Tsoka ilo, pali onse omwe akufuna kukhala oyenerera kukhala zovuta zomwe zayandikira komanso zovuta kwambiri. Zambiri ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba pazantchito za aliyense, chifukwa zimawopseza kupulumuka kwa anthu: kuthekera kowonjezereka kwa nkhondo yanyukiliya yotheratu, ndi tsoka lachilengedwe, lomwe silingakhale kutali kwambiri. Komabe, ndikufuna kuyang'ana kwambiri pazinthu zocheperako, zomwe zili ndi nkhawa kwambiri ku West pakali pano. Ndikhala ndikulankhula makamaka za United States, zomwe ndikuzidziwa bwino, ndipo ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu. Koma momwe ndingadziwire, ku Europe sikusiyana kwambiri.
Dera lomwe likudetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi Middle East. Palibe novel pa izi. Nthawi zambiri ndimayenera kukonza nkhani kudakali zaka zambiri. Ndikafunsidwa mutu, ndimapereka lingaliro la "Mavuto Amakono ku Middle East." Izo sizinalepherekebe. Pali chifukwa chabwino: mphamvu zazikulu zakuderali zidazindikirika ndi Washington zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo ngati "gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu," "dera lofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi," komanso "imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. mbiri.โ1 Kulamulira mphoto yopambana imeneyi chakhala cholinga chachikulu cha mfundo za US kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndipo kuwopseza kwake kwadzetsa nkhawa yaikulu.
Kwa zaka zambiri anthu ankanamizira kuti chiwopsezocho chinali chochokera ku Russia, zomwe zimachititsa chiwawa ndi kuphwanya malamulo padziko lonse lapansi. Pankhani ya ku Middle East, sitiyenera kulingalira chifukwa ichi, popeza chinasiyidwa mwalamulo. Khoma la Berlin litagwa, oyang'anira a Bush oyamba adatulutsa njira yatsopano yachitetezo cha National Security Strategy, kufotokoza kuti chilichonse chiziyenda monga kale koma mkati mwa dongosolo latsopano lolankhula. Dongosolo lalikulu lankhondo likadali lofunikira, koma tsopano chifukwa cha โkusokonekera kwaukadaulo kwa maulamuliro achitatu padziko lonse lapansiโโkumene kumayandikira kwambiri chowonadiโchiwopsezo chachikulu, padziko lonse lapansi, chakhala utundu wamba. Chikalatacho chinafotokozanso kuti United States idzapitirizabe kulowererapo ku Middle East, kumene "chiwopsezo cha zofuna zathu" zomwe zimafuna kulowererapo "sizingathe kuikidwa pakhomo la Kremlin," mosiyana ndi zaka makumi angapo zachinyengo. ndi zachilendo, zonsezi zidadutsa popanda ndemanga.
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri lomwe lilipo m'malingaliro a anthu, mpaka pano, ndi Iraq. Ndipo wopambana mosavuta pa mpikisano wa dziko lomwe likuwopedwa kwambiri ndi Iran, osati chifukwa Iran ilidi ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu, koma chifukwa cha ng'oma ya zabodza za boma. Icho ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino. Chitsanzo chaposachedwa kwambiri ndi Iraq. Kuukira kwa Iraq kunalengezedwa pafupifupi mu September 2002. Monga tikudziwira tsopano, nkhondo ya US-British inali ikuchitika kale mobisa. M'mwezi womwewo, Washington idayambitsa kampeni yayikulu yofalitsa, ndi machenjezo owopsa a Condoleezza Rice ndi ena kuti uthenga wotsatira wochokera kwa Saddam Hussein ukhala mtambo wa bowa ku New York City. M'milungu yochepa chabe, nkhani zabodza zaboma ndi ma TV zidapangitsa kuti anthu aku America asakhalenso padziko lonse lapansi. Saddam ayenera kuti ankanyozedwa pafupifupi kulikonse, koma kunali ku United States kokha kumene anthu ambiri ankachita mantha ndi zomwe angawachitire mawa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti kuchirikiza nkhondoyo kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mantha oterowo. Izi zatheka kale, modabwitsa m'zaka za Reagan, ndipo pali mbiri yakale komanso yowunikira zakale. Koma ndipitilizabe ku chilombo chomwe chilipo chomwe chimapangidwa ndi chiphunzitso, nditatha mawu ochepa okhudza Iraq.
Pali ndemanga zambiri za Iraq, koma zonena zochepa kwambiri. Atolankhani nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri ku Baghdad, kapena omwe ali mkati mwa gulu lankhondo lomwe likukhala. Sikuti ndi amantha kapena aulesi, koma chifukwa chakuti nโkoopsa kwambiri kukhala kwina kulikonse. Sizinakhale choncho mโnkhondo zakale. Ndizodabwitsa kuti United States ndi Britain zakhala ndi vuto loyendetsa Iraq kuposa momwe chipani cha Nazi chinali chitalanda ku Europe, kapena aku Russia pamasetilaiti awo aku East Europe, komwe maikowa amayendetsedwa ndi anthu wamba komanso magulu achitetezo, ndi nkhonya yachitsulo. okhazikika ngati china chake chalakwika koma nthawi zambiri kumbuyo. Mosiyana ndi izi, United States yalephera kukhazikitsa boma lomvera makasitomala ku Iraq, pansi pazovuta kwambiri.
Kuyika pambali zolepheretsa chiphunzitso, zoyenera kuchita ku Iraq? Tisanayankhe, tiyenera kumveketsa bwino mfundo zina zofunika. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti woukira alibe ufulu, koma udindo. Udindo woyamba ndi kulipira malipiro. Udindo wachiwiri ndi kutsatira zofuna za ozunzidwa. Pali udindo wachitatu: kubweretsa zigawenga kuti azizengedwa mlandu, koma udindowo uli kutali kwambiri ndi malingaliro achifumu a chikhalidwe cha Azungu kotero kuti ndidzayiyika pambali.
Udindo wolipira chiwongola dzanja kwa anthu aku Iraq umapitilira upandu waukali komanso zotsatira zake zoyipa. United States ndi Britain akhala akuzunza anthu aku Iraq kwa nthawi yayitali. M'mbiri yaposachedwa, maboma onse awiri adathandizira kwambiri ulamuliro wa zigawenga wa Saddam Hussein panthawi yamilandu yake yoipitsitsa, komanso patapita nthawi yayitali nkhondo ndi Iran. Iran potsiriza inagonjetsa, pozindikira kuti sikanatha kumenyana ndi United States, yomwe panthawiyo inali ikuchita nawo zachiwawa za Saddam-chinthu chomwe anthu a ku Irani sanachiyiwale, ngakhale azungu atakhalapo. Kuchotsa mbiri nthawi zonse ndi njira yabwino kwa iwo omwe ali ndi makalabu, koma omwe amawazunza amakonda kulabadira zenizeni zenizeni. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq, Washington ndi London anapitirizabe kupereka zida zankhondo kwa bwenzi lawo Saddam, kuphatikizapo njira zopangira zida zowononga ndi zoperekera. Akatswiri a zida za nyukiliya a ku Iraq ankabweretsedwanso ku United States kuti akaphunzire kupanga zida za nyukiliya mu 1989, patapita nthawi yaitali kuchokera pamene Saddam anachita nkhanza kwambiri komanso kugonjera kwa Iran.
Nkhondo ya ku Gulf itangotha โโโโmu 1991, United States ndi United Kingdom zinabwereranso kuchirikiza Saddam pamene adamulola kuti agwiritse ntchito zida zankhondo zolemetsa kupondereza kuwukira kwachi Shi'i komwe kukanatha kugwetsa wankhanzayo. Zifukwa zinafotokozedwa poyera. The New York Times inanena kuti panali โmalingaliro ogwirizanaโ pakati pa United States ndi ogwirizana nawo, Britain ndi Saudi Arabia, kuti โkaya ndi machimo amtundu wanji wa mtsogoleri wa Iraq, iye anapereka Kumadzulo ndi chigawochi chiyembekezo chabwinoko cha bata la dziko lake kuposa mmene anachitira aja. amene adaponderezedwaโ; Mawu oti "kukhazikika" ndi mawu oti "kutsata malamulo."3 New York Times Mtolankhani wamkulu wa kazembe Thomas Friedman adalongosola kuti "zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi" ku Washington ndi "gulu lankhondo lachitsulo" lomwe likulamulira Iraq monga momwe Saddam adachitira. Koma posowa njira imeneyo, Washington adayenera kukhazikika pazachiwiri: Saddam mwiniwake. Chosankha chosatheka - nthawi imeneyo ndi pano - ndikuti ma Iraqi ayenera kulamulira Iraq mopanda United States.
Kenako pambuyo pa zilango zakupha zoperekedwa ndi United States ndi Britain, zomwe zidapha anthu masauzande mazana ambiri, zidasakaza anthu wamba aku Iraq, kulimbikitsa wankhanzayo, ndikukakamiza anthu kudalira iye kuti apulumuke. Zilangozo mwina zidapulumutsa Saddam ku tsogolo la olamulira ankhanza ena, ena ofanana ndi iye, omwe adagwetsedwa mkati mosasamala kanthu za thandizo lamphamvu la United States ndi United Kingdom mpaka kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wawo wamagazi: Ceausescu, Suharto, ndi ankhanza kwambiri. zithunzi za ena, omwe mayina atsopano akuwonjezeredwa pafupipafupi. Apanso, zonsezi ndi mbiri yakale yotopetsa kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zibonga, koma osati kwa omwe akuzunzidwa, kapena kwa anthu omwe amakonda kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi. Zonsezi, ndi zina zambiri, zimafuna kubwezeredwa, pamlingo waukulu, ndipo udindo umafikiranso kwa ena. Koma vuto lalikulu la makhalidwe ndi luntha la chikhalidwe cha mfumu limalepheretsa kuganizira nkhani ngati zimenezi.
Udindo wachiwiri ndikumvera zofuna za anthu. Mavoti aku Britain ndi US amapereka umboni wokwanira pa izi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa apeza kuti 87 peresenti ya aku Iraq akufuna "nthawi yeniyeni yochotsa US," kuchokera pa 76 peresenti mu 2005.4 Asitikali aku US ndi Britain atumizidwa, akufuna nthawi yokhazikika yochotsa. Ndikukayika kuti munthu akadapeza ziลตerengero zofananirako ku Ulaya wolandidwa pansi pa chipani cha Nazi, kapena Eastern Europe pansi pa ulamuliro wa Russia.
Bush-Blair ndi anzawo akulengeza, komabe, kuti sipangakhale nthawi yoti achoke. Kaimidwe kameneko mwa mbali imasonyeza chidani chachibadwa kaamba ka demokalase pakati pa amphamvu, kaลตirikaลตiri kotsatiridwa ndi mawu omveka bwino a demokalase. Maitanidwe a demokalase adafika pachimake atalephera kupeza zida zowononga anthu ambiri ku Iraq, chifukwa chake kudayenera kupangidwa cholinga chatsopano chomenyera nkhondoyi. Purezidenti adalengeza chiphunzitsochi kukhala choyamikirika kwambiri mu Novembala 2003, ku National Endowment for Democracy ku Washington. Adalengeza kuti chifukwa chenicheni chakuukirako sikunali zida za Saddam, monga Washington ndi London adalimbikira, koma cholinga chaumesiya cha Bush cholimbikitsa demokalase ku Iraq, Middle East, ndi kwina. Ofalitsa nkhani ndi akatswiri otchuka adachita chidwi kwambiri, atatsitsimutsidwa atazindikira kuti "kumasulidwa kwa Iraq" mwina ndi nkhondo "yolemekezeka kwambiri" m'mbiri yonse, monga momwe olemba ndemanga omasuka analengeza - malingaliro omwe adanenedwa ngakhale ndi otsutsa, omwe amatsutsa "cholinga chabwino kwambiri". โ zingakhale zoposa zimene sitingakwanitse, ndipo anthu amene tikuwapatsa mphatso yabwinoyi angakhale obwerera mโmbuyo moti nโkulephera kuilandira. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa masiku angapo pambuyo pake ndi zisankho za US ku Baghdad. Atafunsidwa chifukwa chake dziko la United States linaukira dziko la Iraq, ena anavomereza chiphunzitso chatsopano chotamandidwa ndi anthu anzeru a Kumadzulo: 1 peresenti anavomereza kuti cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa demokalase. Enanso 5 pa 5 alionse ananena kuti cholinga chake chinali kuthandiza anthu a ku Iraq.XNUMX Ambiri mwa ena ankaona kuti zolingazo nโzoonekeratu kuti nโzoonekeratu kuti nโzoonekeratu kuti anthu aulemu nโzosanenekaโzolinga za chuma ndi zachuma zimene timaona kuti ndi adani, monga mmene dziko la Russia linalanda dziko la Afghanistan. kapena Saddam adalanda Kuwait, koma sitingatchulepo tikatembenukira kwa ife tokha.
Koma kukana chifuniro chodziwika ku Iraq kumapita kutali ndi mantha achilengedwe a demokalase kwa amphamvu. Ingoganizirani mfundo zomwe zitha kutsatiridwa ndi Iraq yodziyimira payokha komanso yademokalase yochulukirapo. Ma Iraqi mwina alibe chikondi ndi Iran, koma mosakayikira angakonde kukhala ochezeka
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