluzikulu zikuyamba kuvomereza zifukwa zoonekeratu za kuwukirako, komanso kufunikira kwa US kuti apitirize kulamulira Iraq, momwe angathere. Chifukwa chake Obama atapempha kuti asinthidwe ntchito zankhondo zaku US kuchokera ku Iraq kupita ku Afghanistan, akonzi a Washington Post adamuwuza kuti akulakwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa kufunikira kwa Afghanistan "kofunikira kwambiri ku Iraq, komwe kuli pakatikati pa dziko la Afghanistan. Middle East ndipo ili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta padziko lapansi. " Nkhani zabodza zokhudza WMD ndi demokalase ndizabwino kuti anthu azingokhala chete, koma zenizeni ziyenera kuzindikirika ngati kukonzekera kwakukulu kuli pachiwopsezo.
Ma Democrat ndi ma Republican amavomereza mfundo yoti US ndi dziko losayeruzika, lomwe liyenera kuphwanya Charter ya UN mwakufuna kwake, kaya powopseza Iran (kuphwanya momveka bwino kwa Charter) kapena kuchita zachiwawa ("upandu waukulu padziko lonse lapansi, " m'mawu a Khoti la Nuremberg). Amavomerezanso mfundo yakuti US sikuti ili ndi ufulu wogonjetsa mayiko ena ngati ikufuna, komanso kuukira dziko lililonse lomwe likunena kuti likuchirikiza kutsutsa kwake. Apa chithunzithunzi ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zoopsa." Kuphana kochitidwa ndi ma drones aku US ku Pakistan ndi chitsanzo chimodzi. Kuukira kwaposachedwa kwa malire a US kuchokera ku Iraq, pa Okutobala 26, tawuni ya Bukamal ku Syria ndi ina. Akonzi a Lebanese Daily Star akulondola pochenjeza kuti kuwukira kwa Syria ndi gawo lina la "cholowa chonyansa" chaulamuliro wa Bush II. Koma si Bush II yekha, ndipo palibe, pakali pano, palibe chifukwa choyembekezerera kusintha kwakukulu pansi pa kayendetsedwe katsopano ka Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Israel-Palestine, kapena nkhani ina iliyonse yofunika kwambiri ku Middle East.
NGATI: Ena kumanzere ku US achenjeza kuti, mphamvu zachuma zaku America zikuchepa komanso mphamvu zandale zomwe zikutsatira, US idzadalira kwambiri gulu lankhondo kuti lidzitsimikizire. Chifukwa chake, pokhapokha ngati pakhala kutsika kofananako pagalimoto ya Washington kuti ikhalebe mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi, padzakhala chipwirikiti chankhondo komanso dziko lowopsa kwambiri. Komabe, asitikali aku US ayamba kale kufalikira - ku Iraq, ku Afghanistan, ndi kwina kulikonse - ndipo ambiri omwe kale anali asitikali ankhondo apita poyera kufotokoza zakukhosi kwawo pakusokonekera kwa gulu lankhondo. Ndiye, kodi zongopeka zamtunduwu ndizowopsa?
NC: Kunena zoona ndimakayikira. Chifukwa chimodzi, ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo akuchulukirachulukira, asitikali aku US ndi odabwitsa komanso amphamvu. Ndalama zankhondo zaku US zikufanana ndi mayiko ena onse padziko lapansi, ndipo zankhondo ndizopita patsogolo kwambiri paukadaulo. Ndizodabwitsa kuti dziko laling'ono lamakasitomala, Israeli, limadzinenera kuti lili ndi zida zamlengalenga ndi zida zomwe ndi zazikulu komanso zamakono kuposa mphamvu za NATO, kupatula US. Ndipo US ili yokha padziko lapansi pokhala ndi machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi magulu ankhondo apanyanja ndi apamlengalenga omwe amalola kuti azichita zachiwawa kulikonse. Ilinso yokha pakukulitsa luso lankhondo zakumlengalenga, pazotsutsa zamphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Mu gawo lazachuma, pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu dziko lapansi lakhala lamitundu itatu, ndi malo amphamvu ku North America, Europe, ndi East Asia. Kusiyanasiyana kwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi kwapitilira kuyambira pamenepo, ndipo mwina kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma omwe alipo, ngakhale izi sizodziwikiratu. Dziko la US lili ndi zabwino zambiri pazachuma, ngakhale zilinso zofooka, monga kukhala ndi ngongole zambiri. Europe ikhoza kukhala mphamvu yodziyimira pawokha pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, koma yasankha kugonjera ku Washington. Iwo avomereza mosavuta kukwiyitsa koopsa, pakati pawo, kukula kwa Clinton kwa NATO Kummawa mophwanya malonjezo olimba a Bush I oyang'anira ku Gorbachev, pamene adapereka chilolezo chodabwitsa chololeza mgwirizano wa Germany kulowa nawo mgwirizano wankhondo wankhanza. Zotsatira zina zaposachedwa ku Caucasus za mfundo yofutukula Kummawa zakhala patsamba loyamba. Mayiko aku Asia adapeza ndalama zazikulu kwambiri, kotero kuti Japan, ngakhale kuti chuma chake chikusokonekera, ikugula zinthu zazikulu zaku US. M'malo mwake, China ndi Japan zitha kusinthanitsa ndalama zawo kutali ndi madola. Zotsatira zake zingakhale zazikulu, koma sizingatheke, chifukwa chimodzi chifukwa chodalira msika wa US, chifukwa cha mphamvu za US, zomwe sakufuna kukumana nazo.
Ndizowona kuti Bush II wawononga kwambiri zofuna za omwe ali ndi komanso kuyendetsa gulu, chifukwa chimodzi chomwe adatsutsidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu ambiri. Koma sikunakhaleko nkhonya yakupha. Pali nkhani zambiri zokhudza India ndi China kukhala maulamuliro akuluakulu azaka zana zikubwerazi. Mosakayikira iwo adzapitirizabe kupeza mphamvu pazachuma, koma ali ndi mavuto aakulu a mkati, osadziลตika Kumadzulo. Chizindikiro chimodzi chikuperekedwa ndi UN Human Development Index, momwe China ili pa 81st ndi India 128th (yosasinthika panthawi ya kumasulidwa pang'ono ndi kukula mofulumira). Ndipo pali zambiri.
NGATI: Pali ubale womwe mwatchulapo m'zolemba zanu zaposachedwa, pakati pa neo-liberal economics ndi kuchepa kwa malo otenga nawo gawo mu demokalase. Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe sichimakambidwa kawirikawiri, ngakhale ndi olemba ndemanga kumanzere, ngati kuti omwe amalimbikitsa kumasula ndalama mwangozi amakhala odana ndi demokalase. Kulumikizana kumawonedwa bwino, koma osafotokozedwa. Ndipotu, akatswiri azachuma a neo-liberal nthawi zonse akhala akulimbikitsa ndondomeko zawo m'dzina la demokalase ndi kulumbira pa kudzipereka kwawo. Kodi mungafotokoze njira yolumikizira iyi komanso momwe idagwirira ntchito zaka makumi angapo zapitazi?
NC: Ndizowona kuti ubalewu ukunyalanyazidwa, kupatula zolemba zina zamaluso. Koma ndizowongoka, komanso zofunikira kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, opambanawo adakhazikitsa dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, dongosolo la Bretton Woods: Britain idaimiridwa ndi John Maynard Keynes, US ndi Harry Dexter White. Mfundo yayikulu inali zopinga pa capital. Maboma anali ololedwa kuwongolera kuyendetsa ndege, mfundo yomwe idakali m'malamulo a IMF, ngakhale sananyalanyazidwe. Ndipo ndalama zinkayendetsedwa mkati mwa gulu lopapatiza. Zolinga zake zinali ziwiri. Yoyamba inali yachuma: Keynes ndi White amakhulupirira kuti njirazi zithandizira kukula kwachuma ndi malonda. Yachiwiri inali yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu: onse awiri ankamvetsa kuti pokhapokha ngati maboma angathe kulamulira ndalama, sangathe kuchita ndondomeko za demokarasi (boma la umoyo). Awa anali ndi chithandizo chachikulu pakati pa anthu omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu ndi nkhondo yotsutsana ndi chipani (Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse).
Maziko a zolinga za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi olunjika. Free Capital movement imakhazikitsa zomwe akatswiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi atcha "nyumba yamalamulo" ya osunga ndalama ndi obwereketsa, omwe amachita "referendamu ya mphindi ndi mphindi" pa mfundo za boma. "Manyumba yamalamulo" amatha "kuvota" motsutsana ndi mfundozi ngati zikuwona kuti ndizosamveka: zokhazikitsidwa kuti zithandize anthu, m'malo mopeza phindu chifukwa champhamvu zachinsinsi. Atha "kuvota" ndi ndege yayikulu, kuwukira ndalama, ndi zida zina zoperekedwa ndi kumasula ndalama. Keynes adawona kuti chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha Bretton Woods ndikukhazikitsa ufulu wa maboma oletsa kusuntha kwachuma.
Keynes ankawona zongopeka ngati zowononga. Chidziwitso chake choyambirira chafotokozedwa bwino ndi katswiri wazachuma waku India Prabhat Patnaik, pamsonkhano wa UN wa Okutobala 30 wokhudza mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Patnaik akufotokoza kuti Keynes "anapeza vuto lalikulu la msika waufulu chifukwa chosakhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa 'zongopeka' ndi 'bizinesi.' Chifukwa chake, iwo anali ndi chizolowezi cholamulidwa ndi ongoyerekeza, osachita chidwi ndi zokolola zanthawi yayitali. Chuma, koma pakuyamikiridwa kwakanthawi kochepa mumitengo yamtengo wapatali. miyoyo ya anthu miyandamiyanda inatsimikiziridwa ndi zofuna za 'gulu la anthu ongoyerekeza' pansi pa msika waulere." M'malo mwa "zoyang'anira zofunikira" zaboma ndi "ma bubble booms" opangidwa ndi olosera ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chamavuto azachuma omwe alipo, Patnaik akutsutsa momveka bwino, kuchirikiza kusanthula kwa Keynes.
Zolinga zonse ziwiri za okonza mapulani a Bretton Woods - zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - zidatsimikizika. Zaka zotsatira, mpaka dongosolo linathetsedwa m'ma 1970, akufotokozedwa ndi akatswiri a mbiri ya zachuma monga "nthawi yamtengo wapatali" ya capitalism (molondola, capitalism ya boma). Chiyambireni kumasula ndalama ndi mapologalamu okhudzana ndi neo-liberal adayambika mzaka za m'ma 1970, pakhala kusokonekera kwakukulu komwe mapologalamu adatengera, ngakhale pakhala kukula kofulumira komwe ambiri amanyalanyazidwa, makamaka ku East Asia. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zolinga za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zaka za Bretton Woods inali nthawi ya kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakukhazikitsa maufulu achikhalidwe ndi demokalase, omwe akhala akuwukiridwa mu nthawi yaufulu waufulu wadziko lonse / zachuma. Kutengera dziko la United States fanizo, m'zaka za Bretton Wood, kukula kwachuma sikunali kofulumira komanso kofanana: olemera kwambiri adachita bwino komanso olemera kwambiri. Ndipo zisonyezo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, miyeso yonse yaumoyo wa anthu, imayang'anitsitsa kukula. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kwa anthu ambiri ndalama zenizeni zatsika, maola ogwirira ntchito akuwonjezeka, zopindulitsa zatsika, ndipo zizindikiro za chikhalidwe sizinangowonjezera kukula, koma zimatsika pang'onopang'ono.
Ndizophunzitsa kuona momwe nkhani zoyambira zimafotokozedwera m'mabuku akuluakulu a mbiri yakale yazachuma. Barry Eichengreen mโmbiri yake yaukatswiri wa ndalama zapadziko lonse ananena kuti mโzaka za mโma 19, anthu ankakhala mโdzikolo. silinali vuto lalikulu. Maboma anali "asanalowerere ndale chifukwa cha ufulu wa amuna wapadziko lonse komanso kukwera kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito kunyumba yamalamulo." Chifukwa chake ndalama zowopsa zoperekedwa ndi "nyumba yamalamulo" zitha kusamutsidwa kwa anthu wamba, omwe sangachite kalikonse koma kuvutika mwakachetechete. Koma ndi kupambana kwa kulimbana kotchuka pakukwaniritsa mulingo wina wa demokalase, komanso kusinthika kwa anthu ambiri pa nthawi ya Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi, chisangalalo chimenecho sichinapezekenso ku mphamvu ndi chuma chaumwini. Chifukwa chake mu dongosolo la Bretton Woods, "malire akuyenda kwachuma m'malo mwa malire a demokalase monga gwero lachitetezo kuchokera kumavuto amsika."
Ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chotsatira chodziwikiratu: ndi kuthetsedwa kwa dongosolo kuyambira m'ma 1970, demokalase yogwira ntchito ndiyoletsedwa. Chifukwa chake kwakhala kofunikira kuwongolera ndikuchepetsa anthu mwanjira ina. Izi zikuwonekera makamaka m'mabizinesi ochulukirapo monga United States. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi kasamalidwe ka kampeni zachisankho ndi makampani a Public Relations, pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu akusalidwa bwino. Monga momwe kafukufuku wambiri akusonyezera, zipani ziwiri za ndale - makamaka, magulu awiri a chipani cholamula cha bizinesi - ali kumanja kwa anthu pazinthu zazikulu zambiri, choncho pali chifukwa chabwino choti mamenejala a zipani aziyika nkhani pambali ndikuika maganizo awo pa. umunthu, "makhalidwe," khalidwe, ndi zina zotero. Mkhalidwe wa zisankho zowonjezera pamakampeni apurezidenti waku America ukufaniziridwa bwino kuti wometa tsitsi wa Sarah Palin amalipidwa kawiri kuposa mlangizi wazandale wa John McCain - ndipo udindo wake ndi wofunikira kawiri, kwa oyang'anira chipani ndi oyang'anira omwe akufuna. .
Anthu sakudziwa za kuchepetsedwa kwawo, ndipo mwachibadwa sakonda. Anthu 80 pa 95 alionse a ku America amaona kuti boma likuyendetsedwa ndi โzinthu zingapo zodzifunira,โ osati zopindulitsa anthu. Ndipo chodabwitsa XNUMX% chimatsutsa kuti boma siliyankha malingaliro a anthu - monga momwe zimakhalira.
NGATI: Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, ngati kusiya kumasula chuma kudzatsegula mwayi wotenga nawo mbali mu demokalase, ndi magawo ati a anthu aku America zomwe zingachitike? Gulu la ogwira ntchito ku US lafooka pang'onopang'ono kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo mwina zitenga nthawi kuti amangenso maziko ake ndikudzilimbitsanso. Izi ndizongopeka pang'ono, koma mukuganiza kuti kutenga nawo mbali pademokalase kungathe kuyambira kuti ku US?
NC: Mbiri ya ntchito yaku US yakhala yachiwawa kwambiri, poyerekezera ndi miyezo. Pofika mโzaka za mโma 1920, gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito mosangalala komanso lodziwika bwino linali litawonongedwa, zomwe zinadabwitsa ngakhale anthu oonera kumanja ku England ndi ku Australia. Mโkati mwa Kuvutika Maganizo ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II, gulu la ogwira ntchito linatsitsimuka ndipo linakhala mphamvu yaikulu. Nkhondo itangotha, kuukira kotsogozedwa ndi mabungwe kunayambika, mothandizidwa ndi boma, kuwononga migwirizano. Sikelo yake inali yodabwitsa kwambiri. Pali maphunziro abwino aukatswiri, koma mbiri yake sadziwika bwino. Chifukwa chomwe mabungwe akuwunikira ndi olunjika: sikuti amangothandiza anthu ogwira ntchito kuti apeze ufulu wofunikira, komanso ndi chida cha demokalase, kupereka njira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chuma chochepa kuti asonkhane kupanga mapulani ndikulowa m'bwalo la ndale. akwaniritse. Mwachilengedwe, demokalase ndi ufulu wa ogwira ntchito zimawonedwa ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu ndi mphamvu zokhazikika. Mโzaka za mโma 1980, olamulira a Reagan anadziwitsa amalonda kuti boma silingatsatire malamulowo, ochokera ku New Deal (yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi Purezidenti Roosevelt mโma 1930 kuti athetse mavuto a Great Depression), omwe ankateteza antchito omwe ankayesa kukonza. Kuwombera kosaloledwa kwa okonza migwirizano kuwirikiza katatu. M'zaka za Clinton, NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) idagwiranso ntchito yomweyo. Ogwira ntchito akafuna kukonzekera, oyang'anira atha kuwopseza kusamukira ku Mexico. Chiwopsezocho nchosaloledwa, koma boma likakana kutsatira malamulowo, zitha kukhala zothandiza. Zida zina zapangidwa kuti zithetse mgwirizano. Zofalitsa (zofalitsa, mafilimu, ndi zina zotero) zasonkhanitsidwa chifukwa cha izi.
Kuyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti atsogoleri a dziko lazamalonda ali odzipatulira a Marx mโlingaliro lakuti iwo nthaลตi zonse akumenya nkhondo yowawa yamagulu kuti alamulire mdani wawo wotchuka. Ndipo popeza kuti amalamulira kwambiri boma ndi ma TV, nkhondoyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Pakalipano, mgwirizano wamagulu achinsinsi ndi wotsika kwambiri, ngakhale antchito ambiri amakonda mgwirizano. Kuyerekezera koonekeratu kuli kwakuti mโmaboma, kumene njira zowonongera migwirizano sizikupezeka, mgwirizano udakali wapamwamba kwambiri.
Kutsitsimutsa gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito sikuli kunja kwa funso. Zakhala zikuchitika kale, kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana la 19, pambuyo poti makalasi amalonda ndi kwaya yawo yanzeru atalankhula molimba mtima za kutha kwa mbiri mu utopia wa ambuye. Koma palinso mphamvu zina. Dzikoli lakhala lotukuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimbikitsana kwa zaka za m'ma 60 ndi zotsatira zake - chifukwa chimodzi chomwe nyengo ya '60s imatsutsidwa ndi kunyozedwa. Chisankho cha 2008 ndi fanizo. Otsatira apamwamba a demokalase anali mzimayi komanso wakuda. Wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti waku Republican ndi mzimayi. Popanda zomwe wina angaganize za iwo, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti chilichonse chonga ichi chikadakhala chosaganizirika zisanachitike 60s zisanachitike. Kukhudzidwa kumeneku kumafalikira mokulirapo: ku ufulu wa anthu ochepa komanso amayi ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, kudera nkhawa mibadwo yamtsogolo (gulu lachilengedwe), kuzindikira zolakwa zina za mbiri yakale zomwe zidaponderezedwa kapena kulemekezedwa, monga kutha kwa chilengedwe. anthu mbadwa; ndi mbali zina zambiri, kuphatikizapo kutsutsa zaukali. Ngakhale sizikumveka bwino, kutsutsa kuwukira kwa Iraq kwakhala kwakukulu kuposa kuwukira kwa Indochina, pamlingo wofananira. Ndipo otsutsa achepetsa mphamvu ya boma kuti lichite ziwawa.
Zina mwazomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zofunikira zodziwika bwino ndizaposachedwa. Gulu lachitatu la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lili ndi mizu ku America wamba, ndizochokera ku 80s, ndipo zakula kuyambira pamenepo; ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti ndi chitukuko chatsopano m'mbiri ya Western imperialism. Gulu lachilungamo padziko lonse lapansi - lomwe limatchedwa "anti-globalization" - lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kumpoto m'zaka khumi zapitazi, ngakhale kuti chiyambi chake kumwera ndi chozama komanso cholemera kwambiri. Awa ndi magwero omwe atha kutenga nawo gawo mu demokalase, ngati atha kuthana ndi kupambana kwa bizinesi pakukulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikuyendetsa anthu ku nkhawa zawo m'malo mongocheza nawo - mutu waukulu kwambiri komanso wofunikira womwe sindingathe kulowa nawo pano.
[Kufunsa uku, kupatulapo funso ndi yankho lomaliza, kudayamba kupezeka m'Chiarabu ku Beirut tsiku lililonse, monga-Safir, ya 27 November 2007.]
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