Pa Meyi 3, 2002, katswiri wa zilankhulo ku MIT Noam Chomsky adafunsidwa ndi CommonSense: The Intercollegiate Journal of Humanism and Freethought.
CS: Mwapanga fanizo pakati pa mikangano ya ku Palestine ndi tsankho la South Africa - kodi mukuganiza kuti mayunivesite akuyenera kuyankha ku Israeli monga momwe adachitira ku South Africa? Makamaka, kodi mukuganiza kuti mayunivesite akuyenera kuchoka kumakampani omwe akuchita bizinesi ku Israel?
Chomsky: Zinthu sizili zofanana. Ndi dziko la South Africa, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri sichinali kugawikana kwa mayunivesite kochuluka, komwe kunali njira yapang'onopang'ono komanso yokhalitsa, monga kukakamizidwa kuonetsetsa kuti boma lathu silikuchita nawo zigawenga. Panali ziletso za zida ndi mafuta ku South Africa, mwachitsanzo. Kutsika kwa mayunivesite kunali kocheperako pa dongosolo la zinthu. Pankhani ya Palestine, kufunikira kofunikira m'madandaulo kuyenera kukhala kuyitanitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa kutumiza zida zankhondo bola ngati zinthu zina zochepa sizikukwaniritsidwa. Kuitana kumeneko kwakhala m'mapempho omwe ndidasaina. CS: Koma ngati ophunzira akufuna kukhala omenyera ufulu wamba, kodi mukuganiza kuti kuyitana kuti achoke ku yunivesite ndi njira yabwino? Kapena kodi ophunzira ayenera kuika maganizo awo pa nkhani za dziko? Chomsky: Ndikuganiza kuti ndizochitika zomveka koma sitiyenera kukhala ndi chinyengo - ndi njira yosalunjika yomwe imakhudza machitidwe a mayiko. Pali kusiyana kumodzi kwakukulu pakati pa South Africa ndi Israel. Ngakhale kuti dziko la United States linali kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa tsankho, sichinali chimene chinachititsa kuti tsankho lipitirizebe. Pankhani ya Israeli, komabe United States ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakusungabe ntchitoyo. Zimenezo ziyenera kukhudza zosankha zathu. Ayenera kulunjika motsutsana ndi boma la US. Tsankho linali mlandu, koma simunganene tsankho pazisankho zomwe zidapangidwa ku Washington. Kumbali ina, mutha kudzudzula zisankho zomwe zapangidwa ku Washington - ndiko kusiyana kofunikira, ndipo kuyenera kukongoletsa momwe timasankhira zochita zathu. Ntchitoyi ikuwoneka ngati chinachake chikuchitika kumeneko, koma ndi chinachake chimene chikuchitika pano.
CS: Pogwira ntchito ndi kuyerekezera ndi South Africa, zingawoneke ngati njira yofananira yothetsera mkangano wa Israeli-Palestine idzakhala yankho la dziko limodzi ndi Israeli ndi Palestina okhala pamodzi. Koma mwakomera njira ya maiko awiri. Ndichoncho chifukwa chiyani?
Chomsky: Zinthu ndizosiyana kwambiri m'njira zambiri. Ku South Africa, azungu ochepa anali ochepa. Ngati akuda ambiri ku South Africa, atero a African National Congress, akanakonda kuti pakhale mayiko awiri, umodzi womwe akadalandira 80% ya malo ndikupatsa azungu 20%, sindikanatsutsa. Sizili kwa ine kusankha, ndipo izi ndi zoona pankhani ya Israeli-Palestine. Lingaliro langa ndiloti yankho la boma limodzi si labwino ndipo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchitoyi kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Panali nthawi zaka makumi angapo zapitazo pomwe panali njira zina zabwinoko, koma palibe zosankha zokwanira pano ndipo palibe mbali yomwe ikufuna.
CS: Kodi mukuganiza kuti mkangano wa ku Middle East umakhudza kwambiri zachipembedzo?
Chomsky: Sizikunena za chipembedzo; chipembedzo chimadula njira zambiri. Ayuda achipembedzo ndi achipembedzo akhoza kukhala ndi zolinga zosiyana pa zinthu zambiri, koma onse amafuna dziko losiyana momwe iwo ali ambiri ndipo amalamulira zinthu. Nโchimodzimodzinso ndi anthu a ku Palestine omwe si achipembedzo komanso achipembedzo. Anthu ambiri kumbali zonsezo ndi osapembedza
CS: Anthu ena amanena kuti kuukira kwa September 11 kumasonyeza kuopsa kwa chipembedzo, kapena mokulira, kuopsa kwa chipembedzo kugwirizana ndi ndale ndi maboma. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndiko kusanthula bwino momwe zinthu zilili?
Chomsky: September 11 ndi chiyambi chabodza pankhaniyi. Tiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri ma 1980 kuti tipeze umboni wotsimikizira lingaliro ili. Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, CIA idayamba kuthandiza ndi kuphunzitsa akupha abwino kwambiri omwe angawapeze. Osati kuthandiza Afghans - zomwe zikanakhala zomveka, zovomerezeka - koma kuvulaza anthu aku Russia. Zotsatira zaku Afghanistan zinali zowopsa. Opha bwino kwambiri omwe CIA adatha kuwapeza pazifukwa zawo anali achisilamu ochita zinthu monyanyira, achisilamu aku North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, ndi malo ena. Anasonkhanitsa, kuwaphunzitsa ndi kuwapangira zida, akudziwa bwino lomwe zomwe anali kuchita. Inde, kumeneko kunali kudyera masuku pamutu chipembedzo. M'malo mwake, Chisilamu chokhazikika chakhala, kumlingo waukulu, kuthandizidwa ndikuyambitsidwa ndi mphamvu zakunja. Kaลตirikaลตiri chinali chida cholimbana ndi mphamvu zadziko. Ndikutanthauza, pamene Israeli adalanda Lebanon mu 1982, cholinga chake, momveka bwino, chinali kusokoneza PLO yadziko, yomwe inali kukakamiza kwambiri zokambirana za Occupied Territories, ndipo Israeli sankafuna zimenezo. Chifukwa chake, Israeli adachita bwino kupeputsa PLO yadziko kwakanthawi, koma adamaliza ndi Hezbollah m'manja mwawo. Chinachake chofananacho chinachitika ku Magawo Olandidwa. Zipembedzo, zomwe zinatha kukhala Hamas, zidathandizidwa ndi Israeli potsutsana ndi okonda dziko.
CS: Ndiye mukuganiza kuti pali maphunziro omwe tingaphunzire kuchokera ku zitsanzo za US?
Chomsky: Chikhristu chokhazikika ku US ndi chowopsa, koma pali tanthauzo lalikulu. Maphunziro omwe tiyenera kuphunzira kuchokera ku zochitika za m'ma 1980 zomwe ndangofotokozazi ndikuti sitiyenera - ngakhale ife kapena ena - kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zathu, kaya mphamvuzo zikuphatikiza kulemba anthu achisilamu okhwima kapena anthu omwe akufuna kulanda boma. dziko. Pamene magulu ankhondo a Contra omwe United States adakonza m'zaka za m'ma 1980 adachita zigawenga zazikulu ku Nicaragua, iwo sanali okhazikika pachipembedzo, koma zotsatira zake zinali zoipa.
CS: Kodi Zionism masiku ano ndi yofanana ndi kusankhana mitundu?
Chomsky: Ayi, sizili zofanana ndi tsankho. Zionism imakhudza zinthu zambiri. Maudindo omwe ndili nawo pano nthawi ina amatchedwa Zionist. Kodi anali atsankho? Chabwino, munali chinthu china cha tsankho mwa iwo. Pamakhala tsankho m'moyo wanga komwe ndimakhala - munthu wina amakhala komweko asanathamangitsidwe. Ndizowona kwa tonsefe. Koma sitikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito tsankho mosasamala. Pali zinthu zambiri zolakwika padziko lapansi zomwe zingaphatikizepo mikangano yamitundu, chikhalidwe ndi zina, koma sitizitcha tsankho.
CS: Kodi mumasiyanitsa bwanji pakati pa uchigawenga wabwino ndi woipa kapena, mwinamwake, uchigawenga wofunikira ndi wosafunikira? Kapena mukuganiza kuti uchigawenga ndi mawu oipa chabe?
Chomsky: Sindikuganiza kuti pali uchigawenga wabwino. Pali mikangano ndi mikangano yolungama komanso yosavomerezeka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati uchigawenga, koma izi sizimapangitsa uchigawenga kukhala wovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Revolution ya ku America inali chifukwa chenicheni, koma panali uchigawenga wambiri womwe udachitika, ndipo sizinali zolungama. Ngati pakhala pali gulu lomenyera ufulu wadziko lamtundu uliwonse lomwe silinakhudze uchigawenga, ndikufuna ndimve za izi.
CS: Zina mwazinthu zotsutsana ndi dziko lapansi zagwiritsa ntchito kuwononga katundu ngati njira, makamaka paziwonetsero zazikulu monga ku Seattle. Mukuganiza kuti ndizoyenera kapena zothandiza?
Chomsky: Chifukwa chimodzi, sindingatchule kuti gulu lotsutsana ndi dziko lonse lapansi; Awa ndi mawu opangidwa ndi anthu omwe akufuna kutsatira njira yomwe ikukula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu otsutsana ndi zomwe ndingatchule kuti "kudalirana kwachuma kwa Investor" sakutsutsana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Sindikudziwa aliyense amene amatsutsa kudalirana kwa mayiko. Ndithudi osati Kumanzere ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito - adakhazikitsidwa pa lingaliro la mayiko, ndipo ndi mtundu wa kudalirana kwa mayiko. Kodi iwo omwe amatsutsana ndi ufulu wamasiku ano wa osunga ndalama ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi agwiritse ntchito kuwonongeka kwa katundu ngati njira? sindikuganiza choncho. Ndi njira yokayikitsa kwambiri. Mchitidwe uliwonse wachiwawa pa katundu kapena anthu uyenera kulungamitsidwa, ndipo sindikuwona kulungamitsidwa.
CS: Kodi tingatani kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zathu m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku? Mwachitsanzo, mungagule khofi ku Starbucks?
Chomsky: Sindikudziwa zambiri za Starbucks, ndiye ndi funso lovuta kuyankha. Koma kodi tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zathu? Inde, tiyenera, ngakhale pali malire oonekeratu. Simungakhale ndi moyo ngati woyera mphindi iliyonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti simukuchita chilichonse chomwe chingapweteke munthu aliyense. Zimenezo ndizosatheka mwakuthupi. Muyenera kupanga zisankho, ndipo muyenera kuika zofunika patsogolo za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe mugwiritse ntchito poyesa kukonza dziko - sizingakhale 100% ya nthawi yanu.
CS: Pokhala ndi njira zambiri zotukula dziko komanso mavuto monga ufulu wa nyama ndi njala yapadziko lonse lapansi, kodi omenyera ufulu ayenera kudziwa bwanji zomwe amaika patsogolo?
Chomsky: Muyenera kupita ndi nkhawa zanu, ndi zomwe mukuganiza kuti ndizofunikira. Mutha kupanga mlandu woti chinthu chofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi pano ndikuletsa nkhondo zankhondo chifukwa zitha kuwononga dziko mwachangu kwambiri. Muthanso kunena kuti chofunikira kwambiri ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa izi zitha kuthetsa mikhalidwe yakukhalapo kwamunthu m'mibadwo ingapo. Kapena munganene kuti chofunika kwambiri nโchakuti, ngakhale ku United States, kuli anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anjala, ndipo padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi. Anthu ayenera kusankha zomwe zili zofunika kwa iwo, poganizira kuti iwo ndi ndani komanso zomwe angathe kuchita. Simungathe kuchita chilichonse, ndipo palibe njira yoti muyike zovuta izi.
CS: Maunivesite akuti udindo wawo ndi wophunzitsa ophunzira, zomwe zimachititsa kuti asade nkhawa ndi "zachikhalidwe" monga malipiro a moyo ndi ndalama zowononga. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndizolondola ndipo zomwe mwakumana nazo ku MIT zakhala zotani?
Chomsky: Yunivesite ndi chiyani? Yunivesite ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino. Ndi gulu la anthu omwe amasonkhana pazifukwa zina, ndipo pakati pa anthuwa pali ophunzira, aphunzitsi ndi antchito, ndipo ayenera kusankha zomwe akufuna. Monga membala wa yunivesite, ndikukhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zathu chiyenera kukhala chakuti anthu ali ndi malipiro abwino. Zindikirani kuti kulipira malipiro sizinthu zomwe yunivesite imachita, ndi zomwe aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amachita. Yunivesite si gwero la ndalama zopanda malire, ili ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito pa cholinga chimodzi, sagwiritsidwa ntchito pa cholinga china. Chifukwa chake ngati ophunzira amathandizira malipiro amoyo, monga momwe ndikuganizira kuti ayenera kutero, ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti ndalamazi sizikuchokera ku gwero lopanda malire. Zikuchokera ku bungwe lomwe lilipo lomwe lili ndi zinthu zopanda malire - ngati zothandizirazi zifika polipira malipiro amoyo, sizipita kuzinthu zina.
CS: Oyang'anira mayunivesite akunena kuti ndi udindo wawo kwa alumni ndi ena kuti awone kuti zothandizira ku yunivesite zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira yapadera: pa maphunziro a ophunzira.
Chomsky: Akhoza kunena zimenezo, koma ndiko kuvomereza chithunzi cha yunivesite chimene sindikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuchivomereza. Zikunena kuti yunivesiteyo ndi bungwe lankhanza lomwe lili ndi anthu akunja omwe amasankha zomwe angachite. Ngati aona kuti yunivesiteyo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa zigawenga, ndiye kuti yunivesiteyo iyenera kuchita zimenezo. Sindimagwirizana nazo, ndipo sindikuganiza kuti aliyense amavomereza. Yunivesite ndi anthu omwe amachita nawo. Ndizowona zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ngati bizinesi, koma ndizomwe tiyenera kukhumudwa nazo. Ngati ndi yunivesite ya boma, kodi tinganene kuti aphungu ali ndi ufulu wosankha zomwe yunivesite ikuchita pamene otenga nawo mbali alibe? Yunivesite yoyendetsedwa bwino imasiya kupanga zisankho m'manja mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Tengani yunivesite yanga, yomwe ili yachinsinsi: palibe amene angalole kulola matrasti kuti ayambe kulamula maphunziro. Ngati ndiudindo wodalirika wa oyang'anira kuyankha matrasti chifukwa chiyani sangalole izi?
CS: Mtsutso wanu ndi Michel Foucault ukuwoneka ngati ukuyimira vuto laluntha lopangidwa ndi postmodernism - kumanzere ndi kumanja. Kodi mukuganiza kuti postmodernism ndi "chiwopsezo" muzochitika za sukuluyi kapena ndi zolimbikitsa?
Chomsky: Izi zinali zaka 30 zapitazo, ndipo sindikuganiza kuti Foucault akanadzitcha yekha postmodernist. Sindikuganiza kuti izi ndi nkhani zomwe zidabwera pamtsutso. Sindikudziwa kuti postmodernism ndi chiyani. Pali anthu omwe amadzitcha kuti postmodernists. Ndinawawerenga. Nthawi zina ndimapeza chinthu chosangalatsa komanso chothandiza, nthawi zina ndimapeza zinthu zosamveka komanso zosafunika. Ndikuganiza kuti zopereka zawo ziyenera kuwunikiridwa paokha, osatengera chizindikiro chomwe mumawapatsa. Mukandifunsa kuti postmodernism ndi chiyani, sindingathe kukuuzani. Mโdziko la aluntha muli chizolowezi chofuulira zimene munthu akuchita. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowongoka komanso zosavuta. Pali madera a quantum physics komwe mumatenga maphunziro apadera kuti mumvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika, koma zambiri zomwe zachitika zimafikirika mosavuta ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chotsatira ndikudziwa za izi.
CS: Ena omenyera ufulu wa akazi amanena kuti kutenga nawo mbali mโbanja kumapititsa patsogolo dongosolo lopondereza akazi. Kodi mukuvomereza?
Chomsky: Ayi, sindikanatero, popeza ndakhala mโbanja zaka 53. Zitha kukhala, koma ndiko kusankha. Palibe chilichonse chopondereza m'banja, ndipo kunena zoona, maubwenzi omwe si a m'banja angakhalenso opondereza. Ngati mumatsatira mkanganowo, ndiye kuti kugonana kuyenera kukhala koletsedwa, chilankhulo chiyenera kuletsedwa. Chilankhulo chagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yopondereza kosatha. Tiyenera kusiya kulankhula.
CS: Richard Posner posachedwapa adasindikiza buku lomwe linali ndi mndandanda wa anthu 100 apamwamba anzeru. Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndibwino kukhala ndi "anthu aluntha" kuti alankhule ndi anthu aku America pankhani zamakhalidwe.
Chomsky: Choyamba, ndikuganiza kuti bukhuli ndi ntchito yopusa kotero kuti sindingathe kuyankhula za izo. Kuyika pambali kupusa kwa kuyesayesa kumeneku, kukhala waluntha ndi ntchito ya aliyense: kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro anu ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zofunika kwambiri zaumunthu. Anthu ena ndi amwayi, amphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amafanana mokwanira kuti athe kulowa m'bwalo la anthu. Izi siziwapangitsa kukhala anzeru kuposa woyendetsa taxi yemwe amakhala akuganiza zomwezo ndipo atha kukhala anzeru komanso omvetsetsa kwambiri. Ndi funso la mphamvu. Kodi โPublic Intellectualโ ndi chiyani? Waluntha wapagulu ndi munthu yemwe angakwanitse kukhala wamkulu. Kodi mumapanga bwanji kukhala wamkulu? Osati mwa talente. Nthawi zambiri, ndi conformism. Umenewo si mtengo wapamwamba.
CS: Ndaliwonapo dzina lanu pamndandanda wa anthu otchuka omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu - kodi mungadzinene kuti ndinu "wokhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu" ndipo mukuganiza kuti anthu omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu saloledwa masiku ano?
Chomsky: Sindinkaona kuti ndine wonyozeka chifukwa chosowa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Kumbali ina, mutandifunsa ngati sindikhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu kapena ayi, sindingayankhe nโkomwe. Ndikadafuna kaye kufotokozera za zomwe sindiyenera kuzikhulupirira, ndipo sindinawonepo kufotokozera.
CS: Kodi mukuganiza kuti timakhala ndi vuto pamene zokamba pa zisankho, mwachitsanzo pa kampeni ya Gore-Lieberman pachisankho chapulezidenti chapitachi, zikuwoneka kuti zikukhazikika kwambiri pa Mulungu ndi chipembedzo?
Chomsky: Anthu amenewo ndi opembedza ngati ine. Koma ngati mukufuna kuthamangira maudindo aboma, tinene kuti, 40% ya anthu amakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi lidalengedwa zaka 6000 zapitazo, ndiye kuti muyenera kuvala zachipembedzo. Koma ngati mungavutike kuyang'ana, ndikukayikira kuti Ronald Reagan, George Bush ndi Bill Clinton ndi opembedza monga ine.
CS: Koma kodi zimenezi nโzovuta kuti muyambe kukhala wachipembedzo?
Chomsky: Ndizovuta kwambiri. Koma vuto siliri kokha chifukwa akunamizira kukhala opembedza. Chovuta ndi chakuti tili ndi ndondomeko ya ndale yomwe ofuna kusankhidwa amapangidwa ndi makampani ogwirizana ndi anthu kuti atenge maudindo omwe palibe amene amakhulupirira kuti palibe amene akuwakhulupirira ndikupewa nkhani zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Kuwapewa, chifukwa mwadongosolo, malingaliro a anthu ndi malingaliro amagulu amphamvu - malingaliro apamwamba - akhala osiyana. Koma ili ndi vuto la demokalase yaku America. Komanso, anthu ambiri amadziwa bwino za izo. Andale sakunena za nkhani zomwe anthu akukhudzidwa nazo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa momveka bwino, kuti zomwe zimatchedwa nkhani za kudalirana kwa mayiko - kuchepa kwa malonda, mgwirizano wamalonda, kutsegulira ntchito za boma kuti zidzilamulire payekha, kubisala - ndi nkhani zazikulu kwa anthu ndipo sizinabwere pa chisankho. Panalibe zokambirana za Free Trade Area ku America zomwe zinali kubwera kudzapereka chisankho pa Summit of the Americas. Anthu ambiri adadziwa izi chifukwa amakhala ndikugwira ntchito kunja kwa media media. Koma pali kuyesayesa kwakukulu kuti chidziwitsochi chisafike kwa anthu, ndipo sichimatuluka pazisankho. Zomwe zimabuka m'masankho ndi, "Kodi uyu ndi munthu wamtundu womwe mungafune kumwera naye mowa mu bar?" Ndipo anthu amadziwa kuti izi ndi nthabwala ndi chifukwa chake pali kusuliza kochuluka.
CS: Kodi mwawona kusintha kwa ophunzira omwe amadutsa MIT pazaka makumi ambiri, makamaka pokhudzana ndi zofuna zawo zandale?
Chomsky: Kusiyana kwakukulu. Mukadayenda m'maholo kuno zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, mukadapeza malo oyera, amuna, owongoka, ochita zaukadaulo kwambiri. Ngati mukuyenda m'maholo lero, ndi pafupifupi theka la akazi, mwinamwake 30% ochepa, chirichonse koma mowongoka-laced, chidwi ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu. Pakhala kusintha kwakukulu pazaka 40 zapitazi. Panali kusintha kwakukulu mโzaka za mโma 1960, koma kenako kunakula ndikukula.
CS: Ochita ziwonetsero akuyang'ana m'mbuyo tsopano, komabe, akunena kuti mmodzi atha kukhala ndi ophunzira chikwi pakuchita zionetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam, pamene tsopanoรขโฌยฆ
Chomsky: รขโฌยฆ pali masauzande ndi masauzande ndipo palibenso chilichonse ngati nkhondo ya Vietnam. Kuchita ziwawa kumaposa momwe zinalili m'ma 60s. Kutsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam kunali kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti sitikumbukira nkomwe nkhondoyo inachitika. Marichi 2002 chinali chokumbukira zaka makumi anayi chilengezo cha anthu, ndi oyang'anira Kennedy kuti US Air Force ikuyamba kuphulitsa South Vietnam. Umenewo unali mwezi umene anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo ya mankhwala kuti awononge mbewu, zomwe zinali ndi zotsatira zoopsa, pamene adavomereza Napalm, pamene anayamba kuthamangitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m'misasa yachibalo. Nkhondo yayikulu yolimbana ndi South Vietnam yomwe idakhazikitsidwa poyera zaka 40 zapitazo - kodi pali amene adazitchula mu Marichi chaka chino? Ayi. Zoonadi, palibe amene ankasamala. Mukudziwa, ukira dziko lina, chabwino, ukira dziko lina. Panali zionetsero pambuyo pake, zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, koma pang'ono kwambiri mpaka nkhondo yaikulu inali kupitirira ndi mazana masauzande a asilikali a ku America akuyendayenda kuzungulira South Vietnam. zoipa mokwanira koma ali ndi kuuma pang'ono kuposa pamenepo.
CS: Mu zaka 20-30, pamene anthu omwe tsopano ali ku koleji adzakhala akuyendetsa dziko, titero kunena kwake, mukuwona kuti US ikupita kuti?
Chomsky: Nkhani za anthu ndizochitika zopanda chidaliro kwambiri ndipo zoneneratu ndizowopsa, mwina chifukwa sitimvetsetsa zambiri za zinthu zovuta ngati izi, koma makamaka chifukwa izi ndi zosankha. Panalibe njira yolosera m'ma 1960 ngati mungayang'ane ku MIT kapena dziko lonselo kuti m'zaka zingapo, zitukuko zidzachitika, zomwe zingasinthe kwambiri dzikolo ndikulipangitsa kukhala lotukuka kwambiri kuposa momwe linalili. Panalibe njira yolosera zimenezo, ndipo palibe amene anatero. Amenewo anali masiku, mโma 1960, mโmene anthu anzeru a anthu onse anali kukamba za chimene anachitcha โmapeto a malingaliro,โ zimene zinatanthauza kuti kusakhalenso mkangano, palibenso kukambitsirana, mapeto a mbiri. Lingaliro lofala linali lakuti kuyambira pano inali chabe nkhani ya luso logwiritsa ntchito zovuta zazing'ono, zomwe zinachitidwa ndi akatswiri. Akatswiriwa anafotokoza kuti sipadzakhalanso mavuto azachuma chifukwa akudziwa kuyendetsa chuma ndi kukula kwa 3% pongoyang'ana. Kotero, mavuto onse anali atatha ndipo panalibe zambiri zoti tikambirane. Patapita zaka zingapo dziko linali kuwomba. Palibe njira yolosera.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama