Anthu aku America aku Liberal amakonda kuganiza za a Donald Trump ngati wosokoneza ndipo amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro lake kumanga khoma lalikulu m'malire a US-Mexico pofuna kuletsa anthu olowa m'dzikolo kuti asalowe m'dzikoli, zikutsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha America. Kupatula apo, monga Hillary Clinton limati, โNdife mtundu wa anthu obwera mโmayiko ena.โ Mwanjira zina, ponena za mbiri yoyipa ya dziko lino, sangakhale olakwa kwambiri.
A Donald Trump atha kukhala osiyana ndi andale ena amasiku ano ponena momveka bwino kuti amadana ndi anthu obwera kumayiko ena. (Iye alidi analimbikitsa kutsegulidwa kwa dziko kwa anthu obwera ku Ulaya ambiri.) Ma Democrat monga Barack Obama ndi Bill ndi Hillary Clinton amamveka opanda chidani komanso olekerera kwambiri. Koma ndondomeko zomwe Trump akulimbikitsa, kuphatikizapo khoma lodziwika bwino komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri, ndizowona palibe chatsopano. Ndiwo ndondomeko zomwe adayambitsidwa ndi Bill Clinton m'ma 1990s ndipo - kuchokera kunkhondo zam'malire mpaka kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri - molimbikitsidwa ndi Barack Obama. Purezidenti ndiye ali ndi udindo kukulitsa kuthamangitsidwa koteroko kufika pamlingo womwe sunadziwike m'mbiri ya America.
Ndipo mukadayang'ana kwanthawi yayitali m'mbiri yomweyi, mutha kupeza kuti kukopa kwa Trump kuopa zoyera za anthu ambiri omwe si azungu, komanso kuthandizira kwake pamalamulo osamukira kumayiko ena. kuyera kwa mitundu, palibenso chatsopano. Ndondomeko zomwe akulimbikitsa, mwa njira yodabwitsa, ndikupitirizabe kwazaka zambiri kupanga mfundo zomwe zinkafuna kupanga dziko la azungu.
Gawo loyamba pakuchita izi linali kuthamangitsa anthu amtunduwu kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1600. Pambuyo pake, ndondomeko zothamangitsira anthu ku Mexico zinayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri anthu a ku Mexico - omwe azungu ambiri amawaona ngati osadziwika bwino ndi amwenye. Pokhapokha, okhazikika oyera adapeza, anthu aku Mexico anali okonzeka kugwira ntchito ngati antchito amalipiro. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, anthu aku Mexico akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati antchito otayika. Pamene anthu a ku Ulaya adaitanidwa kuti asamukire kuno kwamuyaya ndikukhala nzika, ogwira ntchito ku Mexico adaitanidwa kuti alowe m'dzikoli kukagwira ntchito - koma osati kukhala nzika.
Zolinga zalamulo zasintha pakapita nthawi, koma dongosololi lakhala lolimba modabwitsa. Zaka za m'ma 1960 zisanafike, kuthamangitsidwa kunkachitika poyera chifukwa cha tsankho kwa anthu a ku Mexico chifukwa cha mtundu wawo kapena dziko lawo. Zinali ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe m'zaka za m'ma 1960 kuti tsankho lotere lidakhala losavomerezeka - ndipo ziletso zatsopano za anthu osamukira kumayiko ena zidapanga zifukwa zatsopano zochitira antchito aku Mexico ngati othamangitsidwa. Atawafotokozanso kuti โosaloledwaโ kapena โopanda zikalata,โ okhulupirira zachilengedwe tsopano akanatha kufuula kuti athamangitsidwe popanda kuwoneka ngati atsankho poyera.
Kupanga Dziko la Azungu
Kuyang'anitsitsa mbiri yakale ya ku America kumapangitsa lingaliro lakuti "ndife fuko la anthu othawa kwawo" nthawi yomweyo mdima kuposa momwe ochirikiza ake amaganizira. Poyamba, kodi lingaliro lenilenilo lakuti โmtundu wa anthu osamukira kudziko linaโ lingatanthauze chiyani mโdziko limene linali kale ndi nzika zambiri za mbadwa pamene osamukira ku Ulaya anayamba kulilamulira? Kuyambira nthawi yake yoyamba, mbiri yakale yaku America yakhala mbiri yakuthamangitsidwa. Othamangitsidwa oyambilira ochokera kumadera omwe ankalamulidwa ndi Britain ndi dziko la America anali, ndithudi, Amwenye Achimereka, kuchotsedwa m'midzi yawo, minda, ndi malo osaka nyama kudzera mwalamulo ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zalamulo kulikonse kumene obwera oyera ankafuna kukhazikika.
Kuthamangitsidwa komwe kunayamba m'zaka za m'ma 1600 kunapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kukondwerera chiyambi cha dziko "osamukira" kumatanthauzanso kukondwerera utsamunda wa atsamunda ndi kusamuka kwawo komwe kunapangitsa United States kukhala dziko la anthu othawa kwawo - ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu othawa kwawo masiku ano, ambiri mwa iwo ndi anthu amtundu wochokera ku Mexico ndi Central. Amereka.
Kusamvana pakati pa anthu othawa kwawo ndi Amwenye kunali kofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya atsamunda ku North ndi South America, komanso ku America Revolution. Mu Chidziwitso cha 1763, anthu a ku Britain anayesa kuthetsa mikangano yoteroyo mwa kuletsa atsamunda (omwe ndi osamukira kudziko lina) kuloลตerera mโmadera akumadzulo kwa Appalachian Divide. Ulamuliro wa Britain mpaka unadziletsa kusamukira kudziko lokha poyesa kopanda phindu kulinganiza zokonda zakomweko ndi okhazikika. Zoletsa izi zinali pakati pa madandaulo akuluakulu omwe adayambitsa Revolution ya America.
Pakati pa mndandanda wa "kuvulazidwa ndi kulanda" kochitidwa ndi Mfumu yomwe inatsutsidwa mu Chidziwitso cha Kudziimira, panali mfundo yakuti โanayesetsa kuletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu a mโmayikowa; pazifukwa zimenezi kusokoneza Malamulo a Naturalization of Foreigners; kukana kudutsa ena kulimbikitsa kusamuka kwawo kuno, ndi kukweza mikhalidwe ya Kugawilidwa Kwatsopano kwa Malo. " Kuphatikiza apo, idati, "adakondwera ndi zigawenga zapakhomo pakati pathu, ndipo adayesetsa kubweretsa anthu okhala m'malire athu, a Indian Savages opanda chifundo, omwe ulamuliro wawo wankhondo umadziwika, ndikuwononga kosadziwika kwazaka zonse, kugonana ndi mikhalidwe. .โ
Pamodzi ndi kudzipereka kwake ku "moyo, ufulu, ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo," chikalatachi sichikadakhala chomveka bwino kuti dziko latsopanolo lidzadziperekanso ku polojekiti ya atsamunda yodzaza dzikolo ndi azungu othawa kwawo ndikuchotsa dziko lapansi. mbadwa. Ikani njira ina, kuthamangitsidwa kunalembedwa mu DNA ya ku America kuchokera paulendo ndipo, poyika chisankho cha 2016, dziko latsopanolo, kuyambira pachiyambi, linapangidwa ngati polojekiti yowonetsera tsankho kuti ikhale yodzaza dziko ndi anthu oyera. Mwina izi ndi zomwe a Donald Trump akutanthauza ndi mawu ake odziwika bwino akuti "Make America Great Again!"
Kukhazikitsa Mwalamulo Unzika
Komanso kudzipereka kumeneku kwa utsogoleri wa azungu sikunasinthe chifukwa cha kusamuka m'zaka za zana loyamba la mbiri ya US. Choyamba Naturalization Act a 1790 adalimbikitsa kusamukira kwa azungu pokhazikitsa unzika pamtundu ndikuupereka mowolowa manja kwa anthu othawa kwawo - otchedwa azungu a ku Europe - omwe mwanjira imeneyi adapanga chigawo chodziwika bwino cha mtundu watsopano womwe unali ndi dongosolo laukapolo pamtima pake. (Ngakhale kuti anthu akumwera ndi kumโmaลตa kwa Ulaya akanakumana ndi tsankho ku United States, malamulo olowa ndi olowa mโdzikolo ndi a unzika nthawi zonse amawaika mโgulu la โoyeraโ.)
Sizinafike mpaka 1868, patatha zaka zitatu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni itatha, kuti Kusintha Kwachinayi ku Constitution adapanga ufulu wokhala nzika mwa kubadwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti anthu omwe si azungu akhale nzika. Koma pamene Congress idavomereza kusinthako, idangoganizira za anthu ena omwe sanali azungu: anthu a ku Africa omwe kale anali akapolo ndi mbadwa zawo. Nayi mzere wofunikira womwe Congress idatsimikizira izi: "Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi nzika za ku United States ndi za mโdziko limene akukhala.โ Popeza kuti Amwenye Achimereka โsanali pansi pa ulamuliroโ wa United States, sanapatsidwe mwayi wokhala nzika mwa kubadwa.
Malire atsopano amtundu wa nzika adafotokozedwanso mu 1870 pomwe Congress idasintha Naturalization Act mwa kulola mwalamulo, kwa nthawi yoyamba, ena omwe si nzika zamtundu kukhala nzika: idakulitsa ufulu wokhala nzika kwa "alendo obadwa ku Africa komanso kwa anthu amtundu waku Africa." Papepala, izi zinkawoneka ngati kuchoka ku ulamuliro woyera. Pankhani ya United States panthawiyo, komabe, chinali china. Linaonetsetsa kuti Amwenye Achimereka, ochotsedwa kale kukhala nzika mwa kubadwa, adzaletsedwanso kukhala nzika mwa kubadwa. Ponena za "alendo obadwa ku Africa" โโongoyerekeza omwe atha kulowa m'dzikolo ndikufunafuna unzika kudzera mwachilengedwe, panalibe aliyense. Pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri za ukapolo ndi zoyendetsa zokakamiza, kukanakhala zaka makumi ambiri kuti munthu aliyense wa mu Africa angaganize kuti United States ndi dziko la mwayi kapena malo opangira moyo wabwino.
Ndipo lamulo latsopano la Naturalization Act lidapatulapo anthu ambiri omwe amasamukira ku United States ambiri m'ma 1870. Mukadakhala ku Europe, mukadakhala olandiridwa kuti mukhale nzika. Komabe, ngati munali, mwachitsanzo, ku Mexico kapena ku China, pamene munalandiridwabe kudzagwira ntchito, simunali โmlendo,โ popeza simungakhale nzika. Chifukwa chake, United States idapitilirabe kukhala "mtundu wa anthu osamukira" - koma mwamtundu wina.
Legislating Immigration
Unzika mwa kubadwa, komabe, unatsegula bokosi la Pandora. Aliyense amene ali mdziko muno (kupatula Amwenye Achimereka) atha kupeza unzika wa ana ake chifukwa chobadwa. Akuluakulu aku China atha kuletsedwa kukhala nzika, koma ana awo onse amakhala "osayenerera kukhala nzika" komanso nzika pobadwira - zosatheka.
Unzika wobadwa nawo utakhazikitsidwa, Congress idasuntha kuti isunge mtundu wa azungu mdzikolo poletsa osakhala azungu kulowa - choyamba ndi Page Act ya 1875, yoletsa amayi aku China kulowa mdzikolo, kenako ndi China Exclusion Act cha 1882. Chiletso chimenecho chinakula pangโonopangโono mpaka, mu 1917, โAsiatic Barred Zoneโ anaikidwa mโmalo. Ikafikira madera ambiri padziko lapansi, kuchokera ku Afghanistan kupita kuzilumba za Pacific, ndi phatikizani pafupifupi theka la anthu onse padziko lapansi. Cholinga chake chinali kuonetsetsa kuti, "Aasiya" onse kukhala "alendo osayenera kukhala nzika," palibe amene angalowe ku US, kotero kuti ana awo osagwirizana ndi mafuko sadzabadwira kuno ndikukhala nzika mwa kubadwa.
Ophunzira a mbiri ya anthu osamukira kumayiko ena nthawi zambiri amaphunzira za ma quotas a 1921 ndi 1924 omwe, kwa nthawi yoyamba, adayika ziletso zoletsa kusamuka ku Europe. Zowonadi, kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi anayi chapakati pa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, United States idayika anthu a ku Ulaya chifukwa cha chikhumbo chawo cha โmtunduโ ndipo anapereka magawo osiyanitsira kuti achepetse ziลตerengero za amene sanafunikire (makamaka anthu akumโmwera ndi kumโmaลตa kwa Ulaya) olowa mโdzikoli.
Koma pamene ziletso zonsezi zinali kukhazikitsidwa, Congress sinachite kalikonse kuyesa kuyimitsa kusamuka kwa Mexico. Ntchito ya ku Mexico inali yofunika kwambiri panjanji, migodi, zomangamanga, ndi ulimi zomwe zinatsatira pambuyo pa utsamunda wa azungu komanso kusamuka kwa Amwenye Achimereka Kumadzulo. Ndipotu, anthu a ku China ataletsedwa kusamukira kumayiko ena, ogwira ntchito ku Mexico anafunika kwambiri. Ndipo anthu aku Mexico anali ndi mwayi kuposa aku China: zinali zosavuta kuwathamangitsa kudutsa malire akumwera. Ambiri, kwenikweni, ankakonda kusamalira nyumba zawo ku Mexico ndi kusamuka kwakanthawi kupita ku ntchito zosakhalitsa. Chifukwa chake aku Mexico adalandiridwa - osati ngati osamukira kapena omwe angakhale nzika. M'malo mwake, ankawoneka ngati antchito osakhalitsa othamangitsidwa.
Mwanjira imeneyi, khomo lozungulira la kulembera anthu ntchito ndi kuthamangitsidwa linadza kutanthauza kusamuka kwa Mexico kupita ku United States. Nthawi zina ndondomekoyi idakhazikitsidwa bracero kapena mapulogalamu a "alendo-ogwira ntchito", monga zinachitika pakati pa 1917 ndi 1922, komanso kuyambira 1942 mpaka 1964. omwe anali mu 1930s ndi kachiwiri mu 1954 - zomwe zingangolimbitsa chibadwidwe komanso kusakhazikika kwa anthu aku Mexico ku United States.
โMtundu wa Anthu Osamukaโ Lerolino
Zovomerezeka bracero Pulogalamuyi inathetsedwa pambuyo pa 1964, koma njira yolembera ndi kuthamangitsidwa ogwira ntchito ku Mexico ikupitirirabe mpaka lero. Purezidenti Obama yemwe akuti ndi waufulu, wochezeka komanso wochezeka, adakhazikitsanso ma quotas omwe apangitsa kuti dipatimenti yachitetezo cha dziko liziyang'anira. mazana zikwi za kuthamangitsidwa chaka chilichonse. Ambiri mwa omwe adathamangitsidwa ndi aku Mexico - sizodabwitsa kwenikweni, popeza zida zamalamulo zidapangidwira cholinga chimenecho. Chinthu chokha chomwe chiri chatsopano ndi zifukwa zomwe zanenedwa: tsopano apatsidwa udindo - "wopanda zikalata" - zomwe zimatsimikizira kuthamangitsidwa kwawo.
Zochitika mu 1960s, kuphatikizapo kutha kwa bracero Pulogalamu ndi Hart-Celler Immigration Act ya 1965, inasintha zomwe zinayamba kuchitira maiko onse, kuphatikizapo Mexico, mofananamo. M'malo mokhala ndi ziphaso zambiri za alendo, Mexico ilandila ma visa ocheperako. Koma mbiri ya anthu osamukira ku Mexico ndi zenizeni zake zinali zosiyana kotheratu ndi za mayiko ena. Popeza kuti mayiko onsewa adadalira bwanji anthu aku Mexico omwe akusamukira kumpoto kukagwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito opita kumpoto kunapitilirabe ngakhale kusintha kwalamulo. Kusiyana kokha: tsopano izi zinali "zosaloledwa."
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act inalembedwa mwalamulo mamiliyoni a anthu aku Mexico omwe ali kale mdziko muno popanda chilolezo chalamulo komanso adayambanso njira yopita kunkhondo ndikuwongolera malire. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, izi zinangowonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu osalembedwa, chifukwa omwe adadutsa malirewo amawopa kwambiri kuchoka kuopa kuti sangabwererenso chaka chamawa.
Panthawiyi, nkhondo zapachiลตeniลตeni ku Central America m'ma 1980 ndi 1990s, ndi kusintha kwatsopano kwatsopano ndi chiwawa, komanso zotsatira zofanana ndi kusintha kwa neoliberal ndi North America Free Trade Agreement, kapena NAFTA, zinali ndi chuma cha Mexico m'zaka zomwezo. kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ololedwa ndi osaloledwa. Zotsatira zake, panali chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha anthu aku US Latino - monga nzika, okhala mwalamulo okhazikika, okhala mwalamulo osakhalitsa, komanso okhala osaloledwa. Koma malingaliro adziko lonse omwe a Donald Trump tsopano akulimbikitsa, chikhulupiriro chakuti mwanjira ina anthu aku Mexico ndi achilendo ku United States, akupitiliza, monga momwe amachitira. gawo rosa chikhumbo chofuna America yoyera.
Chinanso chochititsa chidwi chinachitika pa kusamuka kwa Mexico ndi Central America m'zaka izi. Monga momwe zilili ku United States, anthu amtunduwu m'mayikowa akhala akukhala osauka kwambiri, oponderezedwa kwambiri, omwe amaponderezedwa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, ziwawa komanso kusintha kwachuma kwazaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990 kudawasautsa kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu amtunduwu achuluke kwambiri ochokera m'maiko amenewo kulowa m'malo osamukira.
Pofika chaka cha 2010, anthu 174,494 adasankha "Mmwenye waku Mexican American" kukhala fuko lawo ku US. kalembera, kuwapanga kukhala gulu lachinayi lalikulu la Amwenye Achimereka, pambuyo pa Anavajo, Cherokee, ndi Choctaw. Sizikudziwika bwino mu kalembera wa anthu kuti angati mwa omwe adasamukira posachedwa m'malo mokhala nthawi yayitali, ndi angati omwe sanalembedwe. Koma ngati webusaitiyi ThinkMexican Ndemanga, โImatsutsa mwachindunji nkhani ya Manifest Destiny, nkhani yosonyeza kuti azungu amaona kuti ndi apamwamba kuposa azungu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa kufalikira kwa Azungu, ndi kupha fuko la Native People. Uthenga wake ndi womveka bwino: Dzikoli likadali Mbadwa.โ Ndipo uthenga wina ndi womvekanso: United States ikuthamangitsabe anthu ammudzi.
Aviva Chomsky ndi pulofesa wa mbiri yakale komanso wogwirizira maphunziro a Latin America ku Salem State University ku Massachusetts. TomDispatch zonse. Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Opanda Zikalata: Momwe Kusamukira Kumayiko Ena Kunakhalira Kosaloledwa.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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