Kuti tikumbukire zaka 20 za kusindikizidwa, tikuyendetsa mndandanda wowonetsa
zolemba zosaiŵalika zakale, zotsogola ku tsiku lathu lobadwa mwalamulo
January 2008. Tikuwasindikizanso m’magazini oyambirira. Mu
Nkhaniyi, tikuwonetsa gawo la mndandanda wa Noam Chomsky pa Chaka
501 kuchokera mu March 1992. —Mkonzi.
CHAKA cha 1992 chinabweretsa vuto lalikulu la makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kwa ochuluka
magawo amwayi m'mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Vutoli likukulirakulira
ndi mfundo yakuti m'magulu awa, makamaka nkhondo yathu, yotchuka
kwa zaka mazana ambiri wapambana mlingo wa ufulu ndi mwayi kwa
maganizo odziyimira pawokha ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Momwe vutoli likuyankhidwira,
m'malo mwake, ngakhale zimadziwika pamlingo waukulu, zitha kukhala zowopsa
zotsatira zake.
Monga aliyense akudziwa, tikulowa m'chaka cha 500th cha Old World Order,
nthawi zina amatchedwa nyengo ya Colombia ya mbiri ya dziko, kapena Vasco da Gama
nthawi, kutengera yemwe wokonda ludzu lamagazi adafika poyamba. Kapena “m
500-year Reich,” kubwereka mutu wa buku laposachedwa lofananiza buku la
njira ndi malingaliro a chipani cha Nazi ndi omwe adawaukira ku Europe omwe
anagonjetsa ambiri a dziko. Mutu waukulu wa Old World Order uli nawo
kunali kulimbana pakati pa ogonjetsa ndi ogonjetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi
sikelo. Zatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikupatsidwa mayina osiyanasiyana: imperialism,
Mkangano wa Kumpoto-Kumwera, core vs periphery, G-7 (boma 7 lotsogola
ma capitalist industrial societies) ndi ma satellite awo motsutsana ndi ena onse.
Kapena, mophweka, kugonjetsa dziko la Ulaya.
Ndi mawu akuti "Europe," tikuphatikiza madera okhala ku Europe omwe tsopano
kutsogolera nkhondo; kutengera misonkhano yaku South Africa, aku Japan ali
adavomerezedwa ngati "Azungu aulemu," olemera mokwanira kuti ayenerere. Japan ndiye anali
gawo la Kum'mwera lomwe linapulumuka kugonjetsedwa ndipo, mwinamwake osati mwangozi,
gawo limodzi lomwe lidatha kujowina pachimake, ndi ena omwe anali madera ake akale
m'malo mwake. Lingaliro lakuti pali zambiri kuposa zochitika mwangozi mu mgwirizano
za ufulu wodzilamulira ndi chitukuko zimalimbikitsidwa ndi kuyang'ana ku Western Europe,
kumene magawo omwe anali atsamunda amatsatira njira ya Dziko Lachitatu yakusatukuka.
Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino ndi Ireland, yomwe inagonjetsedwa mwankhanza, kenaka inaletsedwa ku chitukuko
ndi ziphunzitso za "malonda aulere" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kugonjera
Kum'mwera - masiku ano amatchedwa "structural adjustment," "neo-liberalism," kapena
"zolinga zathu zabwino," zomwe ife, motsimikiza, timamasulidwa.
Mbiri Yapang'ono
ANTHU oyambirira a ku Spain ndi Chipwitikizi anali kugonjetsa dziko lawo.
Mu 1492, Ayuda a ku Spain anathamangitsidwa kapena kukakamizidwa kuti atembenuke.
Mamiliyoni a Moor anakumana ndi tsoka lomwelo. Kugwa kwa Granada mu 1492,
kutha zaka mazana asanu ndi atatu a ulamuliro wa Moor, kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka
Bwalo la Inquisition la ku Spain kuti liwonjezere mphamvu zake zankhanza. Ogonjetsawo anawononga
mabuku amtengo wapatali ndi zolembedwa pamanja zokhala ndi mbiri yabwino yamaphunziro akale,
ndipo anawononga chitukuko chimene chinali chitachita bwino kwambiri
ulamuliro wololera komanso wotukuka wa Amoor. Njira idakhazikitsidwa pakutsika kwa
Spain komanso chifukwa cha tsankho ndi nkhanza za kugonjetsa dziko—“temberero
wa Columbus,” m’mawu a wolemba mbiri wa mu Afirika Basil Davidson.
Spain ndi Portugal posakhalitsa anachotsedwa pa udindo wawo waukulu monga Chingelezi
achifwamba, achifwamba, ndi ogulitsa akapolo ndi amene anasesa m’nyanja, mwina ambiri
Wodziwika bwino, Sir Francis Drake. Pambuyo pake, dziko lachingelezi lophatikizidwa kumene
anatenga ntchito ya “nkhondo za misika” kuchokera pa “zofunkha za Elizabethan
agalu am'nyanja." Mphamvu za boma zinathandizanso England kugonjetsa madera a Celtic,
ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira zongopeka kumene ndikuwononga kwambiri
kwa ozunzidwa atsopano kudutsa nyanja. Pofika m'chaka cha 1651, England inali yamphamvu kwambiri
kuyika Navigation Act, yomwe idakhazikitsa malo ogulitsa otsekedwa nthawi yonseyi
zambiri padziko lapansi, zoyendetsedwa ndi amalonda achingerezi. Choncho anatha
kudzilemeretsa kudzera mu malonda a akapolo ndi “malonda awo ofunkha ndi
America, Africa ndi Asia,” mothandizidwa ndi “nkhondo zachitsamunda zochirikizidwa ndi boma”
ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za kayendetsedwe ka zachuma zomwe mphamvu za boma zimakhala nazo
adapanga njira yachitukuko (Hill, Nation of Change & Novelty, Routledge
ndi Kegan Paul, 1990).
Tiyenera kutsindika kuti ziphunzitso zachuma zolalikidwa ndi amphamvu
amapangidwira ena, kuti athe kubedwa bwino komanso
kudyera masuku pamutu. Palibe anthu olemera omwe amavomereza izi zokha,
pokhapokha atapereka mwayi kwakanthawi; ndipo mbiri yawo ikuwulula
kuti kupatuka kwakukulu kwa ziphunzitso zimenezi kunali kofunika kuti munthu atukuke.
Osachepera kuyambira ntchito ya Alexander Gerschenkronin m'ma 1950, zakhala zikuchitika
odziwika kwambiri ndi akatswiri azachuma kuti "chitukuko mochedwa" chakhalapo
kudalira kwambiri kulowererapo kwa boma; Japan ndi Newly Industrializing
Maiko (NICs) m'mphepete mwake ndi zitsanzo zamasiku ano. The
n’chimodzimodzinso ndi “kukula koyambirira” kwa England ndi United States.
Misonkho yokwera ndi mitundu ina ya kulowererapo kwa boma ingakhale yakweza mtengo
kwa ogula American, koma analola makampani zoweta kukhala, kuchokera
nsalu mpaka zitsulo kumakompyuta, kuletsa zinthu zotsika mtengo zaku Britain m'mbuyomu
zaka, kupereka msika wotsimikiziridwa ndi boma komanso thandizo la anthu kuti afufuze
ndi chitukuko m'magawo apamwamba, kupanga ndi kusunga ndalama zambiri
agribusiness, ndi zina zotero. "Kulowa m'malo [kudzera mu kulowererapo kwa boma]
ndi njira yokhayo yomwe aliyense angaganizirepo zopanga mafakitale," chitukuko
katswiri wa zachuma Lance Taylor akutero, akumawonjezera kuti “M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, pali
palibe kusintha kwa laissez-faire kukukula kwachuma kwamakono. Boma latero nthawi zonse
idalowererapo kuti ipange gulu la capitalist, kenako liyenera kuwongolera
gulu la capitalist, ndiyeno boma liyenera kuda nkhawa kuti lilandidwa
ndi gulu la capitalist, koma boma lakhala liripo nthawi zonse. Komanso,
mphamvu za boma zakhala zikupemphedwa nthawi zonse ndi gulu la capitalist kuti liteteze
zimachokera ku zotsatira zowononga za msika wosayendetsedwa, kuteteza chuma,
misika, ndi mwayi kwa ndalama, ndi zambiri kuteteza
ndi kuonjezera phindu ndi mphamvu zawo; Pentagon dongosolo lothandizira anthu
kwa mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri ndiye chitsanzo chowoneka bwino kwambiri, pafupi ndi kwathu (Taylor,
Madola & Sense, Nov. 1991; onaninso wanga Kuletsa Demokalase, Verso, 1991).
N'zosadabwitsa kuti boma likufuna njira zatsopano zosamalira
mafakitale a Pentagon tsopano chifukwa chodziwikiratu chasowa.
Njira imodzi ndikuwonjezera kugulitsa zida zakunja, zomwe zimathandizanso kuchepetsa
zovuta za malipiro. Boma la Bush lapanga Center
kuti Defense Trade ilimbikitse kugulitsa zida, ndipo yalamula akazembe a U.S
kutenga nawo mbali mokangalika uku akufunsira zitsimikizo za boma la U.S
mpaka $1 biliyoni pa ngongole zogulira zida za US. Chitetezo cha Chitetezo
A Assistance Agency akuti yatumiza maofesala opitilira 900 kwa ena
Mayiko a 50 kuti alimbikitse kugulitsa zida za US. Nkhondo ya ku Gulf inali yotchuka kwambiri
zowonetsedwa ngati chipangizo cholimbikitsira malonda. Larry Korb wa Brookings Institution,
yemwe kale anali Mlembi Wothandizira wa Chitetezo yemwe amayang'anira mayendedwe, akutero
kuti lonjezo la kugulitsa zida zakhala likusunga masheya ankhondo okwera
ngakhale kuti Nkhondo Yozizira inatha, ndipo malonda a zida zankhondo akukwera kuchokera pa $ 12
biliyoni mu 1989 kufika pafupifupi $40 biliyoni mu 1991.
ndi asitikali aku US akhumudwitsidwa kwambiri ndi kugulitsa zida zina ndi
Makampani a U.S. Popeza “Purezidenti Bush adayitana Meyi watha [1991] kuti adziletse
pogulitsa zida ku Middle East," mtolankhani wa AP Barry Schweid akuti,
"United States yasamutsa zida zankhondo zokwana madola 6 biliyoni kuderali,"
gawo la $ 19 biliyoni mu zida za US zomwe zidatumizidwa ku Middle East kuyambira Iraq
kuwukira kwa Kuwait mu Ogasiti 1990. Kuyambira 1989, zida za U.S.
Dziko Lachitatu lawonjezeka ndi 138 peresenti, zomwe zimapangitsa US kukhala kutali ndi kutali
wotsogola wogulitsa zida. Zogulitsa kuyambira Meyi zikufotokozedwa kuti "zambiri
mogwirizana ndi zomwe Purezidenti wachita komanso malangizo ake"
pofuna kudziletsa, mneneri wa dipatimenti ya boma Richard Boucher anafotokoza—ndithu
molondola, kupatsidwa cholinga chenicheni.
Kulingalira koteroko, komabe, sikuyenera kubisa mbali yofunika kwambiri
ya Pentagon system (kuphatikiza NASA ndi DOE) pakusunga ukadaulo wapamwamba
makampani nthawi zambiri, monga momwe kulowererapo kwa boma kumathandizira kwambiri
kuthandiza biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, agribusiness, ndi mpikisano kwambiri
magawo azachuma.
Ndi miyezo ya IMF, United States, patatha zaka khumi zomwe George Bush
amatchedwa "voodoo economics" asanalowe nawo gululi, ndiye wamkulu
woyimira pamiyeso yochepetsetsa kwambiri. Koma ndi wamphamvu kwambiri
mverani malamulo opangira ofooka. Palibe amene ankatsatira chiphunzitso chaufulu
modzipereka kwambiri kuposa a British, atagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma
kulanda ndi kuwononga, kukhazikitsa maziko a kusintha kwa mafakitale koyamba
ndi ulamuliro wawo pakupanga ndi malonda padziko lonse lapansi. Koma wokonda
zolankhula zinachepa pamene sizinathandizenso zofuna za olamulira. Zalephera
kuti apikisane ndi Japan m'zaka za m'ma 1920, Britain adaletsa Japan kuti achite
malonda ndi Commonwealth, kuphatikizapo India; Anthu a ku America anatsatiranso chimodzimodzi
mu ufumu wawo waung’ono, monga momwe adachitira Achidatchi. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri
zomwe zidatsogolera kunkhondo ya Pacific pomwe Japan idayamba kutsanzira omwe adatsogolera amphamvu,
atatengera mwachidziwitso maulamuliro awo aufulu ndikupeza kuti iwo
zinali zachinyengo, zoperekedwa kwa ofooka, zolandiridwa ndi amphamvu pokhapokha iwo
ndi zothandiza. Chotero zakhala ziri nthawizonse. Masiku ano, World Bank ikulingalira zimenezo
njira zodzitetezera m'maiko opangira mafakitale-kuyenda ndi
Free market bombast—kuchepetsa ndalama za dziko la “mabungwe otukuka”
pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ndalama zoperekedwa ndi "thandizo lachitukuko" la boma;
Mawu oti "mabungwe otukuka" ndi chilankhulo chodziwika bwino kwa iwo omwe
sakukula, mothandizidwa pang'ono ndi anzawo. (Pambuyo pake
za nkhondo ya Pacific, onani wanga American Mphamvu ndi Mandarin Atsopano, Pantheon,
1969.)
"Thandizo lachitukuko" lingathandize kapena kuvulaza omwe akulandira, koma izo
ndi mwangozi. Kawirikawiri, ndi njira yotsatsa malonda kunja. Mmodzi wodziwika
Chitsanzo ndi pulogalamu ya Food for Peace, yomwe idapangidwa kuti izithandizira bizinesi yaulimi yaku US
ndi kulimbikitsa ena kuti "azidalira ife kuti tipeze chakudya" (Senator Hubert
Humphrey), ndikulimbikitsa chitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimasunga dongosolo
pa Dziko Lachitatu pofuna kuti maboma ang'onoang'ono agwiritse ntchito anzawo
ndalama zopangira zida zankhondo (moteronso kupereka ndalama zothandizira zida zankhondo za U.S.). Wina
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chokwezera katundu kunja chinali Marshall Plan ndi zida zina
ya nthawiyo, yolimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi "dollar gap" yomwe idasowa
Makampani aku US a msika wogulitsa kunja, akuwopseza kubwereranso kupsinjika
cha m'ma 1930. Kaŵirikaŵiri, cholinga chake chinali “kupeŵa ‘chuma, chikhalidwe
ndi chipwirikiti cha ndale ku Ulaya, chili ndi Chikomyunizimu (kutanthauza osati kuloŵererapo kwa Soviet
koma kupambana kwa zipani zakomweko zachikomyunizimu), kuletsa kugwa
za malonda aku America kunja, ndikukwaniritsa cholinga cha multilateralism, "ndi
perekani chilimbikitso chofunikira pazachuma pa "ndondomeko yamunthu payekha komanso payekha
bizinesi ku Continent ndi ku United States,” akuchepetsa
kuopa "zoyeserera zamabizinesi asosholisti ndi maulamuliro aboma,"
zomwe "zingawononge mabizinesi apadera" ku United Statesnso
(Michael Hogan, mu kafukufuku wamkulu wamaphunziro). Marshall Plan nayonso "inakhazikitsidwa
siteji ya ndalama zambiri zapadera za US mwachindunji ku Ulaya.
"Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ya Reagan idawona mu 1984, ndikukhazikitsa maziko
zamakampani amakono amitundumitundu, amene “anachita bwino ndi kukulirakulira
pa maoda akunja… zolimbikitsidwa ndi madola a Marshall Plan”
ndi kutetezedwa ku "zoyipa" ndi "ambulera yaku America
mphamvu,” Sabata la Amalonda anawona mu 1975, akudandaula kuti nyengo yabwinoyi
kulowererapo kwa boma kungakhale kuzimiririka. Thandizo ku Israeli, Egypt, ndi Turkey,
olandira otsogola m'zaka zaposachedwa, amalimbikitsidwa ndi udindo wawo pakusunga
Ulamuliro waku US ku Middle East, wokhala ndi nkhokwe zake zazikulu zamafuta.
(Pa Food for Peace, onani wanga Zolinga Zofunika, South End, 1989.)
Kotero zimapita m'mbali. "Zolinga zathu" ndi "utsogoleri wamakhalidwe aku America"
(Henry Kissinger) ndi zida zamalonda za gulu la commissar m'boma
ndi mabungwe amalingaliro. Dziko lenilenilo likupita mosiyanasiyana
njira.
KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO NTCHITO YA NTCHITO YAULERE monga chida cholimbana ndi osauka kumawonetsedwa bwino
ndi kafukufuku wa Banki Yadziko Lonse wokhudza kutentha kwa dziko, wolinganizidwa “kupanga mgwirizano
pakati pa akatswiri azachuma” (kutanthauza, alangizi a akatswiri a olamulira) pasadakhale
za msonkhano wa Rio wokhudza kutentha kwa dziko mu June, New York Times malonda
mtolankhani Silvia Nasar akusimba pansi pa mutu wakuti “Kodi Capitalism Ingapulumutse
ndi Ozone?” (Tanthauzo lake ndi lakuti: “Inde”). Katswiri wazachuma ku Harvard Lawrence
Summers, katswiri wazachuma wa World Bank, akufotokoza kuti chilengedwe cha dziko
mavuto ali makamaka "zotsatira za ndondomeko zomwe zalakwika
zifukwa zachuma,” makamaka mfundo za mayiko osauka
kuti “zakhala zikupereka mafuta, malasha ndi gasi wachilengedwe kunyumba
ogula akuyembekeza kulimbikitsa mafakitale ndikusunga ndalama zamoyo zotsika
ogwira ntchito m'tauni" (Nasar). Ngati mayiko osauka akadakhala olimba mtima
kukana "kukakamizidwa kwambiri kuti apititse patsogolo chuma chawo"
polimbikitsa chitukuko komanso kuteteza anthu awo ku njala,
ndiye kuti mavuto a chilengedwe akanatha. "Kupanga misika yaulere ku Russia
ndipo mayiko ena osauka angachite zambiri kuti achepetse kutentha kwa dziko kuposa njira iliyonse
zomwe maiko olemera angatengere m’zaka za m’ma 1990,” World Bank ikumaliza motero—molondola.
popeza olemera sangatsatire ndondomeko zowawonongera
zokonda zawo, ndipo ali ndi zida zambiri zogwirira anthu osauka, kuphatikiza
kugwiritsa ntchito mosankha "malonda aulere" (m'mawu ang'onoang'ono, akatswiri azachuma ogwirizana
kuzindikiranso kuti "kuwongolera bwino kwa boma" kumachepetsa kuipitsa,
koma kuphwanya osauka kuli ndi ubwino woonekera).
Tsamba lomwelo la New York Times gawo la bizinesi limanyamula chinthu cholozera
memo yachinsinsi ya World Bank, yofalitsidwa ndi London Economist.
Wolemba memo ndi yemweyo Lawrence Summers. Iye analemba kuti: “Pakati pake
inu ndi ine, sikuyenera kuti Banki Yadziko Lonse ikhale ikulimbikitsa kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri
mafakitale auve ku [Dziko Lachitatu]?” Izi ndizomveka pazachuma
maziko, Summers akufotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, woyambitsa khansa adzakhala ndi
zotsatirapo zazikulu “m’dziko limene anthu amapulumuka ndi kudwala kansa ya prostate
kuposa m’dziko limene anthu ochepera zaka 5 amafa ndi 200 pa chikwi.” Mayiko osauka
ndi “oipitsidwa pang’ono,” ndipo nzomveka, pazifukwa za zachuma
rationality, kulimbikitsa "makampani auve" kusamukira kwa iwo: "Zachuma
Kutaya zinyalala zapoizoni m'dziko la anthu olandira malipiro otsika kwambiri
osalakwa ndipo tiyenera kuthana nazo. ” Chilimwe amazindikira kuti pamenepo
ndi "mikangano yotsutsana ndi malingaliro onsewa" otumizira kunja kuwononga chilengedwe
ku Dziko Lachitatu: "ufulu weniweni wa katundu wina, zifukwa zamakhalidwe,
nkhawa za anthu, kusowa kwamisika yokwanira, ndi zina zambiri." Koma vuto ndiloti
mikangano imeneyi "ikhoza kutembenuzidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwira mtima kwambiri
motsutsana ndi malingaliro onse a Banki omasuka. " "Bambo. Chilimwe akufunsa
mafunso omwe Banki Yadziko Lonse inganyalanyaze, "adatero Economist amawona,
koma "pazachuma, mfundo zake ndizovuta kuyankha." Zowonadi. Tili ndi
kusankha kuvomereza zomaliza kapena kuziwona ngati maphunziro
ad absurdum motsutsana ndi malingaliro a "msika waulere".
Choncho, ziphunzitso zake n’zomveka bwino. Pazifukwa za kulingalira kwachuma,
Dziko Lachitatu liyenera kuchepetsa ntchito zake "zolakwika" zolimbikitsa chuma
chitukuko pamene kuteteza anthu ku masoka, pamene olemera
maiko, kutsatira mfundo zomwezo za kulingalira bwino kwachuma, ayenera
kutumiza kunja kuipitsa ku Dziko Lachitatu. Mwanjira imeneyo, capitalism ikhoza kugonjetsa
vuto la chilengedwe. Free market capitalism ndi yodabwitsadi
kwaniritsa. Zowonadi payenera kukhala mphoto ziwiri za Nobel zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka, ayi
chimodzi chokha.
Atakumana ndi memo, Summers adanena kuti "zinali zongofuna kuputa
mkangano”—kwinanso, kuti kunali “kuyankha monyodola” ku Dziko lina
Kukonzekera kwa banki, monga Jonathan Swift. Mwina ndi chimodzimodzi
Kafukufuku wa World Bank "Consensus" adalembedwa patsamba lomwelo la Times
gawo la bizinesi. Ndipotu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kudziwa kuti ndi liti munthu wanzeru
zopangidwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi akatswiri ena amapangidwa mozama,
kapena ndi mawu achipongwe. Tsoka ilo, anthu ambiri,
ogonjera ku ziphunzitso izi, musakhale ndi mwayi wosinkhasinkha izi
funso lochititsa chidwi.
Ngakhale kuti sizinali zolinganizidwa kwa ife, “malonda aulere ali ndi ntchito zake,”
Arthur MacEwan akuwona pakuwunikanso mbiri yofananira yamafakitale
ndi chitukuko chaulimi kudzera muchitetezo ndi njira zina za
kusokoneza boma, makamaka ku United States: “Maiko otukuka kwambiri
angagwiritse ntchito malonda aulere kuti awonjezere mphamvu zawo ndi ulamuliro wawo pa dziko lapansi
chuma, ndipo mabizinesi amatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati chida cholimbana ndi ntchito. Chofunika kwambiri,
malonda aulere amatha kuchepetsa kuyesetsa kugawanso ndalama mofanana, kufooketsa
mapulogalamu opita patsogolo a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikuletsa anthu kulamulira mwademokalase
moyo wawo wachuma.” Palibe zodabwitsa, ndiye, chiphunzitso cha neoliberal chili nacho
adapeza chigonjetso chachikulu chotere mkati mwa dongosolo lamalingaliro. Umboni wa
chitukuko chabwino ndi zotsatira zenizeni za chiphunzitso cha neoliberal
imatayidwa ndi kunyozedwa komwe kumayenera kukhala kosafunikira.
Zonsezi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lachiphunzitso ndi ndondomeko ya
New World Order, monga kale.
AKAKOLONI a ku North America anatsatira maphunziro awo
otsogolera m'dziko lakwawo. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a colonization,
Virginia anali likulu la zauchifwamba ndi kufunkha, kuwononga malonda aku Spain komanso
kulanda anthu okhala ku France mpaka kugombe la Maine. Pachiyambi
wa m’zaka za zana la 17, “New York inakhala msika wa mbava kumene amabera
anataya zofunkha panyanja zazikulu,” akutero wolemba mbiri Nathan Miller.
monga ku England, "ziphuphu ... zinali mafuta omwe ankapaka magudumu
za makina oyendetsera dziko”; “Kulowerera ndi katangale kumasewera
gawo lofunikira pa chitukuko cha anthu amakono aku America komanso pakupanga chilengedwe
makina ovuta, olumikizirana aboma ndi mabizinesi omwe
pakalipano ndiye amasankha zomwe tikuchita," Miller adalemba monyoza
akatswiri amalingaliro omwe adachita mantha kwambiri pa Watergate.
Pamene mphamvu za boma zidaphatikizidwa, piracy idakhala yosavomerezeka kuposa kumezanitsa ndi
katangale, ngakhale US sakanalola nzika zaku America kugwidwa
kuti malonda a akapolo kapena milandu ina iweruzidwe ndi makhoti a mayiko.
A US sakanavomereza miyezo yoyenera yomwe a Libya anena
Qaddafi, yemwe walimbikitsa kuti milandu yokhudza uchigawenga yomwe akuti ichitike
anabweretsedwa ku Khoti Lalikulu la Dziko Lonse. Malingaliro amenewo amakanidwa mwachisawawa
ndi U.S., yomwe ilibe ntchito pang’ono kaamba ka zida zoterozo—mwinamwake, chodziŵikacho
katswiri wa zamalamulo apadziko lonse Alfred Rubin akupereka lingaliro, chifukwa “U.S.
ndipo mabwenzi ake awiri a ku Ulaya akufunafuna maziko ovomerezeka a asilikali
ku Libya komwe kungathandize Purezidenti kapena Prime Minister
yayandikira nthawi yachisankho.” Kukana kwa US kuloleza chilango cha Amereka
zigawenga sizinali zazing'ono; a U.S. anakana kulola asilikali apamadzi a ku Britain
kuti afufuze kapolo aliyense wa ku America, “ndipo zombo zapamadzi za ku America zinali pafupifupi
palibepo kuti amufufuze, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zombo zambiri za akapolo,
m’zaka za m’ma 1850, sanali kuulutsa mbendera ya ku America kokha komanso anali a ku America
nzika” (Alexander Saxton, Kukwera ndi Kugwa kwa White Republics,
Kenako, 1990).
Ndi ufulu waku America, mphamvu za boma zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mafakitale apakhomo,
kulimbikitsa ulimi, kuwongolera malonda, kulamulira zopangira,
ndi kulanda dziko kwa okhalamo. Anthu aku America "anayang'ana kwambiri
ntchito yodula mitengo ndi Amwenye ndi kutsekereza malire awo achilengedwe,”
monga momwe katswiri wa mbiri yakale Thomas Bailey akulongosolera ntchitoyi.
Ntchitozi zinali zomveka bwino ndi miyezo yovomerezeka ya ndale
kulondola; zovuta kwa iwo m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, mwadziwikiratu,
zinadzetsa chipwirikiti pakati pa anthu amene amaona kuti chilichonse n’chochepa kwambiri
kulamulira dongosolo lamalingaliro ngati tsoka losaneneka. Hugo
Grotius, wotsogolera anthu wazaka za zana la 17 komanso woyambitsa wamakono apadziko lonse lapansi
lamulo, linatsimikiza kuti “nkhondo yolungama kwambiri ndi yolimbana ndi zilombo zolusa, yotsatira
kwa anthu amene ali ngati nyama.” George Washington analemba mu 1783 kuti
"Kukulitsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa midzi yathu kudzachititsa anthu ankhanza,
monga nkhandwe, kupuma; zonse zili zilombo zolusa, ngakhale amasiyana
mawonekedwe"; zomwe zimatchedwa chilankhulo cha PC "pragmatist," Washington adawona
kugula minda ya Amwenye (nthawi zambiri, mwachinyengo ndi kuwopseza) ngati njira yotsika mtengo
njira kuposa chiwawa. Chikumbumtima chinapeputsidwanso ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo
opangidwa ndi Chief Justice John Marshall: "kutulukira kunapereka mwapadera
ufulu kuzimitsa ufulu waku India wokhalamo, pogula kapena
mwa kugonjetsa”; "Lamulo lija, lomwe limayendetsa, ndipo liyenera kuwongolera zonse,
ubale pakati pa wogonjetsa ndi wogonjetsedwa unali wosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito
kwa…mafuko a Amwenye…ankhanza ankhanza amene ntchito yawo inali nkhondo, ndi
amene moyo wawo unkatengedwa makamaka m’nkhalango.”
Atsamunda, ndithudi, ankadziwa bwino. Kupulumuka kwawo kunali kodalira
kusokonekera kwaulimi kwa “anthu ankhalwe. "Kuwona Narragansett-Pequot
Nkhondo, Roger Williams anatha kuona kuti kumenyana kwawo kunali “kwakuda kwambiri
ndi zowononga kuposa Nkhondo zankhanza za ku Ulaya.” John Underhill adanyoza
pa “Makhalidwe ofooka” a ankhondo a ku India, amene “sanayenere nkomwe
Dzina la kumenyana,” ndi zionetsero zawo zoseketsa zotsutsana ndi “okwiya”
kalembedwe kachingerezi kuti “amapha amuna ambiri”—osatinso akazi ndi
ana m’midzi yopanda chitetezo, njira ya ku Ulaya imene inayenera kuphunzitsidwa
kwa mbadwa zakumbuyo. Ziphunzitso zothandiza za John Marshall ndi ena
anakhalabe m'malo mwa maphunziro amakono; motero olemekezeka
Anthropological ulamuliro A. L. Kroeber akuti ndi amwenye aku East Coast
mtundu wa “nkhondo imene inali yopenga, yosatha,” yosamvetsetseka “kuchokera ku mfundo yathu
kaonedwe” ndi “kugogomezeredwa kwambiri mkati mwa [chikhalidwe chawo] kuthawa
zinali pafupifupi zosatheka,” kwa gulu lirilonse limene lingachoke ku zonyansazi
zikhulupiriro “zinali pafupi kutheratu” —“chinenezo chankhanza
[zimenezo] zikanakhala zolemetsa,” akutero Francis Jennings, “ngati mawu ake ongolankhula
anachirikizidwa ndi chitsanzo kapena maumboni,” m’katswiri wina wotchuka
kuphunzira. Amwenyewo sanali omenyera nkhondo, koma anafunikira kuphunzira njirazo
za "nkhondo yonse" ndi nkhanza zenizeni kuchokera kwa ogonjetsa a ku Ulaya, ndi awo
zokumana nazo zokwanira ku Ireland ndi kwina.
Anthu olemekezeka a m’mayiko ena amatsatira mfundo zofanana. Kwa Theodore Roosevelt,
ngwazi ya George Bush ndi olemba ndemanga omasuka omwe adathamangira
lingaliro lake la "ntchito yolungama" panthawi yakupha ku Gulf, "pomaliza pake
wolungama pankhondo zonse ndiye nkhondo yolimbana ndi ankhanza,” kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa
"mafuko akuluakulu padziko lapansi." “Mmishonale wanzeru” ameneyu, yemwe analipo masiku ano
akatswiri amalingaliro amamutcha iye, sanachepetse masomphenya ake kwa “zilombo zolusa” zomwe
anali akusesedwa kuchokera m'malo awo mkati mwa "malire achilengedwe" a
Dziko la America. Magulu ankhanza adaphatikizaponso "madago" ku
kum’mwera, ndi “achifwamba Achimalay” ndi “mitundu ya theka la China” amene anali kukana
kugonjetsa Amereka ku Philippines, onse “ankhalwe, akunja, ankhalwe
ndi anthu mbuli, Apache, Sioux, Achitchaina ankhonya,” monga ouma khosi awo
kukhumudwa kumawonetsedwa kwambiri. Winston Churchill anamva mpweya wapoizoni umenewo
zinali zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi "mafuko osatukuka" (Akurds ndi Afghans,
makamaka). Pozindikira kuvomereza kuti zokambirana zaku Britain zidalepheretsa
Msonkhano wa 1932 woletsa zida zoletsa kuphulitsa anthu wamba,
yemwenso wolemekezeka Lloyd George ananena kuti “tinaumirira
pa kusunga ufulu wophulitsa mabomba,” kufotokoza mfundoyi mwachidule.
Mafanizo a "nkhondo ya Amwenye" adatengedwa kudutsa ku Indochina
nkhondo. Misonkhanoyo sinathe mpaka m’ma 1990, monga tinaonera koyambirira
1991 ndipo mwina ateronso, posakhalitsa.
NTCHITO YAKUGWETSA MITENGI ndi Amwenye ndi kuzunguliza zachilengedwe zawo
malire” ankafunanso kuti papezeke njira ina yochotsera dziko lonseli
European interlopers. Mdani wamkulu anali England, cholepheretsa champhamvu,
ndi chandamale cha chidani choopsa m'magulu ambiri. Zinali mwangozi,
kubwerezabwereza, kulumikizidwa ndi kunyoza kwakukulu. Choncho mu 1865, patsogolo
Mkulu wa Chingerezi adapereka mwayi wophunzira ku yunivesite ya Cambridge
kwa maphunziro aku America, phunziro lomwe limalingaliridwa kukhala lochepera kwambiri kuti silingayenerere
chidwi. Madontho aku Cambridge adachita ziwonetsero mokwiya ndi zomwe adazitcha,
ndi luso lochititsa chidwi la zolembalemba, "kuwalitsa kwazaka ziwiri kwa mdima wa Transatlantic."
Iwo ankaopa kuti nkhanizo zifalitsa “malingaliro osakhutira ndi owopsa”
pakati pa anthu osaphunzira, “amene mwachibadwa akanachita nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi
mphamvu zina zazikulu." Ena amaganiza "kuti zidziwitso za Harvard
ophunzitsa angatsimikizire kuti maphunzirowo adzakhala osakhumudwitsa,” wolemba mbiri
Joyce Appleby akuti, pogwira mawu a don yemwe adazindikira kuti aphunzitsiwo
adzatengedwa m’kagulu kamene kanadzimva kukhala “pangozi mowonjezereka
za kudzazidwa ndi zigawo zapansi za demokalase yaikulu.” Amantha kwambiri
chikoka chogwetsa zinthu zapansi izi. Chiwopsezocho chinamenyedwa
kubwereranso mu chiwonetsero chochititsa chidwi cha mtundu wa kulondola kwa ndale komwe kukupitiriza
kulamulira m'mayiko ambiri a maphunziro, monga mantha monga kale lonse apansi
zinthu ndi malingaliro awo odabwitsa.
Pozindikira kuti gulu lankhondo la England linali lamphamvu kwambiri kuti silingathe kulimbana nalo,
A Jacksonian Democrats adapempha kuti Texas itengedwe kuti iwonetsetse dziko la US
kukhazikika kwa thonje. A U.S. adzatha kupumitsa England ndi
kuopseza Europe. “Popeza kuti mbewu ya thonje ndiyo yokhayo yokhayokha”
U.S. anali atapeza “chisonkhezero chachikulu pazochitika za dziko
kuposa zomwe zikanapezeka m'magulu ankhondo ngakhale amphamvu bwanji, kapena apanyanja ngakhale achuluka bwanji;
"Purezidenti Tyler adawona pambuyo pa kulandidwa ndikugonjetsa wachitatu
waku Mexico. "Kulamulira kumeneku, komwe kwatetezedwa tsopano, kumayika mayiko ena onse pamalo athu
mapazi,” analemba motero. "Chiletso cha chaka chimodzi chingapangitse ku Europe a
kuvutika kwakukulu kuposa nkhondo ya zaka makumi asanu. Ine ndikukayika ngati Wamkulu
Britain ikhoza kupewa kukomoka. ” Ulamuliro womwewo wokhawokha udasokoneza Britain
kutsutsa kugonjetsedwa kwa gawo la Oregon.
Mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yotchuka ya New York anakondwera kuti Britain anali “kotheratu
womangidwa ndi kuzimanga ndi zingwe za thonje” wa ku United States, “chingwe
zimene tingathe kulamulira nazo bwinobwino” mdani woopsa ameneyu. Zikomo kwa
kugonjetsa komwe kunatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu
malonda padziko lonse, Polk Administration inadzitamandira, US tsopano ikhoza "kulamulira
zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zotetezedwa ku American Union zosayamikirika
zandale ndi zamalonda.” "Zaka makumi asanu zidzatha
tsogolo la mtundu wa anthu lidzakhala m’manja mwathu,” phungu wina wa ku Louisiana
analengeza, pamene iye ndi ena ankayembekezera "kulamulira Pacific" ndi kulamulira
pa zinthu zomwe opikisana nawo a ku Ulaya ankadalira. Mlembi wa Polk
a Treasury adauza Congress kuti kugonja kwa ma Democrat kungatero
zimatsimikizira "kulamulira kwa malonda padziko lonse lapansi."
Wolemba ndakatulo wadziko lonse, Walt Whitman, analemba kuti kugonjetsa kwathu "kuchotsa
maunyolo amene amalepheretsa amuna kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala wosangalala ndi wabwino.” Mexico ku
maiko analandidwa kaamba ka ubwino wa anthu: “Zachisoni, zosagwira ntchito;
Mexico…zochita ndi ntchito yayikulu yobweretsa dziko latsopano ndi a
mtundu wolemekezeka?" Ena adazindikira zovuta zotengera chuma cha Mexico
popanda kudzilemetsa ndi anthu ake "opusa", "onyozeka"
mwa “kuphatikiza mafuko,” ngakhale kuti nyuzipepala ya New York inali ndi chiyembekezo chimenecho
tsoka lawo likakhala “lofanana ndi la Amwenye a m’dziko lino—a
mtundu, zaka zana zisanafike pa ife, zidzatha. "
Nkhawa za expansionists anapitirira mantha awo kuti paokha
Texas ikhoza kuphwanya ulamuliro wa US ndikukula kukhala mdani
ufumu; Zingathenso kuthetsa ukapolo, ndikuyambitsa zisankho zoopsa za chiyanjano.
Andrew Jackson ankaganiza kuti Texas yodziyimira payokha, yokhala ndi chisakanizo cha Amwenye
ndi akapolo othawa, akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Britain kuti "aponye zonse
kumadzulo kumayaka moto.” Kugonjetsa kwake koyambirira kwa Florida kunali koyenera
John Quincy Adams, ndi kuvomereza kwachidwi kwa Thomas Jefferson, ndi
kufunika kwa kulepheretsa zoyesayesa za Britain kuyambitsa “magulu osakanizika osayeruzika
Amwenye ndi akuda” mu “nkhondo yoopsa” yolimbana ndi “anthu amtendere”
waku United States.
Zikuwonekera popanda ndemanga zina kuti malingaliro a Jacksonian
Ma Democrat anali kwenikweni omwe adanenedwa ndi Saddam Hussein ndi mabodza aku US
atagonjetsa Kuwait. Koma mafananidwewo sayenera kukakamizidwa
patali kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi otsogolera ake a Jacksonian, Saddam Hussein sakudziwika
kuopa kuti ukapolo ku Iraq uwopsezedwa ndi kudziyimira pawokha
madera apafupi, kapena kuitanira anthu “opusa” awo
kuti "kutheratu" kotero kuti "ntchito yaikulu ya anthu ku Middle East
ndi mtundu wolemekezeka" wa Iraqi ukhoza kupititsidwa patsogolo, ndikuyika "zopita
wa mtundu wa anthu m’manja” a ogonjetsawo. Ndipo ngakhale zakutchire
zongopeka sanapereke Saddam kulamulira mphamvu pa chuma chachikulu
za tsiku la mtundu womwe anasangalalira ndi American expansionists m'ma 1840s.
Monga Qaddafi, Saddam akadali ndi zinthu zochepa zoti aphunzire kuchokera ku mbiri yathu,
kutamandidwa ndi aluntha ogwidwa.
Pambuyo pa kupambana kwapakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, akonzi a New York monyadira
anaona kuti U.S. inali “ulamuliro wokha umene sunayambe wafunafunapo ndipo sunayambepo
amafuna kupeza gawo la gawo ndi mphamvu yankhondo”; "Mwa zonse zazikulu
madera a chitaganya chathu chachikulu chimene nyenyezi inazungulirapo mafunde a mbendera,
palibe phazi limodzi lopeza mphamvu kapena kukhetsa mwazi. Otsalira
a mbadwa, mwa ena, sanafunsidwe kutsimikizira izi
chiweruzo. U.S. ndi wapadera pakati pa mayiko chifukwa “Mwa kuyenera kwake
ikudziwonjezera yokha.” Zimenezo n’zachibadwa, chifukwa “mitundu ina yonse…iyenera kugwada
ndi kuzimiririka” “ntchito yaikulu ya kugonjetsa ndi kugonjetsa” isanakwane
ndi mtundu wa Anglo-Saxon,” kugonjetsa popanda mphamvu. Mtsogoleri wamakono
Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amavomereza chithunzithunzi chokometsera chimenechi. Samuel Flagg Bemis analemba
mu 1965 kuti "kukula kwa America kudutsa kontinenti yopanda kanthu kunawonongedwa
palibe mtundu mopanda chilungamo. Arthur M. Schlesinger anali atafotokoza kale Polk ngati
“mosayenerera mmodzi wa amuna oiwalika a mbiri yakale ya ku America”: “Ponyamula
mbendera ku Pacific adapatsa America kukula kwake kontinenti ndikuwonetsetsa
kufunikira kwake m'tsogolo m'dziko," kuwunika kowona, ngati sichoncho ndendende
m’lingaliro lolinganizidwa.
Malingaliro a chiphunzitso choterowo sakanatha kupulumuka mosavuta nkhondo ya Vietnam, osachepera
kunja kwa kalasi ya aluntha, komwe timakhala tikuwunikiridwa pafupipafupi
za momwe “kwa zaka 200 United States yasunga pafupifupi mosawonongeka
malingaliro oyambirira a Chidziwitso…ndipo, koposa zonse, chilengedwe chonse
za mfundo izi ”(Pulofesa wa Yale Michael Howard). Kulemba lero pa “the
chithunzi cha anthu aku America," New York Times mtolankhani Richard Bernstein
akutero kuti “ambiri amene anakalamba m’zaka za zionetsero za m’ma 1960 atero
sanapezenso chidaliro mu ubwino wofunikira wa America ndi
boma la America lomwe lidapambana m'nthawi zakale," nkhani ya
nkhawa zambiri kwa akatswiri amalingaliro komanso zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha maloto a Camelot,
mutu wosangalatsa womwe uyenera kukambirana mosiyana.
KUGONJETSA DZIKO LATSOPANO kunayambitsa masoka aŵiri aakulu a anthu,
zosayerekezeka m'mbiri: kuwonongeka kwenikweni kwa anthu amtundu wamba
za Western hemisphere, ndi kuwonongeka kwa Africa monga malonda a akapolo
kukulitsidwa mwachangu kuti atumikire zosowa za ogonjetsa. Njira zoyambira
kupitilira mpaka nthawi ino. Monga kuphedwa kwa anthu ammudzi
ndi asitikali aku Guatemala adayandikira kupha anthu, Ronald Reagan ndi
Akuluakulu ake, akuyamika opha anthu okonda demokalase, adauza Congress
kuti US ipereka zida zankhondo "kuti zilimbikitse kusintha kwa anthu
ufulu wotsatira kulanda kwa 1982" komwe kunayika Ros Montt, mwina
wakupha wamkulu wa iwo onse; ngakhale "njira zoyambirira" zomwe
Guatemala inapeza zida zankhondo za U.S., General Accounting Office
wa Congress anaona, anali malonda malonda chilolezo ndi Dipatimenti ya
Commerce (kuyika pambali maukonde a ogwirizana ndi makasitomala omwe amakhala nthawi zonse
okonzeka kuthandizira kupha anthu ngati pangakhale phindu). U.S.
inathandizanso kuti pakhale kuphana ndi kuopsa kwakukulu
kuchokera ku Mozambique kupita ku Angola, pomwe "kukambirana mwamtendere" kunathandizira a Administration
Anzake aku South Africa awononga ndalama zoposa $60 biliyoni ndi 1.5 miliyoni
imfa kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1988 m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Zowononga kwambiri
zotsatira za tsoka lalikulu la capitalism kudutsa m'ma 1980 zinali
m'makontinenti awiri omwewo: Africa ndi Latin America.
Mmodzi mwa opha anthu aku Guatemala, General Hector Gramajo,
adalandira mphotho chifukwa cha zomwe adachita pakupha anthu kumapiri ndi a
Mason Fellowship ku Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government-osati
mopanda nzeru, poganizira zopereka za Kennedy pa ntchito ya
counterinsurgency (mawu aukadaulo a zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimachitika
mwa amphamvu). Madontho aku Cambridge adzapumula atamva kuti Harvard
salinso malo oopsa a chiwembu.
Pamene adalandira digiri yake ku Harvard, Gramajo adayankhulana ndi a Harvard
Ndemanga Yapadziko Lonse m'mene adapereka mawonekedwe ake ochulukirapo
udindo. Iye ananena kuti iyeyo ndi amene ankayang’anira komiti yomwe inakonza chiwembu
Pulogalamu ya “70 peresenti-30 peresenti ya nkhani za anthu, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Guatemala
boma m'zaka za m'ma 1980 kuti lilamulire anthu kapena mabungwe omwe amatsutsana
ndi boma.” Iye anafotokoza monyadira ziphunzitso zatsopano
adalengeza kuti: "Tapanga njira yothandiza anthu, yotsika mtengo,
kuti zigwirizane kwambiri ndi dongosolo la demokalase. Tinayambitsa nkhani zandale
[mu 1982] zomwe zimapereka chitukuko ku 70 peresenti ya anthu,
pamene timapha 30 peresenti. M’mbuyomu, njira yake inali yopha anthu 100 pa XNUMX alionse.”
Izi ndi "njira zotsogola" kuposa malingaliro amwano am'mbuyomu
kuti muyenera "kupha aliyense kuti amalize ntchito" yowongolera kusagwirizana.
Choncho, n’zopanda chilungamo kwa mtolankhani Alan Nairn, amene anaulula kumene U.S
wa magulu akupha ku Central America, kuti afotokoze Gramajo ngati "m'modzi mwa ophedwa
opha anthu ambiri ku Western Hemisphere,” monga Gramajo
anaimbidwa mlandu ndi Center for Constitutional Rights ku New York chifukwa cha zowonongeka
chifukwa cha kupha, kuzimiririka, kuzunza, ndi kuthamangitsidwa mokakamizidwa kwa nzika za Guatemala.
Titha kumvetsetsanso chifukwa chake mkulu wakale wa CIA William Colby adatumiza Gramajo
kope la zikumbutso zake zolembedwa kuti: “Kwa mnzanga m’kuyesayesa
kupeza njira yothanirana ndi zigawenga mwaulemu komanso demokalase," Kennedy-style.
Tingakhale otsimikiza kuti Gramajo, monga Colby, amamvetsetsa bwino zomwe
ndi “zogwirizana ndi dongosolo lademokalase,” monga momwe anaonera olamulira.
Chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwake za umunthu, ulemu, ndi demokalase, izo
sizosadabwitsa kuti Gramajo akuwoneka kuti ndi chisankho cha Dipatimenti ya Boma
za zisankho za 1995, malinga ndi Lipoti la Central America, kutchula za Amereka
Yang'anani pa chiyanjano cha Harvard ngati "njira yodzikongoletsera ya Dipatimenti ya Boma
Gramajo” pantchitoyo, ndipo anagwira mawu wogwira ntchito ku Senate ya ku U.S. yemwe anati: “Iye
ndithudi mwana wawo kumeneko.” Chithunzi cha Gramajo chikukongoletsedwanso.
Iye anapereka Post mtundu woyeretsedwa wa zokambirana zake pa 70 peresenti
ku programu ya 30 peresenti: “Kuyesayesa kwa boma kunali kukhala 70 peresenti
mu chitukuko ndi 30 peresenti mu zoyesayesa zankhondo. Sindinali kunena
anthu, khama basi.” Chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kuti analankhula moipa kwambiri—kapena
bwino, moona mtima - kukonzekeretsa Harvard kusanachitike.
Sizokayikitsa konse kuti olamulira adziko lapansi, adzakumana mu G-7
misonkhano, achotsa mbali zazikulu za Africa ndi anthu ambiri
a ku Latin America, anthu opambanitsa amene alibe malo mu Dziko Latsopano
Kulamula, kujowidwa ndi ena ambiri, m'mabanja apanyumba.
Diplomacy yawona Latin America ndi Africa mofananamo. Kukonzekera
zolemba zikutsindika kuti ntchito ya Latin America ndikupereka zothandizira,
misika, mwayi woyika ndalama ndikubweza ndalama zambiri, ndi,
zambiri, nyengo yabwino bizinesi. Ngati izo zingakhoze kukwaniritsidwa ndi
zisankho zovomerezeka pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe imateteza malonda, chabwino
ndi zabwino. Ngati pakufunika magulu opha anthu "kuwononga kotheratu zomwe zimadziwika
kuwopseza dongosolo lomwe lilipo lamwayi pazachuma pothetsa
kutenga nawo mbali pazandale kwa anthu ambiri…” ndizoipa kwambiri,
koma makamaka m'malo mwa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha (mawuwa ndi awa
a Lars Schoultz, katswiri wotsogola wamaphunziro a U.S. pa za ufulu wa anthu
ku Latin America, kufotokoza za National Security States zomwe zinali nazo
mizu mu ndondomeko za Kennedy Administration).
Ponena za Africa, wamkulu wa State Department Policy Planning George Kennan, akupereka
ku gawo lililonse la Kummwera ntchito yake yapadera mu Dongosolo Ladziko Latsopano la
pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, inalimbikitsa kuti "igwiritsidwe ntchito" pomanganso
ku Europe, ndikuwonjezera kuti mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito Africa uyenera kukwanitsa
Anthu a ku Ulaya “cholinga chogwirika chimene aliyense wakhala nacho
kumangopapasa mosapambanitsa…” kunyamulidwa kofunikira kwambiri m'malingaliro awo
zovuta pambuyo pa nkhondo. Malingaliro oterowo alibe mkangano
kutulutsa ndemanga, kapena kuzindikira.
Zigawo zakupha fuko za nthawi ya Colombian-Vasco da Gama sizinali choncho
malire ku mayiko ogonjetsedwa a Kumwera, monga umboni wokwanira
ndi kupambana kwa likulu la chitukuko cha Western 50 zaka
zapitazo. M’nthaŵi yonseyi, pakhalanso mikangano yoopsa yanthaŵi zonse
pakati pa magulu apakati a Kumpoto, nthawi zina kufalikira kutali,
makamaka m'zaka zowopsa izi. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a ambiri a
chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi, izi zakhala ngati kuwomberana pakati pa omenyana
magulu osokoneza bongo kapena mafia dontho. Funso lokha ndiloti ndani adzalandira ufulu
kuba ndi kupha. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, dziko la United States lakhala likulamulira dziko lonse lapansi
enforcer, kutsimikizira zofuna za gulu la anthu olemera. Chifukwa chake,
adalemba mbiri yochititsa chidwi yaukali, uchigawenga wapadziko lonse, kupha,
kuzunzidwa, nkhondo za mankhwala ndi bacteriological, ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu
zamitundumitundu ingaganizidwe. Izi sizodabwitsa; zimapita ndi turf.
Komanso sizodabwitsa kuti zolemba zanthawi zina za izi,
kutali ndi anthu ambiri, kumayambitsa kukwiya pakati pa ma commissars, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse
amatero.
Mbiri yowopsa iyi, ngati iwonedwa, imawonedwa ngati yopanda pake,
ngakhale umboni wa olemekezeka athu. Apanso, izo zimapita ndi turf. Kwambiri
Mafia don amphamvu akuyeneranso kulamulira dongosolo la chiphunzitso. Mmodzi
za ubwino waukulu wa kukhala wolemera ndi wamphamvu ndi kuti mulibe
kuti "Pepani." Ndi apa nde pamene vuto la makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe
zikutuluka, pamene tikuyandikira mapeto a zaka 500 oyambirira.