Zaka khumi kapena kupitirira apo, panthaŵi ya ku Ulaya kothandiza anthu ku Balkan, Michael Nicholson, mtolankhani wotchuka wa ku Britain, analemba m’nkhani yake ya “Nkhani ya Natasha” kuti “Kuopsa kwa anthu a ku Balkan nthaŵi zina kunali kwachikale kwambiri moti akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amawayerekezera ndi anthu a ku Balkan. Kufika chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, panali malipoti ochokera ku Balkans onena za adani odulidwa mitu omwe akuperekedwa ngati zikho pa mbale zasiliva paphwando lachipambano. kudya mtima ndi chiwindi cha wotayikayo. ”…
Ndinabadwira m’banja labwino lachikominisi la ku Balkan komwe sitinadyeko zakudya zokoma ngati zimenezi. Mwina mosadziwa, ndikukayikira kuti anzanga ambiri sanalawepo. Chifukwa chake, funso limatuluka: zingatheke bwanji kuti njonda yodziwika bwino yaku Britain iyi ifotokozere modabwitsa chonchi?
Chosadetsa nkhawa ndichakuti, chifukwa chosowa mawu abwinoko, kusanthula kwachikhalidwe cha anthu operekedwa ndi munthu wina wodziwika bwino wamakalata, Simon Winchester, mu The Fracture Zone: A Return to the Balkans, pomwe amawona kuti "Monga peninsula - izi zodabwitsa. ndi Feral Balkans - ndi zachilendo ndipo mosiyana ndi ku Ulaya konse, kwa anthu okhalamo, anthu akutchire a ku Balkan, omwe adasanduka chinachake chomwe chimasiyana kwambiri ndi chirichonse chomwe chiri chaumunthu."
Posachedwapa, tsidya lina la nyanja, Michael Ignatieff, wodziphunzitsa yekha wandale zandale komanso, monga Tamara Vukov amawonera popanda kudodoma kwina, mwina nduna yayikulu ya Canada, alengeza, ndi kuwona mtima kodabwitsa, chiyembekezo «Kumanga dziko ku Bosnia, Kosovo, ndi Afghanistan chifukwa ndi ma laboratories omwe imperium yatsopano ikuchitika, momwe mphamvu zankhondo zaku America, ndalama za ku Ulaya ndi zolinga zaumunthu zimagwirizanitsa kuti apange mtundu wa ulamuliro wachifumu kwa zaka za pambuyo pa ufumu. ." Ndiko kuti, m'madera osalamulirika a m'malire a anthu osalamulirika a mayiko olephera ndi mikangano ya mafuko, A « temporary imperialism,» mu mawonekedwe a ntchito yochepa ndiyofunika. "Bosnia pambuyo pa Dayton inapereka mikhalidwe ya labotale momwe angayesere kumanga dziko," akupitiriza, monga "kumangidwanso kwa Balkan sikunakhalepo ntchito yothandiza anthu, nthawi zonse wakhala ntchito yachifumu .. chifukwa "kumanga dziko ndi mtundu wa imperialism umene mumapeza mu nthawi ya ufulu waumunthu."
Kodi tinganene bwanji mawu ngati awa? Kodi maganizo oipawa akuchokera kuti? Kodi anthu awa ndi ndani kuti aganize kuti angabwere ndi "kumanga mayiko athu?" M'nkhani yachidule iyi ndipereka mafotokozedwe awiri ogwirizana. Mmodzi ndi wandale ndipo winayo ndi wokhazikika. Kufotokozera ndale kumakhala mu matanthauzo awiri osiyana a mawu akuti "balkanization." Choyamba ndi chomwe nditcha "balkanization kuchokera kumwamba." Mtundu uwu wa balkanization ndi, wina anganene, kupangidwa kwa masiku ano atsamunda aku Europe ndi akatswiri ake a balkan. Mmodzi akhoza ngakhale kupanga nthabwala pang'ono ndikunena kuti ndale za Euro-America ku Balkan zinali, mbiri yakale, zotsogoleredwa ndi ma B atatu: balkanization, barbarity ndi mabomba. Anthu a ku Balkan ndi akunja, kapena ndiye kuti mzere wa euro-imperial ukupita, amakonda kusokoneza, ndipo njira yokhayo yopewera izi ndikuwawombera (kapena kugulitsa mabomba kuti azitha kuchita okha.)
Ngati titenga mbiri yakale, ndikuganiza kuti titha kuzindikira chodabwitsa, kapena, m'malo mwake, zovuta zonse za anthu osankhika, zomwe ndikupangira kutcha "ndale balkano-phobia": mantha osankhika a malo odziyimira pawokha. Balkanization yochokera pamwamba idakhalapo ngati kuyankha kwakusankhika kumayendedwe odziyimira pawokha kuchokera pansi. Ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Ulaya unayambika, mwa gawo laling'ono, chifukwa cha kumenyana kopambana kwa mapangidwe ndi mgwirizano wa chigawo cha chigawo. Omanga boma a ku Ulaya a nthawi imeneyo anali otengeka ndi chiwanda cha ku Balkan, balkanization ikutengedwa pano mu lingaliro la "balkanization kuchokera pansi," njira ina yoyendetsera dziko, kugawa dziko, kudziyimira pawokha ndi federalism. . Balkanization kuchokera pansi, ndondomeko yowonongeka ndi kusakanikirana kosalekeza, yakhala njira yowopsya yowopsya kwa machitidwe akuluakulu omwe akutuluka, apakati, okakamiza. Ndi kupangidwa kwamakono kwa Balkanity, Balkanization (kuchokera pamwamba!) idakhala dzina, ndi chowiringula, panjira yochotsa chiwopsezo chamalo odziyimira pawokha andale omwe alibe ulamuliro wokakamiza wokhazikika wosiyana ndi anthu, komanso kuchotsa chikumbukiro cha dera la nkhondo zake zotsutsana ndi zamakono komanso zotsutsana ndi ziwerengero.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti kupangidwa kwa "Balkanity" monga lingaliro la ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa mbiri yakale yomwe inakonzedwa ndi Congress ya 1978 ku Berlin. Ndikutsutsa kwanga kuti mbiri yamakono ya Balkans ikuyamba bwino ku Berlin Congress - kunyumba "kujambula kwa Balkan," "The Great Game" ku Central Asia, ndi "Scramble for Africa" - pambuyo pake, monga Maria Todorova akuwonetsa kuti mawu akuti "Balkan" adasiya kukhala "lingaliro losadziwika bwino la malo ndipo adasinthidwa kukhala amodzi mwamawu onyoza kwambiri m'nkhani zandale zaku Western."
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti iyi ndi nthawi yomwe Bram Stoker adalemba buku lake lodziwika bwino la Gothic, "Dracula". Apa, monga momwe Vesna Goldsworthy akuwonera mochenjera, tikudziwitsidwa za dziko latsopano ndi lachilendo: «Dracula dziko likuyimira chirichonse chomwe chiri chonyansa kwa Victorian - chilakolako, kugonana, chiwawa chosadziletsa .... Dracula sayenera kungophedwa koma kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi oimira ogwirizana a Kumadzulo - Mngelezi, Dutchman ndi American. . . Ntchito yawo yobwezeretsa bata ku Balkan ikuyimira nthano yongopeka ya zoyesayesa zakumapeto kwa zaka za 19th ndi 20th zomwe mayiko akumadzulo adakhazikitsa mtendere pachilumbachi.
Masitepe otsatirawa pofotokoza za kusinthika kuchokera pamwamba adawonekera pa Nkhondo Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri ya Balkan ya 1912 ndi 1913, yomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti "imapereka umboni wotsimikizika wa khalidwe la 'zaka zapakati' pa mbali ya ankhondo a Balkan." Kuwerenga zolemba zamasiku ano ndikosavuta kuwona momwe zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zachiwawa za ku Balkan zidagwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati alibi pakulowererapo kwa mtsogolo kwa maulamuliro anthawi zonse a ku Europe.
Komabe, nthawi yofunika kwambiri ya chitukuko cha balkanization kuchokera pamwamba chinali kulimba mtima kwa Gavrilo Princip ndi anzake mu 1914. Misha Glenny akugwira mawu a John Gunther m'buku lodziwika bwino la Inside Europe (1940) lomwe "anafotokoza mwachidule malingaliro kumbali iyi ya Atlantic: chipongwe chosapiririka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale chimene maiko aang’ono omvetsa chisoni ndi opanda chisangalalo ameneŵa a m’chisumbu cha Balkan angakhale ndi mikangano imene imayambitsa nkhondo zapadziko lonse. Achinyamata a ku America pafupifupi 1914 anafa chifukwa cha zimene zinachitika mu XNUMX m’mudzi wina wamba wa Sarajevo. Kutukwana konyansa ndi pafupifupi kotukwana m’zandale za ku Balkan, zosamvetsetseka kwa azungu, n’kofunikabe ku mtendere wa ku Ulaya, ndipo mwinanso padziko lapansi.’” Malingaliro autsamunda a Stocker anakhalabe ndi mfumukazi ya mabuku achinsinsi. Chimneys, Agatha Christie anajambula wamba wa 'Herzoslovakian', Boris Anchoukoff, yemwe ali ndi 'masaya okwera kwambiri a Chisilavo, ndi maso otengeka kwambiri.'
N'zochititsa chidwi kudziwa kuti mawu akuti 'Balkans,' ndi "mtundu wa zigawenga," sanali kugwiritsidwa ntchito movutikira nthawi ya Chikomyunizimu. Maiko anayi mwa mayikowa adatengera mawu akuti 'Eastern Europe' pomwe Greece ndi Turkey anali 'mbali yakumwera kwa Nato'. N’zosachita ngozi kuti dziko la Yugoslavia litagwa mu 1991, mawu akuti anthu a ku Balkan anabwereranso. Pa nthawi yomweyi pamene "Balkan yoopsa" inayambikanso, nthano zabodza zachinyengo za Yugoslavia yomwe kale inali kale, ndi "zochokera ku Balkan zakuda," zinachokera ku matabwa a maphunziro a metropolitan.
Masiku ano, mu nyengo yatsopanoyi yophatikizana, maiko a Balkan, omwe kale anali Yugoslavia, ndi balkanization akuperekedwa ndikuwonetseredwa kwa dziko lapansi ngati palibe kanthu koma mbiri yakale ya "mitundu yakale," ndipo ikuwopsezanso kuphatikizika kwaufulu ku Europe - monga mu nthawi ya Berlin Congress - pachimake chake. EU ili yosakhazikika chifukwa cha chiyembekezo cha chigawo chopanduka cha ndale, mkati, ndi kutsutsana, ndi mikangano ya mafumu. Mvetserani ku mawu a nduna yaikulu ya ku Hungary: "Mavuto a Aromani satsekedwa m'gawo la mayiko a EU, chifukwa kuyenda kwaufulu kwa anthu kumatanthauza kuyenda kwaulere kwa mavuto a anthu". Ichi ndi balkanization kuchokera pamwamba, pacification ya "kusuntha kwaulere kwa mavuto a anthu".
Ndikutsutsa kwanga kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ku Europe ndi neoliberal bureaucratic Europe zidamangidwa motsutsa komanso motsutsana ndi mayiko aku Balkan. Pali kupitiliza kwa mbiri pakati pa Berlin ndi Lisbon. Msewu wopita kumayiko onse a ku Balkan, ndipo, makamaka, kudutsa m'mudzi wakale wa Yugoslavia komanso mudzi wodzala ndi dothi wa Sarajevo.
Kufotokozera kwachiwiri kwamalingaliro amakono / achitsamunda ku Europe kumayiko aku Balkan kumadula mozama. Chimene ndinachitcha "kupangidwa kwa Balkanity" chili pakatikati pa European universalism. Ntchito yamakono / capitalist European universalism, kuphatikiza, monga "mbali ina", kupangidwa kwa Balkan, komwe Balkan adapezeka ngati chizindikiro cha chilichonse chodabwitsa komanso chowopsa mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe. Madera a ku Balkan anakhala “Europe yakuthengo,” malo oloŵerera, ocholoŵana kwambiri okhala ndi zolengedwa zauchimo, mitundu yachipongwe, yosatha kudzilamulira, malo mkati mwa mdima wa ku Ulaya. Malo akunja, ngati pakhomo, kumene anthu amafunika kulalikidwa m'dzina la mishoni zachitukuko, ufulu wa anthu ndi mabungwe a anthu. Uku ndi ku Balkan monga dzenje lodziwononga m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi, nkhokwe yosatha ya chiwawa ndi kusasamala, monga kusiyana kwachisokonezo mu nthawi ya dziko. Chikhalidwe ichi sichinganenedwe mopambanitsa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, gulu la akatswiri opita patsogolo komanso okhwima a balkanologists adayambitsa kuyesa kozama kuti akonze malingaliro a epistemological centrism of European scholarship. Milica Bakic Hayden, yemwe anajambula kuchokera ku dziko la Orientalism la Edward Said ndikukhala dziko la Balkan mu gulu la mafotokozedwe a mbiri yakale, adayambitsa chidziwitso chatsopano cha "nesting orientalism" monga kusintha kwa mutu wakum'mawa. Maria Todorova amazindikiranso mikhalidwe yosiyana pazidziwitso zomangidwa za ku Balkan, osati "monga mitundu yakum'maŵa chabe," koma "paradigm yeniyeni". Pali njira yodziyimira payokha pofotokoza mawonekedwe a hegemonic a peninsula, omwe amawatcha "balcanism". Mwakuzindikira kwambiri, Tamara Vukov posachedwapa adalowererapo pamkanganowu pakuwunika kwake kothandiza kwa "neo-balkanism," pomwe amapeza mayiko aku Balkan mkati mwa mbiri yakale ya capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pamene ndikulandira kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku, ndikuvomereza phindu la kafukufuku watchulidwa pamwambapa, malingaliro anga ndi kugwirizanitsa nthawi yeniyeni / malo a Balkan ndi ndondomeko za utsamunda wadziko lonse womwe Anibal Quijano akulongosola ngati "utsamunda wa mphamvu." Utsamunda wa mphamvu, malinga ndi Quijano, ukuwonetseratu chitsanzo chatsopano cha mphamvu zapadziko lonse, kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko loyamba lamakono / lachikoloni / la capitalist, lomwe linapangidwa mozungulira lingaliro la mtundu. Ngakhale kuti n'zotheka kumvetsetsa mbiri ya chiwawa chotanthauzira ku Ulaya chomwe chinachitikira "European Turkey" ngati imodzi mwa "zokonda zakum'maŵa," zikuwoneka kwa ine zosatheka kumvetsa mbiri yakale ya Balkan, pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwake pambuyo pa Berlin Congress. , kunja kwa chitsanzo chatsopano cha dziko lonse lapansi cha hegemonic ndi luso lamakono la mphamvu, lomwe liripo kuyambira Kugonjetsa kwa America, lomwe limafotokoza mtundu ndi ntchito, malo ndi anthu, malinga ndi zosowa za chuma ndi phindu la anthu a ku Ulaya. Ndikofunikira, m'malingaliro mwanga, kulingalira mozama kusiyana kwa Enrique Dussells pakati pa "ziwiri zamakono": imodzi yomwe ndi "Eurocentric, provincial, and region," ndi ina yomwe ili yokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imaphatikizapo "mbali ina." ," chimene "chinalamulidwa, chinadyeredwa masuku pamutu, ndi chobisika." Dussell akuumirira kuti tifunika "kukana kusalakwa kwa masiku ano," chifukwa "potsimikizira kusintha kwa wina (omwe adakanidwa kale), ndizotheka "kutulukira" kwa nthawi yoyamba "mbali ina" yobisika. zamakono: dziko lachitsamunda, anthu amtundu woperekedwa nsembe, akapolo akuda, mkazi woponderezedwa, khanda lotalikirana, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino: ozunzidwa ndi zamakono, onse omwe akhudzidwa ndi zinthu zopanda nzeru zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malingaliro amakono. ." Iye amatcha pulojekitiyi "transmodernity," "pulojekiti yapadziko lonse yomasula chikhalidwe chomwe kusintha, komwe kunali gawo limodzi lamakono, kudzatha kukwaniritsa." Kusintha ndi "kunja" kwa Balkan, ndi "oyera koma osati" okhalamo, siziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati kunja koyera, kosakhudzidwa ndi zamakono. Zimatanthawuza kunja komwe kumapangidwa ndendende ngati kusiyana ndi njira za hegemonic.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti njira zonsezi zingathandize kubweretsa malingaliro atsopano kuti amvetsetse zaposachedwa komanso osati zaposachedwa kwambiri za mbiri yakale ya «balkanist» ndi nkhani zadziko. Kuti tisinthe Balkan tiyenera kuyamba kuganiza mosiyana ndi ku Balkan. Pano ndikufuna kunena kuti kumvetsetsa koteroko kumafuna ntchito yake yofufuza pamodzi ndi yomasula, pulojekiti yoganiza mosiyana kuchokera kunja kwa malire, ndipo izi zikhoza kutchedwa "balkanology kuchokera pansi." Dongosolo lofufuzira lomasukali lithandizira kutukuka, kuchokera mbali iyi ya "mbali ina yamasiku ano," zomwe Arturo Escobar amachitcha "njira ina yoganiza, un paradigma otro, kuthekera kolankhula za "maiko ndi chidziwitso mwanjira ina." akatswiri a balkanologists, opangidwa m'magulu otsutsana oterowo, akhoza kupindula kwambiri ndi ntchito yaluntha ya gulu lotchedwa modernity / colonionity, loimiridwa ndi Quijano, Dussel, Mignolo, ndi akatswiri ena omenyera ufulu. Kungakhale kulakwitsa komvetsa chisoni kuona ntchito yochititsa chidwi ya gululi ngati chithunzithunzi cha Latin America, osati monga «njira ina ya kulingalira yomwe imatsutsana ndi nkhani zazikulu zamakono (Chikhristu, ufulu, ndi Marxism); nkhani yomwe "imapeza zofunsa zake m'malire amalingaliro amalingaliro ndikufikira kuthekera kwamalingaliro osakhala a eurocentric." Panthawi imodzimodziyo, potsegula kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kulingalira kuchokera ku kusiyana ndi kutsata malamulo a mayiko ena am'deralo ndi madera, ndikuganizira mozama mphamvu ya mbiri yakale ya m'deralo ndi malingaliro amalingaliro kupyolera mu ndale za magulu a suballtern, akatswiri a balkanologist angachitepo kanthu. bwino kutsatira masitepe a Peter Linenbaugh, Marcus Reideker ndi akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale kuchokera m'munsimu amene akhala adventuring kwa kuda za «ambiri mitu hydra» wa zigawenga ndi opanduka, ndi zobisika nkhani za kulimbana wotchuka kudutsa proletarian Atlantic. Mbiri yokongola, yochititsa chidwi ya anthu a ku Balkan odana ndi aulamuliro yadzaza ndi kulimbana kwa achifwamba ndi achifwamba a nthaka, «hajduks, uskoci, klefte,» bogumils ndi ochita zigawenga, ampatuko ndi zigawenga zamtundu wamtundu uliwonse, zomwe sizimvetsetsedwa bwino ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale achikominisi ndi amitundu. Pulojekitiyi, ya balkanology kuchokera pansi, ikhoza kuganiziridwa ngati pulogalamu ya uni-disciplinary (Wallerstein) kapena yopanda chilango (Escobar), ndi mamembala ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana, "osapereka chilango," ndikukhazikitsa gawo limodzi la maphunziro. kuphunzira. Izi zitha kutithandiza kuphunzira momwe tingamasulire zam'mbuyo ndi tsogolo lathu kuchokera ku "gilasi la Eurocentric pomwe chithunzi chathu chimakhala chosokonekera."
Ndafotokoza kale za balkanization kuchokera pansipa ngati nkhani yomwe imaumirira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe, komanso miyambo yomwe imagwirizana chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko ndi mgwirizano, zomwe zingayambitse zomwe zingatchulidwe kuti ndizochitika pakati pa mafuko, imodzi yomwe idadulidwa chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa atsamunda a Euro. Ku Balkan, hydra yokhala ndi mitu yambiri ili ndi pulogalamu yakeyake yandale komanso masomphenya. Dzina la masomphenyawa ndi chitaganya cha Balkan. Pali ziwonetsero ziwiri zazikulu za pulogalamuyi, imodzi yomwe nditcha federalism kuchokera pamwamba, kutengera lingaliro la federated socialist states, ndi ina yomwe imakhazikika pa mfundo yokhazikika ya "organic commonwealth," ya "gulu la madera," » zomwe nditcha federalism kuchokera pansipa.
Mmodzi mwa mawu oyamba a Balkan federalism amatchulidwa ndi wolemba mbiri wachi Greek Loukis Hassiotis, yemwe amatikumbutsa zoyesayesa zoyambirira za anthu opitilira muyeso a Balkan omwe, mu 1865, adakhazikitsa Democratic Eastern Federation ndi "kusakanikirana kwake kosakanikirana kwa demokalase, socialist ndi malingaliro adziko." Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, mbiri ya Balkan federalism imasiyana. Mzere umodzi wachitukuko udzatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha mayiko a Balkan omwe nthawi zonse ankalandira malingaliro a federalism. Hassiotis akulemba kuti "Andale a Conservative ndi ufulu, ngakhale mafumu (monga Mfumu Otto ya Greece ndi Milan Obrenovic wa ku Serbia), mwachidule komanso mwachisawawa adadziwonetsera okha ngati othandizira amtundu wina wa federalism." Momwemonso, federalism yochokera kumwamba imawonetsedwa mu ndale za zipani za chikomyunizimu. Pafupifupi maphwando onse a chikomyunizimu nkhondo isanayambe anali ndi chitaganya cha Balkan (Federal of Socialist states) monga gawo la, kapenanso maziko a mapulogalamu awo. Momwemo, zoyesayesa zofunika kwambiri za federalist zitha kupezeka mu Misonkhano ya Balkan ya nthawi yankhondo, komanso mu mapulani a Tito atangotha WWII.
Palinso mzere wina, wosangalatsa kwambiri womwe ungatsatire pakukula kwa Balkan federalism. Ndikudziwanso bwino kuti otsutsa ambiri adachita nawo zigawenga za Bosnia-Herzegovina ndi Bulgaria (1875-78). Malatesta sanapambane poyesa kulowa ku Bosnia, koma mnzake Stepniak anali ndipo adatisiyira umboni wofunikira wolimbana ndi Ottoman. Komanso, akulemba Hassiotis, «socialists nawo gulu la Chimakedoniya kudzilamulira (Boatmen, Revolutionary Macedonia Organization), komanso kuukira Ottoman ku Krete, ngakhale interstate nkhondo Greco-Turkish mu 1897. Ena mwa odana ndi authoritarian socialists, monga Svetozar Markovic kapena Botev, adathandizira bungwe la Balkan lomwe linamangidwa kuchokera pansi, bungwe lopanda malire lomwe lingadzikhazikitse lokha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu osati makonzedwe apakati pa mayiko ndipo lidzakhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la confederationist la chikhalidwe chakummwera. Magulu olima Asilavo. M'nyuzipepala ya anarchist ΝÎον Φως (Kuwala Kwatsopano) kuchokera ku Pyrgos timawerenga, m'nkhani ya Krete, kuti "ife, osintha zinthu zam'tsogolo, sitiyenera kukhala okonda dziko lawo ndi osintha chipembedzo, tiyenera kukhala osintha chikhalidwe ndi mayiko. Adani athu okha ndi olamulira ankhanza a zachuma ndi ankhanza a chipembedzo chilichonse. Zokwanira ndikumenyera mbendera ndi zizindikiro. Yakwana nthawi yomenyera ufulu wathu wandale, zachuma komanso chikhalidwe chathu chonse. "
Mizere iyi ya otsutsa achi Greek anali atatsala pang'ono kuiwalika pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Koma momwemonso zinali zenizeni za federalism kuchokera kumwamba, monga The Cold War ndi kutha kwa mgwirizano wa Stalin-Tito, ndipo pamapeto pake chiwonongeko cha Yugoslavia chinapangitsa kuti zisachitike. Lero, pambuyo pa zoopsa za socialism ya bureaucratic, pambuyo pa ziwawa zambiri za ethno-nationalist, m'mabwinja a eurocentered neoliberalism ndikukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kuti titsitsimutse federalism yopingasa. Timayima mumwambo wautali komanso wodabwitsa.
Ndisanaimbidwe mlandu wojambula chithunzi chowala kwambiri, ndiloleni ndingonena mawu ochepa onena za kugawikana kwina kowawa kolembedwa m’mbiri ya chilumbachi, pakati pa utundu ndi kudzikonda kwa chigawo. Mbiri ya Balkan si mbiri chabe ya mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko. Ndi mbiri yamagazi ya nkhanza za dziko zomwe tili ndi udindo, zomwe timadzichitira tokha. Osati kuposa kwina kulikonse ku Europe, mwina, osati popanda chilimbikitso kuchokera kunja, koma kwenikweni. Waulamuliro Wakumanzere ku Balkan, ndi kuumirira kwake kouma khosi pa “ulamuliro wa dziko,” ndi kuchirikiza mawonekedwe a dziko monga gawo lofunikira m’kumasula anthu, kunachita mbali yoipa m’kulongosola kaimidwe ka utundu. Sindikufuna kuti ndisamvetsetsedwe apa. Ndikanena kuti ndimalimbikitsa madera ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kapena kuti ndimatsutsa chitsanzo cha Jacobin cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chimodzi, sindikutanthauza kunena kuti tikhoza kupeŵa ziwawa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mbuyomu. Tiyenera kukumana ndi mpweya womwewo zoopsa zomwe zidabwera pa ife ndi ziwawa za atsamunda aku Euro komanso nkhanza zomwe timadzichitira tokha. Kuti zinthu zakale zikhale mfundo yochitira zinthu masiku ano tiyenera kusiya kukhala ndi moyo m’mbuyo ndipo m’malo mwake tiziphatikiza ndi zimene zikuchitika panopa m’njira yotimasula. Kuti amange chikhalidwe chambiri cha Balkan zomwe zilipo zikuyenera kumasulidwa ku zakale. Ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti sindikulimbikitsa kufufutidwa zakale, koma ntchito yokumbukira monga gawo la ntchito ya ufulu. Izi sizingachitike mwa kukumbatira mtundu uliwonse wa tsankho, fuko kapena dera. Potsatira Achile Mbembe, ndikufuna kubwereka mawu oti projekiti yosakwanira iyi nthawi zonse, yodzaza ndi mikangano ndi zotsutsana, zomwe zimaphatikizana ndi kupitilira funso lachindunji, ndikuchitcha kuti balkanopolitanism - njira yochokera ku Balkan yofotokozedwa momasuka kusiyana ndi kupitirira kwa utundu. Balkanopolitanism, monga projekiti yachigawo, kufunafuna mwachangu zochitika zatsopano, kukana "malire a anthu okhala m'malire ndi chikhalidwe chawo," idzadutsa dziko la Balkan chifukwa cha chidwi cha akunja ndi kumasuka ku hybridity, "kukumbatira, ndi chidziwitso chonse cha zowona, zachilendo, zachilendo komanso zakutali, kutha kuzindikira nkhope ya munthu wakunja ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino mawonekedwe akutali moyandikana…» Ngati Arturo Escobar akulondola pomwe akunena kuti kukhala ndi malo sikufanana ndi pokhala womangidwa ndi malo, ndiye kuti Balkanopolitanism idzakhala mphatso yamtengo wapatali ku polojekiti ya dziko lonse lapansi, kumene, m'mawu a Senghor, dziko lapansi limakhala malo osonkhana opereka ndi kulandira (rendez-vous du donner et du recevoir).
Koma kodi nkhani ya dziko ingachitidwe motani m’lingaliro ladongosolo? Ndikukhulupirira kuti dziko likhoza kuyankhidwa mkati mwa chigawo, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti mayiko a Balkan angapereke chitsanzo ku Ulaya wina, ku Ulaya wosagwirizana ndi zigawo, m'malo mwa mayiko onse a ku Ulaya - dziko ndi dziko. Kugwirizana kwa mayiko a ku Ulaya kudzakhazikitsidwa pa ndale za zigawo zodzilamulira komanso kuchuluka kwa zikhalidwe. Ndikuwona derali, bungwe lomwe linasokonekera ndi dziko lapakati-boma ndi capitalism, ngati maziko a kukonzanso ndi kumanganso moyo wa chikhalidwe ndi ndale ku Europe. Ndimagwirizana ndi chiyembekezo cha Kropotkin pamene akuyembekezera "nthawi yomwe chigawo chilichonse cha chitaganya, chitaganya chaulere cha madera akumidzi ndi mizinda yaulere, ndipo ndikukhulupiriranso kuti kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kudzasunthiranso mbali iyi."
Ndiye kodi chitaganya cha Balkan ichi, chopanda mayiko kapena mayiko, chikanakhala chotani?
Ndikuganiza kuti opanduka atsopano a ku Balkan ayenera kukumbatira ndi kuteteza projekiti ya federation ya Balkan yamakono monga imodzi mwazowononga kwambiri, chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kuchokera pansi-mmwamba, kufanana ndi, ndi kulankhulana mwakhama ndi ntchito zamakono monga pluri- ndale zadziko za anthu amtundu wa Andean Federation, Anarchists against the Wall ku Middle East, kapena magulu a anthu ochokera ku Africa omwe amaimba kuti "ndife osauka."
Balkan awa, osati capitalist kapena bureaucratic-socialism, ingakhale gulu losiyana-siyana lokhala ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe, malingaliro omwe analipo kale koma adatayika pakuphatikizidwa kwawo mumayendedwe adziko, mawonekedwe omwe amazindikira zambiri komanso kuphatikizika. zidziwitso ndi mayanjano omwe amadziwika ndi kuchulukana ndi kuchulukana, mawonekedwe omwe amazindikira mgwirizano womwe umapangidwa chifukwa cha kusiyana. Uwu ungakhale dziko la Balkan lokhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wodzifunira ndi kuthandizana, demokalase yolunjika ya misonkhano yoyandikana ndi mizinda, mayanjano aulere omwe "amadzikulitsa okha ndikuphimba nthambi iliyonse ya zochitika za anthu," ndi chuma chodzilamulira chokha ndi mapulani ogawana nawo, okhazikika. mkati mwa zigawo za federal-dissolving federation.
Kuti tipange dziko loterolo tifunika mtundu watsopano wa ndale kuchokera pansi. Ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti mwa ndale ndikutanthauza ntchito yachilengedwe, yokambirana, yogawana komanso yogawana nawo anthu odzilamulira okha, osati a statecraft, ntchito zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi kulanda mphamvu za Boma komanso zomwe zimachitika kudzera mu ndale. chipani, kapena gulu lililonse la ndale limene limafanana ndi Boma m’dongosolo lake. Ndikulankhula za ndale zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro zomwe zili zodziwikiratu, m'lingaliro lakuti zimakondwerera malingaliro a ndale ndikuyesera kubweretsa mwayi wina wakukhalapo kwaumunthu, zomwe zimagonjetsa malingaliro opitirira zomwe zaperekedwa, ndikukana kulingalira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. zenizeni, kulinganiza njira zokhazikitsidwa zautsamunda ndi zadziko. Ndikulankhula za ndale zatsopano, zobwezeretsedwa, zothandizirana, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe, ndi ufulu.
Kutanthauziridwa muzochita, izi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe Uri Gordon anafotokoza za Anarchists Against the Wall ndi mudzi wogwirizana wa Neve Shalom, zitsanzo zonse za "kusunga mtendere" ku Middle East: "Mfundoyi, komabe, ndi maziko a maziko a ndondomeko yokha. Kunena zoona, ndiye, tikuyang'ana zochitika zamagulu ndi madera omwe angawononge ndondomeko yamtendere ya statist ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zomwe zimachititsa kuti ndondomeko yotereyi, kuchokera kumaganizo a anarchist, ndi mfundo yakuti kulenga mtendere weniweni kumafuna kukhazikitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsa malo a ndale omwe amathandizira mgwirizano wodzipereka ndi kuthandizana (pakati pa Israeli ndi Palestine). Kuchoka ku Balkan of nationalism ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Balkans (federated) ya mgwirizano ndi kulimbana ndi kotheka pokhapokha potsatana pakati pa mafuko ndi mikangano yeniyeni yomwe imawonetseratu "yopanda boma" ya federalism yachigawo. Gulu lankhondo la Freedom Fight ku Serbia, mayendedwe odana ndi authoritarian ndi magulu osamukira kwawo monga Clandestina ku Greece, ndi mabungwe aku Bulgaria anarchist ndizochitika zofunika kwambiri. Koma tikufunika zina zambiri.
Ife, "osintha zamtsogolo," tiyenera kubwerera, ndikumangapo, chomwe chili gawo lamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'mbiri yathu, ndipo ndiwo masomphenya ochuluka a anthu amitundu yambiri, ndithudi, otsutsana ndi ulamuliro. . Tiyenera kumvetsetsa zamwano zomwe zimatengedwa ndi mawu akuti "Balkan" ndikupezanso mphamvu ya lingaliro lake. Mtundu wa anthu omwe tikukambawu ndi otheka pokhapokha mu dongosolo la Balkan Federation, lopanda boma, komanso kupitirira fuko. Dziko lokhala ndi malo ambiri. Ngati izi siziri zenizeni zathu lero, ndiye kuti ntchito yathu, ntchito yathu yokha, ndikumenyera kuti zikhale zenizeni mawa.
*Andrej Grubacic ndi membala wa Global Balkans. Global Balkan ndi gulu lochita kafukufuku, atolankhani, ndi ma network omwe amagwira ntchito komweko komanso mogwirizana ndi magulu a anthu aku Balkan kuti afufuze, kufalitsa ndikukhudzidwa ndi zovuta zandale, zachikhalidwe komanso zachuma ku Yugoslavia wakale komanso dera lonse la Balkan. Tikugwira ntchito yomanga maukonde ogwirizana ndi mayiko, odana ndi dziko, odana ndi capitalist, ndi otsutsana ndi maulamuliro okhala ndi malingaliro a pan-Balkan ndi mayiko ena (omwe pano ali ku San Francisco, Toronto, ndi Montreal). Titha kufikiridwa pa globalbalkans[pa]gmail.com
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