Nkhondo Yozizira ya American Labor Kunja: Kuchokera ku Deep Freeze kupita ku Détente, 1945-1970, ndi Anthony Carew
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Athabasca University Press, 2018 (ISBN: 978-1-77199-211-4, cloth)
Ndi buku latsopano la Anthony Carew, tatsala pang'ono kukhala ndi mbiri yotsimikizika ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zakunja kwa US Labor pazaka 25 izi, kuphatikiza ma AFL's, CIO's, ndi ntchito zakunja za AFL-CIO pakati pa 1945 ndi 1970. (Voliyumu yachiwiri ikuwoneka kuti ikuchitika.) Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wozama wa zolemba zakale komanso zofunsana naye payekha za katswiri wosamala komanso wosamala kwambiri - adayendera zakale 12 zosiyanasiyana ku US, Canada, UK ndi Belgium, ndi ma seti angapo a mafayilo omwe amawunikidwa ambiri mwa iwo; adachita zoyankhulana ndi azidziwitso osiyanasiyana 39 (oposerapo angapo); ndikugwiritsa ntchito zoyankhulana zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi ofufuza ena - tsopano tili ndi zambiri kuposa akatswiri owerengeka omwe angafune kudziwa. Ngakhale kuti si buku loyamba kufotokoza nkhaniyi, kapena mbali zina za phunziroli, kulowererapo kwa Carew kumawonjezera kwambiri zomwe tikudziwa ndipo, m'njira zingapo, kumakhazikitsanso maziko omwe tsogolo lidzagwira ntchito pankhaniyi.
Ngakhale zidzafotokozedwa pansipa, Carew motsimikiza amakhazikitsa mitu inayi: (1) kuti ndondomeko yakunja ya US Labor imachokera mkati gulu la ogwira ntchito, ngakhale kwa akuluakulu apamwamba; (2) kuti mfundo zakunja izi zinali za imperialist wantchito (nthawi yanga, osati yake), pomwe zosowa ndi / kapena kuwunika kwa atsogoleri aku America azantchito zakunja zidapambana za "ogwirizana," kukhazikitsa ubale wamakasitomala (wothandizira kasitomala) m'malo mwake. za maubale ogwirizana (ofanana ndi ofanana) adakweza mwamawu; (3) kuti Labor inagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina inkathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Boma la US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) kwa zaka zingapo (ie, kuti inali mgwirizano wadongosolo osati mgwirizano umodzi); ndi (4) kuti sizinali zademokalase, zomwe sizinafotokozedwe, kapena kuyankha, maudindo a gulu la ogwira ntchito ku US, ngakhalenso kwa atsogoleri ambiri a mabungwe ogwira ntchito. Ndi nkhani yowononga kwambiri ya mgwirizano wamabizinesi omwe ali pamwamba-pansi omwe apangidwa mkati mwa ogwira ntchito aku US ndikuwonetseredwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Carew amakhazikitsa kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wake mu ndime yoyamba ya Mawu ake:
Bukuli likunena za mabungwe amalonda a ku America ndi momwe zoyesayesa zawo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana panthawi ya Cold War zinathandizira kwambiri kuumba dziko lathu lamakono. Masiku ano, pamene mphamvu ya ntchito yokonzekera ikuchepa kwambiri, pamafunika kuyesetsa kukumbukira kukumbukira kuti, kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku America ndi ku Ulaya anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndale za dziko, zomwe maganizo awo pa nkhani zakunja ndi chitetezo. mfundo, zosachepera nkhani zapakhomo, zinayenera kumvera ndi maboma. Kugwira ntchito mwadongosolo kunali kofunikira kwambiri pazaka zonse za mkangano pakati pa Cold War East ndi West-apa adathandizira kuti pakhale mikangano yankhondo yozizira, zomwe zidabweretsa Cold War mkati mwa machitidwe a mabungwe azamalonda, komwe kunali wotsutsa kwambiri zankhondo yoopsa yankhondo. zoyeserera ndi maboma, koma osati ongoyimilira. Zowonadi, kumvetsetsa ntchito yomwe anthu ogwira nawo ntchito amagwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe nkhondo ya Cold War imayendera komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu (tsamba 3).
Zomwe Carew wachita ndikuzindikiritsa osewera omwe ali mu projekiti ya Cold War ya US - makamaka, Jay Lovestone, Irving Brown, George Meany ndi Walter Reuther-ndikusunga mozama zakale zawo komanso zofananira nazo. Chifukwa chake, timamvetsetsa malingaliro awo onse, makamaka pakati pa Lovestone ndi Brown komanso Meany ndi Reuther. Kuonjezera apo, timapeza nkhani za momwe maganizo awo adakhalira okhudzana ndi atsogoleri a ntchito m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, ICFTU (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions) yonse, ndi pakati pa atsogoleri ena ochepa a ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Kulemberana kwa Lovestone ndi Brown-onse omwe anali mamembala a Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu komanso a Leninists amoyo wonse-ndiwolemera kwambiri. Chinsinsi, chinyengo ndi chinyengo chinali chikhalidwe chachiwiri kwa iwo. Lovestone, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse la Chipani cha Komyunizimu asanathamangire "kudana" ndi Stalin, adasanduka munthu wodana ndi chikominisi, ndi Brown yemwe anali wothandizira koma "wokakamiza". Carew analemba kuti,
Monga momwe zolemba zakale zimasonyezera, anali Lovestone ndi Brown omwe ankalamulira zochitikazo, kufotokoza zambiri, malingaliro ndi njira zomwe zinakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya AFL-CIO ndi ntchito zake kunja. Koma kupitilira kukhala 'osewera' ofunikira, Lovestone ndi Brown analinso odziwika bwino a zochitika kudzera m'makalata awo ambiri komanso malipoti (5).
"Azidziwitso" oyenerera sanapezeke powunika zochitika zantchito ku US panthawiyi.
Kumene timapeza zambiri zatsopano ndi zochitika za "Free Trade Union Committee" (FTUC), yomwe inkagwira ntchito makamaka ku Western Europe kumapeto kwa 1940s-koyambirira kwa 1950s. Ili linali bungwe lodziyimira palokha la AFL, lotsogozedwa ndi Lovestone komanso logwira ntchito ndi a Brown, lomwe limagwira ntchito limodzi ndi bungwe lomwe lidakhala CIA yaku US (Central Intelligence Agency). Carew amapereka zambiri za zoyesayesa zawo ku Finland, France, Italy ndi Greece-zina zomwe zimadziwika kale, koma gawo lalikulu lomwe linali latsopano. Zonsezi zidachitika motsatira "chitsogozo" cha George Meany kuti awononge mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa Trade Unions, WFTU (World Federation of Trade Unions), womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi US CIO (Congress of Industrial Organisations), British TUC. Trades Union Congress) ndi AUCCTU ya Soviet Union (All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions) mu 1945.
WFTU inakula kuchokera ku nkhondo yopambana yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi Nazism, ndipo cholinga chake chinali kupatsa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe awo mau ogwirizana a mtendere ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Utsogoleri wa AFL pazochitika zakunja (Lovestone ndi Brown, mothandizidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi Meany) anatsutsa zoyesayesa zilizonse zogwira ntchito ndi Achikomyunizimu (ku USSR kapena kwina kulikonse) mwa njira iliyonse, ndipo adaganiza "kuphwanya" WFTU; pamapeto pake adapambana. Kudzera muzochitika mkati CIO (yomwe Carew sananene mwatsatanetsatane), utsogoleri wa CIO udathamangitsa mabungwe 11 omwe adagwirizana nawo mu 1949-50, ponena kuti amalamulidwa ndi "kumanzere," kenako kupangitsa utsogoleri wa CIO kupita patsogolo pazandale, kenako kusiya. CIO kuchokera ku WFTU. Kutsatira, TUC yaku Britain idasiyanso WFTU, ndikulumikizana ndi AFL ndi CIO kupanga ICFTU (Intercontinental Confederation of Free Trade Unions) kumapeto kwa 1949.
Choncho, khama la AFL ndiyeno AFL-CIO linachitidwa kuti liwononge mwamphamvu "mgwirizano wamalonda waufulu" wa ICFTU motsutsana ndi WFTU yolamulidwa ndi boma, yomwe pamapeto pake inkalamulidwa ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha Soviet Union. Ndipo, monga Carew akutsimikizira momveka bwino, atsogoleri aku America amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi anthu aboma la US ndipo nthawi zambiri amatembenukira ku CIA kuti apeze ndalama zopititsira patsogolo ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana. [Ndalama za CIA zinatha mu 1958; ndalama zaboma zidakula kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development) ku Latin America koyambirira kwa 1960s ndikukulitsidwa pambuyo pake.]
Komabe, powonjezera zovuta, m'kupita kwa nthawi, atsogoleri a AFL-CIO adayamba kunyoza atsogoleri ambiri aku Europe a ICFTU. Atsogoleri a AFL-CIO ankaona kuti anthu a ku Ulaya, omwe ndale zawo zinali "demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu," zinali zosakwanira zotsutsana ndi atsamunda polimbana ndi atsamunda akumadzulo ku Africa. [Mfundo yomwe Carew sanaifotokoze inali yolimbikitsa atsogoleri a AFL-CIO; mosakayikira, iwo sanali kusamala kwenikweni za Afirika kapena anthu ake, koma ankafuna kulamulira iwo amene akanatha kuwafikira, kotero iwo akanatha kuwagwiritsa iwo ntchito pa nkhondo yawo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi “chikominisi.”] Chifukwa chake, pamapeto pake, sikuti utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO udalimbana ndi Chikomyunizimu, komanso adalimbana ndi ma demokalase a ICFTU-ndi anzawo aku America, Walter ndi Victor Reuther a United Auto Workers (UAW)-potero akubweretsa izi. akulimbana ndi AFL-CIO's Executive Board, bungwe lolamulira kwambiri la bungwe pakati pamisonkhano yamayiko.
Carew amatenga njira zovuta kwambiri izi, koma zofunika kwambiri, ndikuwonetsa momwe zidakhalira munthawi ya 1945-70. Pamapeto pake, AFL-CIO idachoka ku ICFTU mu 1969, osakhutira kuti mabungwe ogwirizana a mabungwe amtundu wa anthu omwe anali mamembala a ICFTU akupanga maulalo ku mabungwe ndi malo antchito kumbuyo kwa "Iron Curtin," ndipo adakhumudwa kuti atsogoleri a ICFTU sakufuna. kuyesa kuwaletsa.
Kulimba kwa bukhuli - komanso komwe kuli kovomerezeka - ndikulongosola mwatsatanetsatane zolimbana ndi utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO motsutsana ndi Chikomyunizimu ndi mgwirizano womwe amautamandira padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuphatikizanso zambiri zakuyanjana kwawo ndi ndalama ndi CIA. Chifukwa chake, potsatira zochitika za Lovestone, Brown ndi Meany mwatsatanetsatane, Carew amapanga akaunti yomwe imaposa akaunti ina iliyonse mpaka pano ndipo, ndikukhulupirira, ikhalabe yopanda malire.
Izi, komabe, zimabweretsa kufooka kwakukulu: ngati Lovestone ndi Brown onse sakutenga nawo mbali - monga muzochitika za AFL-CIO ku Latin America-ndiye kuti akauntiyo ilibe mphamvu. [Kutsatira Brown, yemwe adachita nawo ntchito za AFL-CIO ku Africa ndipo adakhala mtsogoleri woyamba wa African American Labor Center mu 1964, akuwonjezera zofunikira pazochitikazi-kuphatikiza kugwirizana kwambiri ndi Joseph Sese Seko Mubutu waku Congo (kenako Zaire). ), wolamulira wankhanza, woipa modabwitsa ndi wokhalitsa—koma wopanda mphamvu ya bukhu lonselo; Lovestone sanakhudzidwe nawo.] Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale pali gawo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa AIFLD (American Institute of Free Labor Development) ku Latin America, palibe kanthu pa zomwe AFL adachitapo kale pakugwetsa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase la Guatemala (mu 1954), ndi zochepa kwambiri pakuchita nawo gawo pambuyo pake pakugwetsa boma losankhidwa mwademokalase ku Brazil (1964); ntchito zawo zothandizira kugwetsa boma losankhidwa mwademokalase ku Chile (1972-73) zapitirira malire a nthawi yomwe ikuganiziridwa.
Bukuli lilinso ndi zonse-koma-zopanda zokambilana za momwe AFL-CIO alili pankhondo yaku Vietnam. Inde, et. al., adathandizira kwambiri nkhondo yaku America. Komabe kuthandizira nkhondoyi kunali konyansa kwa atsogoleri ambiri ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo AFL-CIO idataya ulemu chifukwa cha "maudindo" ake. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo lidayamba kugwira ntchito ku US, zomwe zidayambitsa mikangano yamkati ndipo, mosavutikira, zidapangitsa kuti UAW yotsogozedwa ndi Reuther isiyane ndi AFL-CIO mu 1968.
Potsirizira pake, panalibe kukambirana za kusowa kwa chidziwitso / kukambirana / kulingalira za udindo ndi zofuna za mamembala a udindo ndi mafayilo okhudzana ndi ndondomeko zakunja za AFL-CIO ndi ntchito. Pofotokoza za Carew, panalibe chilichonse chosonyeza pankhaniyi.
Mwachidule, kuyang'ana pa Lovestone ndi Brown chinali chisankho chofunikira kwambiri, ndipo n'zokayikitsa kuti kumvetsetsa kotheratu za zochitika zomwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndizochitika. Zomwezo sizinganenedwe, mwatsoka, m'madera ndi zochitika zomwe sanagwirizane nazo. Komabe, nkhani yodabwitsa, yovomerezeka ya zakale, komanso chidziwitso chothandiza chakumapeto.
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Ndemanga zomwe zili pamwambazi zikukhudzana ndi kafukufuku wofufuza; ndi nthawi kukambirana kusanthula zimenezi. Nkhani zomwe zimakhudza aliyense wogwira ntchito m'mundawu, komabe, ziyenera kufotokozedwa ndikukambidwa.
Nkhani yaikulu ndi nkhani yaikulu ya ndale-yachuma-ya chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku woteroyo. Zomwe zimagwira ntchito yonse ya Carew ndikuvomereza zoyesayesa za US kulamulira nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, makamaka zoyesayesa zochepetsera kapena kufooketsa zoyesayesa zofananazo zikachitika ndi Soviet Union kapena ogwirizana nawo. Tsopano, ngakhale kuti ambiri aife tingavomereze kuti zinali bwino kuti United States idapambana m'zoyesayesa zake komanso kuti zinali zabwino kuti Soviet Union inalepheretsedwa, komabe, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti cholinga cha akuluakulu a United States chinali kulamulira dziko. dziko. Izi sizinali “zachibadwa,” “zopatsidwa ndi Mulungu,” kapena “zokonzedweratu”; zinali zotsatira za zokambirana za ndale ndi zisankho za akuluakulu apamwamba ku United States omwe ankalamulira-mwachindunji kapena molakwika-boma la US panthawi ya nkhondo ndi pambuyo pake. Mwachidule, mfundo zakunja zaku US zinali zomanga anthu, ndipo ziyenera kudziwika nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, kwa akatswiri ofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu, tiyenera kuvutitsa mfundo zakunja zaku US ndi kuyesetsa kukulitsa Ufumu wa US poyesa kulamulira dziko lapansi m'malo mowavomereza ngati "opatsidwa" kapena "zachilengedwe" (onani McCoy, 2017).
Kuvuta uku kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US mu ubale ndi Soviet Union ndikofunikira kwambiri. Akuluakulu aku US adachita ziwanda za mfundo za Soviet kuyambira 1945 osayesa kumvetsetsa momwe dziko lidawawonera kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Dziko lawo linali litalandidwa katatu kuchokera Kumadzulo muzaka zosakwana 150-ndi Napoleon kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800; ndi Kumadzulo (kuphatikizapo United States) mu 1918 ndi 1919 pambuyo pa Kuukira kwa Bolshevik; ndi chipani cha Nazi mu 1941-45, ndipo zaka zingapo zapitazo, Soviet Union inataya oposa 27. miliyoni anafa ndipo anawonongeka kwambiri ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a Kumadzulo kwa dziko lawo - ndipo adatsimikiza mtima kuti asalole kuti zichitikenso. (Akadakhala kuti US idalandidwa ndi Mexico ngakhale kamodzi, purezidenti aliyense waku US akanachita zonse zomwe akanatha kuti aletse kubweranso.) Kuzindikirika kumeneku sikuli kukhululukira zomwe adachita pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, koma kuti aike momveka bwino, momveka bwino; utsogoleri wa Soviet sunali "ufumu woipa" wopanda nzeru womwe tidachenjezedwa mosalekeza, koma anali kuthana ndi "vuto" lofunika kwambiri lachitetezo cha dziko lomwe dziko lawo likukumana nalo. Atha kudzudzulidwa/kudzudzulidwa chifukwa cha momwe adayendera vutoli, koma kufunikira kwa iwo kuchita izi ndikomveka.
Kufunika kovutitsa uku kumagwiranso ntchito makamaka pagulu la ogwira ntchito. Mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito womwe unkalimbikitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi Meany ndi anzake, mofananamo, unali chikhalidwe cha anthu. Monga ndinakhazikitsira momveka bwino mu Ph.D yanga. Zolemba - zomwe zikuganiziridwa kuti zifalitsidwe - panali njira ina, yodziwika bwino ya mgwirizano wamalonda, yomwe idawonekera CIO isanakhazikitsidwe ndipo pambuyo pake idatsutsa mgwirizano wamabizinesi mkati mwa CIO (Scipes, 2003, and see Scipes, 2014). Mgwirizano wamalonda, makamaka mtundu wa Meany wa mgwirizano wamabizinesi, sunali njira yokhayo yopitira patsogolo, komanso ngakhale njira yabwino yopitira patsogolo. Apanso, ziyenera kukhala zovuta, osati kuvomerezedwa ngati zachilendo.
Kumene izi zimabwera palimodzi ndikuvomereza mosakayikira mawonedwe a dziko lapansi a AFL, CIO's, ICFTU's, AFL-CIO's ndi UAW's (United Auto Workers') "Western". Mwachionekere, lingaliro lawo lonse lija la “mgwirizano waufulu wamalonda,” ndi kuti linali labwinopo kuposa la “Kum’maŵa” kwa Soviet Union. Atsogoleri a ntchito a Kumadzulo ananyoza mgwirizano wa Kum'maŵa, ndikuudzudzula chifukwa cholamulidwa ndi boma kapena boma. Izi zidatsutsidwa ndi mgwirizano wa "ufulu" wakumadzulo, pomwe ogwira ntchito adapanga mwademokalase mtundu wawo wa mgwirizano popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma kapena boma. Ngati wina aletsa "kusokoneza kwakunja" kwa boma kapena boma, ndiye kuti ali ndi mlandu wamphamvu.
Komabe, ngati awona mgwirizano wamalonda ukukulitsidwa ndi "atsogoleri" awo popanda kukambirana kwakukulu ndi chivomerezo chomaliza kuchokera kwa mamembala awo, ndi kumene atsogoleri awo amagwira ntchito ndi kufunafuna ndalama kuchokera kunja popanda chilolezo chodziwitsidwa ndi mamembala awo-ndipo ndikufotokozerani momveka bwino. kuganiza kuchokera ku "gulu lazanzeru," makamaka ndi CIA, komanso pambuyo pake kuchokera ku US Agency for International Development (US AID) - ndiye nkhani ya "kusokoneza" mwanjira iliyonse iyenera kuphatikizidwa, osati kungofikira kunja. kusokonezedwa ndi "boma" kapena "boma." Choncho, ngati mgwirizano wa Azungu ndi wabwino kapena woipa kuposa mgwirizano wa Kum'maŵa umakhala funso lachidziwitso lomwe lingayankhidwe, m'malo mopeza "zofunika" zomwe sizingakayikire.
Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi kuvomereza kwa AFL-CIO kapena bungwe lina lililonse lakumadzulo lazantchito kulowererapo m'zochitika za mkati mwa mabungwe ena ogwira ntchito, kaya ku Western Europe kapena makamaka "mayiko otukuka".
M'malo mwake, ndichodabwitsa kwambiri (osati mawu amphamvu mokwanira) kuti AFL-CIO ndi ena mwa ogwirizana nawo a Kumadzulo adachita zomwezo kuti agonjetse otchedwa "adani" -kusowa kwa bungwe lodziwika bwino la demokalase. makhalidwe, chinsinsi, komanso kufunafuna mobisa / kuvomereza thandizo la ndalama za boma popanda kudziwa za mamembala awo-ndizo "zifukwa" zomwe anapereka chifukwa chake mgwirizano wa Kum'mawa umayenera kutsutsidwa poyamba! Kodi ndidanena kuti izi ndi zododometsa?
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Izi zikutanthauza, palimodzi, kuti m'malo movomereza mgwirizano wamalonda wa AFL kapena CIO, kapena bungwe lophatikizidwa, monga mwachilengedwe, tiyenera kuwavutitsa, kufunsa ngati iyi inali njira yabwino kwambiri yopitira patsogolo. Zimatanthauzanso kuyamikira maphunziro omwe achita zoterezi.
Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro anga, Nkhondo Yachinsinsi ya AFL-CIO yolimbana ndi Ogwira Ntchito Kumayiko Otukuka: Mgwirizano Kapena Kuwononga? (Scipes, 2010), sanatchulidwe nkomwe muzofotokozera za Carew, komanso zovuta zomwe adatulutsa sizinayankhidwe. Zodabwitsa zambiri apa: ngakhale osagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo, umboni wotsimikizika wa Carew ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe ndikunena: kuti atsogoleri a ntchito aku US amakhulupirira kuti United States ayenera kulamulira dziko lapansi, ndi kuti iwo anagwira ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti chipambano chake; kuti ndondomeko ya ntchito yakunja imeneyi inachokera ku mphamvu mkati ku gulu la ogwira ntchito, osati kuchokera kunja magwero (Boma la US, State Department, CIA) monga momwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adanenera; kuti utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO unagwira ntchito yogwetsa maboma osankhidwa mwa demokalase (mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil mu 1964), komanso kuti utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO unathandizira maulamuliro ankhanza (Mobutu wa ku Zaire kuwonjezera pa ena omwe ndinawatchula); ndi kuti atsogoleri a ntchito ku US adabisa zonsezi kwa mamembala a AFL-CIO (ndipo ngakhale atsogoleri ambiri a mgwirizano), akuchita m'dzina lawo koma kumbuyo kwawo.
Chifukwa chake ngakhale ndidajambula chithunzi cha chilombocho koyambirira kwa 1900s mpaka 2007, Carew tsopano adapaka utoto muzaka za 1945-1970.
Chinthu chimodzi chomwe Carew sanachite m'bukuli ndikuti sanatsimikizire kuti njira zomwezi zidapitilira pambuyo pa 1970, monga ndanenera (Scipes, 2010). Ndiko bwino: ife tsopano tiri ndi Ph.D. dissertation yofotokoza zochitika za Solidarity Center kuyambira 2002-2009 (Bass, 2012); tili ndi china chosonyeza zotsatira za zovuta za ndondomeko yachilendo ya AFL-CIO pa mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ku Latin America (Collombat, 2011); kuphatikiza, ndikudziwa za ntchito ziwiri zomwe zikuchitika pano ndikuyang'ana AIFLD. Kuphatikiza apo, ikupita patsogolo mkati mwa gulu la ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi: ndi Ph.D. dissertation yochokera ku Canada imawunikanso ndikupeza kuti akufuna mfundo zakunja ndi ntchito za Canadian Labor Congress (Nastovski, 2016). Ndipo pakhoza kukhala zambiri panjira.
Tilinso ndi kafukufuku wowunikiridwa ndi anzawo, ndikuwunika zochitika zonse za atsogoleri a AFL-CIO kuyambira 1980, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi AFL-CIO pazinthu zakunja sizinafanane ndi chidwi pazanyumba, kuvulaza antchito ku United States. (onani Scipes, 2017).
Mwachidule, tili ndi maphunziro angapo omwe amakhazikitsa ndondomeko zakunja za AFL ndipo pambuyo pake, AFL-CIO; bukuli lolembedwa ndi Anthony Carew kukhala lofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwazaka zomwe zaphimbidwa. Maphunzirowa akhazikitsa imperialism ya ntchito ya US Labor movement; zasonyezedwa kuti zachitika pofuna kuthandizira ndondomeko ya ndale ya utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO; komanso kuti sizinavomerezedwe mwademokalase ndi mamembala a AFL-CIO kapena atsogoleri ambiri, popeza utsogoleri wakhala ukuchita kumbuyo kwathu koma ukuchita m'dzina lathu. Ndipo tili ndi zotsutsana kuti izi zapweteka ogwira ntchito ku US kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ambiri omwe alowererapo.
Pamapeto pake, kusowa kwa demokalase yamkati ndi zonse zomwe zachitika ziyenera kukumana ndi mamembala ndi atsogoleri apansi a AFL-CIO. Sitingakhale ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito zademokalase kunyumba, komanso gulu lodana ndi demokalase kutsidya kwa nyanja-izi ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe limagwira ntchito mwademokalase kunyumba ndi kunja.
Zothandizira
Bass, G. Nelson, III. 2012. 2012. "Ntchito Yogwirizana ndi Ndondomeko Yachilendo ya US: The Solidarity Center in Historical Context." Ph.D yosasindikizidwa. zolemba. Dipatimenti ya Political Science, Florida International University. Pa intaneti pa https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/752/.
Collombat, Thomas. 2011. "Ambiri aku South: Dynamics of the International Labor Movement ku America. Zolemba za PhD zosasindikizidwa, Dipatimenti ya Sayansi Yandale, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
McCoy, Alfred W. 2017. Mu Shadows of the American Century: Kukwera ndi Kutsika kwa US Global Power. Chicago: Mabuku a Haymarket.
Nastovski, Katherine Slavka. 2016. "Kupita ku Transformative Solidarity: Nkhondo za Position mu Making of Labor Internationalism ku Canada." Zolemba za PhD zosasindikizidwa. Toronto: Yunivesite ya York. Ulalo: https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/33340/Nastovski_Katherine_2016_Phd.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
Scipes, Kim.
- 2003. "Trade Union Development and Racial Oppression in Chicago's Steel and Meatpacking Industries, 1933-1955." Ph.D yosasindikizidwa. Dissertation, Dipatimenti ya Sociology, Chicago: University of Illinois ku Chicago.
- 2010. Nkhondo Yachinsinsi ya AFL-CIO yolimbana ndi Ogwira Ntchito Kumayiko Otukuka: Mgwirizano Kapena Kuwononga? Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. (Paperback inatulutsidwa mu 2011.) Kanema wokambilana za bukuli ali pa intaneti pa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzUsLrlie_Q.
- 2014. "Social Movement Unionism kapena Social Justice Unionism? Kusokoneza Chisokonezo cha Theoretical ndi Global Labor Movement. " Kalasi, Mpikisano ndi Mphamvu Zamakampani, Vol. 2, Gawo 3, Ndime 9. Pa intaneti pa https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol2/iss3/9/.
- 2017. "Kulephera Kwambiri kwa Utsogoleri Wautsogoleri ku United States, 1980-2017 ndi Kupitiliza." Kalasi, Mpikisano ndi Mphamvu Zamakampani, Vol, 5, No. 2, Nkhani 5; pa intaneti pa https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss2/5/.
Mndandanda wathunthu wa ntchito za malamulo akunja a AFL-CIO zomwe ndikuzidziwa zili pa "Contemporary Labor Issues" Bibliography, pa intaneti kwaulere, ndi maulalo a zolemba zambiri zoyambirira, pa. https://faculty.pnw.edu/kim-scipes/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/#AFL-CIOForeignOperations.
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Kim Scipes ndi Pulofesa wa Sociology ku Purdue University Northwest ku Westville, Indiana, USA. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi gulu losinthidwa, Kumanga Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Panthawi Yopititsa patsogolo Kugwirizana kwa Padziko Lonse (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016), ndi zolemba zake (zambiri zolumikizidwa ndi zolemba zapaintaneti) zitha kupezeka pa https://faculty.pnw.edu/kim-scipes/publications/#2.
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