Having analera Iran [Mu Gawo I], tikhoza kutembenukira mwachidule kwa membala wachitatu wotchuka Axis of Evil, North Korea. Nkhani yovomerezeka pakali pano ndi yakuti atakakamizika kuvomereza mgwirizano wophwanya zida zake za zida za nyukiliya, North Korea ikuyeseranso kuthawa zomwe inalonjeza mwachinyengo - "nkhani yabwino" kwa akuluakulu monga John Bolton, omwe adagwira ntchito. nthawi yonseyi anthu aku North Korea amangomvetsetsa nkhonya yotumizidwa ndipo amapezerapo mwayi pazokambirana kuti atipusitse. A New York Timesmutu wakuti: "US Iona Kuyimitsidwa ndi North Korea pa Nuclear Pact" (January 19). Nkhani ya Helene Cooper imafotokoza za milanduyi. M'ndime yapitayi tikupeza kuti US sinakwaniritse malonjezo ake. North Korea yalandira 15 peresenti yokha yamafuta omwe adalonjezedwa ndi US ndi ena ndipo US sinachitepo kanthu kuti apititse patsogolo ubale waukazembe, monga adalonjezedwa. Masabata angapo pambuyo pake (February 6), mu atolankhani a McClatchey Kevin Hall adanenanso kuti wamkulu waku US kukambirana ndi North Korea, Christopher Hill, adatsimikizira mu Senate Hearings kuti "North Korea yachepetsa kugwetsa zida zake zanyukiliya chifukwa sinalandire kuchuluka kwa mafuta amafuta omwe adalonjezedwa."
Monga momwe timaphunzirira kuchokera ku zolemba zamaluso, komanso pambali apa ndi apo, iyi ndi njira yokhazikika. North Korea ikhoza kukhala ndi boma loyipitsitsa padziko lapansi, koma akhala akutsatira mfundo zoyendetsera zokambirana ndi United States. A US akachita zinthu mwaukali komanso zowopseza, amachita moyenerera. Pamene US ikupita ku mtundu wina wa malo okhala, amateronso.
Bush atalowa muudindo, North Korea ndi US anali ogwirizana ndi Framework Agreement ya 1994. Sanagwirizane kwathunthu ndi zomwe adalonjeza, koma mgwirizanowo unkawonedwa kwambiri. North Korea idasiya kuyesa zida zakutali. Mwina inali ndi bomba limodzi kapena awiri amtengo wapatali a plutonium ndipo mosakayikira sanali kupanga zambiri. Pambuyo pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za Bush Bush, North Korea inali ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka khumi mabomba ndi zoponya zazitali, ndipo anali kupanga plutonium. Woyang'anira Clinton katswiri waku Korea, Bruce Cumings, akutero Administration "anali atapanganso dongosolo logulira, mosalunjika, kumpoto's zoponya zapakatikati ndi zazitali; inali yokonzeka kuti isayinidwe mu 2000 koma Bush adayisiya kuti igwe m'mphepete mwa njira ndipo lero kumpoto ili ndi mphamvu zake zonse zoponya mizinga."
Zifukwa zomwe Bush adachita bwino zimamveka bwino. Kulankhula kwa Axis of Evil, kugunda kwakukulu kwa demokalase yaku Iran ndi osintha kusintha monga adatsindika, adayikanso. North Korea pozindikira kuti US inali kubwerera ku mkhalidwe wake wowopseza. Washington adatulutsa malipoti anzeru okhudza mapulogalamu achinsinsi aku North Korea; izi zidavomerezedwa kuti ndizokayikitsa kapena zopanda maziko pomwe zokambirana zaposachedwa zidayamba mu 2007, mwina, ofotokozera amalingalira, chifukwa amawopa kuti oyang'anira zida atha kulowa. North Korea ndi Iraq nkhani ikabwerezedwa. North Korea adayankha pokweza zida ndi zida.
Mu Seputembala 2005, mokakamizidwa ndi mayiko ena, Washington adagwirizana kuti atembenukire ku zokambirana mkati mwa dongosolo la mphamvu zisanu ndi chimodzi. Iwo anapindula kwambiri. North Korea adavomera kusiya"zida zonse za nyukiliya ndi mapulogalamu omwe alipo kale" ndi kulola kuyendera mayiko, pobwezera thandizo la mayiko ena ndi lonjezo lopanda nkhanza lochokera ku US, ndi mgwirizano umene mbali ziwirizo zidzachita "lemekezanani'Ulamuliro, kukhala limodzi mwamtendere ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti ubale ukhale wabwino.โ Inkiyo sinali yowuma pa mgwirizano pomwe olamulira a Bush adayambiranso kuwopseza, ndikuziziritsa ndalama zaku North Korea m'mabanki akunja ndikuchotsa mgwirizano womwe umayenera kupereka. North Korea ndi kuwala kwamadzi riyakitala consortium. Cumings akunena kuti "tzilango zidapangidwa makamaka kuti ziwononge malonjezo a September [ndi] kuti apite ku malo ogona Washington ndi Pyongyang. "
pambuyo Washington adasokoneza mapangano olonjeza a September 2005, North Korea adabwereranso ku zida ndi zida zankhondo ndikuyesa zida zanyukiliya. Apanso mokakamizidwa ndi mayiko ena, ndondomeko zake zakunja zafika poipa. Washington adabwerera ku zokambirana, zomwe zimabweretsa mgwirizano, ngakhale tsopano akukoka mapazi ake kuti akwaniritse zomwe adalonjeza.
Kulembera Dziko la diplomatic October watha, Cumings adatsimikiza kuti, "Bush adatsogolera asinine ambiri Korea ndondomeko m'mbiri.Zaka zapitazi, maubwenzi pakati Washington ndi Seoul zawonongeka kwambiri. Mwa kutumidwa ndi kulephera, Bush adapondereza miyambo yakale US ubale ndi Seoul popanga zinthu zoopsa ndi Pyongyang."
Milandu yolimbana ndi North Korea idakula mu Seputembala 2007, pomwe Israeli idaphulitsa malo osadziwika kumpoto kwa Syria, "nkhondo," monga mtolankhani wina waku America adazindikira (Seymour Hersh). Milandu nthawi yomweyo idawonekera kuti Israeli idaukira kukhazikitsa kwa nyukiliya yomwe ikupangidwa mothandizidwa ndi North Korea, kuukira poyerekeza ndi bomba la Israeli ku Osirak reactor ku Iraq ku 1981-omwe, malinga ndi umboni womwe ulipo, adatsimikizira Saddam Hussein kuti ayambe pulogalamu yake ya zida za nyukiliya. . Milandu ya September 2007 ndi yokayikitsa. Mapeto a Hersh atafufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndikuti zomwe Israeli adachitazo mwina zidakhala kuti ziwopsezo zina motsutsana ndi Iran-US-Israel ali ndi inu pakuwonera kwawo bomba. Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala, pali maziko ena ofunikira omwe ayenera kukumbukiridwa.
Mu 1993 Israeli ndi North Korea anali pafupi ndi mgwirizano: Israeli idzazindikira North Korea, ndipo pobwezera, North Korea idzathetsa zida zilizonse zokhudzana ndi zida ku Middle East. Tanthauzo la chitetezo cha Israeli ndi lodziwikiratu. Clinton adalamula kuti mgwirizanowu uthetsedwe, ndipo Israeli sakanachitira mwina koma kumvera. Chiyambireni chisankho choyipa mu 1971 komanso zaka zomwe zidatsatira kukana mtendere ndi chitetezo pofuna kukulitsa, Israeli yakakamizika kudalira US kuti itetezedwe, motero kumvera malamulo a Washington.
Kaya pali chowonadi pa milandu yomwe ilipo tsopano ya North Korea ndi Syria, zikuwoneka kuti chiwopsezo cha chitetezo cha Israeli ndi derali chikanatha kupewedwa ndi njira zamtendere, chitetezo chikanakhala chofunikira kwambiri.
Lndipo tibwerere kwa membala woyamba wa Axis of Evil, Iraq. Zoyembekeza za Washington zidafotokozedwa mu Declaration of Principles pakati pa US ndi boma la Iraq lothandizidwa ndi US mu Novembala watha. Declaration imalola asitikali aku US kukhalabe mpaka kalekale "kuletsa nkhanza zakunja" komanso chitetezo chamkati. Chiwawa chokhacho chomwe chikuwoneka chikuchokera ku United States, koma izi sizowopsa, mwa kutanthauzira. Ndipo okhawo omwe ali opanda nzeru ndi omwe angasangalale ndi lingaliro lakuti US ingachirikize boma mokakamiza ngati likupita ku ufulu wodzilamulira, kupita patali kwambiri pakulimbitsa ubale ndi Iran, mwachitsanzo. Declaration idaperekanso Iraq kuti ithandizire ndikulimbikitsa "kuyenda kwa ndalama zakunja ku Iraq, makamaka mabizinesi aku America."
Kufotokozera mopanda manyazi kwa chifuno chachifumu kudatsindikitsidwa pomwe Bush adapereka mawu ena mwakachetechete kusaina, kulengeza kuti akana mfundo zofunika kwambiri zamalamulo amgwirizano omwe anali atangowasaina, kuphatikiza lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za okhometsa "kukhazikitsa gulu lililonse lankhondo kapena maziko. ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa malo osatha a Asitikali ankhondo aku United States ku Iraq" kapena "kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa United States pazamafuta aku Iraq." Posachedwapa, a New York Times anali atanena kuti Washington "ikuumiriza kuti boma la Baghdad lipatse dziko la United States mphamvu zambiri zochitira nkhondo," zomwe "zikukumana ndi vuto lotsutsidwa ndi Iraq, ndi ... Kupanda nzeru kwa dziko lachitatu.
Mwachidule, Iraq iyenera kuvomereza kulola kukhazikitsa kwanthawi zonse asitikali aku US (otchedwa "kupirira" mu Orwellism yomwe amakonda), kupatsa US ufulu wochita ntchito zankhondo momasuka, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti US ikulamulira mafuta aku Iraq pomwe ikupereka mwayi kwa osunga ndalama aku US. Ndizosangalatsa kuti malipoti awa sanakhudze zokambirana pazifukwa zomwe US โโโโidaukira Iraq. Izi sizinali zobisika, koma kuyesayesa kulikonse kuzifotokoza kunathetsedwa ndi mabodza ndi kunyoza. Tsopano zifukwazo zavomerezedwa poyera, zomwe sizikupangitsa kuti asiye kubweza kapena kusinkhasinkha.
Isi raqis okha amene amakhulupirira kuti chiyanjanitso cha dziko n'chotheka. Kafukufuku wina wochitidwa ku Canada anapeza kuti anthu a ku Afghanistani ali ndi chiyembekezo chamโtsogolo ndipo amakonda kukhalapo kwa asilikali a ku Canada ndi akunjaโโuthenga wabwino,โ umene unali mutu wankhani. Zolemba zazing'ono zikuwonetsa ziyeneretso zina. 20 peresenti yokha "akuganiza kuti a Taliban apambana asitikali akunja akachoka.โ Zigawo zitatu mwa zinayi zothandizira zokambirana pakati pa boma la Karzai lothandizidwa ndi US ndi a Taliban ndipo oposa theka amakomera boma la mgwirizano. Chifukwa chake ambiri amatsutsana kwambiri ndi malingaliro aku US-Canada ndipo amakhulupirira kuti mtendere ndi zotheka potembenukira kunjira zamtendere.
Ngakhale funsoli silinafunsidwe, ndizomveka kunena kuti kupezeka kwakunja ndikovomerezeka kuti athandizidwe ndikumanganso. Umboni wowonjezereka wochirikiza lingaliroli umaperekedwa ndi malipoti okhudza momwe ntchito yomanganso ikuyendera Afghanistan zaka zisanu pambuyo pake US kuwukira. Six peresenti ya anthu tsopano ali ndi magetsi, AP inati, makamaka mu Kabul, yomwe ili yolemera mochita kupanga chifukwa cha kupezeka kwakukulu kwachilendo. Apo, "olemera, amphamvu, ndi olumikizidwa bwinoโ ali ndi magetsi, koma ena ochepa, mosiyana ndi zaka za mโma 1980 pansi pa ulamuliro wa Russia, pamene โmzindawu unali ndi mphamvu zambiri"-ndipo akazi ku Kabul anali omasuka pansi pa ntchito komanso mothandizidwa ndi Russia Boma la Najibullah zomwe zinatsatira, mwina kuposa tsopano, ngakhale adayenera kudandaula za kuukira kwa Reagan omwe ankakonda, monga Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, yemwe adawombera chifukwa choponya asidi pamaso pa atsikana omwe ankaganiza kuti anali ovala mosayenera.
Nkhanizi zidakambidwa panthawiyo ndi Rasil Basu, mlangizi wamkulu wa UN Development Program ku boma la Afghanistan la azimayi.'chitukuko (1986-88). Ananenandi "kupambana kwakukulu" kwa akazi omwe ali pansi pa ntchito yaku Russia: "kusaphunziraadatsika kuchoka pa 98 peresenti kufika pa 75 peresenti, ndipo adapatsidwa ufulu wofanana ndi amuna pamalamulo a boma, komanso mu Constitutionโฆ.Ubale wopanda chilungamo wa makolo akale udalipobe kuntchito komanso m'banja ndi akazi omwe amagwira ntchito zocheperako.Koma kupambana komwe [akazi] adatenga pamaphunziro ndi ntchito kunali kosangalatsa kwambiriโฆ. Mu Kabul Ndinaona kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mwa akazi'maphunziro ndi ntchito.Akazi anali ndi umboni mโmafakitale, mโmafakitale, mโmaofesi a boma, mโntchito ndi mโzoulutsira nkhani.Ndi ziลตerengero zazikulu za amuna ophedwa kapena olumala, akazi anasenza thayo la onse aลตiri mabanja ndi dziko.Ndinakumana ndi mayi wina amene anali katswiri wa zamankhwala pankhondo amene ankasamalira anthu ovulala pangozi komanso opareshoni yokonzanso anthu ovulala pankhondo.Izi zinayimira mphamvu kwa iye.Mayi wina anali injiniya wa misewu.Misewu inkaimira ufuluโkuthaลตa nyumba zopondereza za makolo akale."
Koma pofika 1988, Basu "condikuwona zizindikiro zoyambira" pomwe asitikali aku Russia adachoka ndipo zigawenga zachisilamu zomwe zimayamikiridwa ndi olamulira a Reagan adalanda, kuchotserare moderate mujahideen magulu. โZida ndi zida za Saudi Arabia ndi America zidaperekaokhulupirira mfundo zoyambira m'mbali yofunika kwambiri pa odziyimira pawokha," kuwapatsa zida zankhondo zogwiritsidwa ntchito, "malinga ndi Amnesty International, kulunjika anthu wamba omwe alibe zida, moambiri a iwo akazi ndi ana.โ Ndiye amatsatirazoyipa kwambiri zoopsa ngati US-Okonda Saudi adagwetsa boma la Najibullah.Kuzunzika kwa anthu kunali kopitilira muyeso kotero kuti a Taliban adalandiridwa atathamangitsa Reagan'omenyera ufulu. Mutu wina wa kupambana kwa Reaganite reactionary ultra-nationalism, wopembedzedwa lero ndi omwe adadzipatulira kuipitsa dzina lolemekezeka "Conservative".
Basu ndi wodziwika bwino woyimira amayi'ufulu, kuphatikiza ntchito yayitali ndi UN pomwe adalemba World Plan of Action for Women and draft Programme for the Women.'Zaka khumi, 1975-85, anatengedwa pa ndi Mexico City Conference (1975) ndi Copenhagen Conference (1980).Koma mawu ake sanali olandirika mโmenemo USLipoti lake la 1988 linaperekedwa kwa a Washington Post, New York Timesndipo Ms. magazini.Koma anakanidwa.Nawonso anakanidwa ndi Basu'Malingaliro a njira zomwe azungu, makamaka a US, angatenge kuteteza akazi's maufulu.
Pamwamba zogwirizana ndi izi kufufuza kofunikira ndi Nicolas Lanine, yemwe kale anali msilikali mโgulu lankhondo la Russia Afghanistan, kubweretsa mafanizo ochititsa chidwi pakati pa ndemanga zaku Russia pa nthawi ya ntchito ndi za Otsatira awo a NATO lero.
Izi ndi zinanso zikusonyeza kuti Afghans angalandiredi mlendo kukhalapo kodzipereka kuthandiza ndi kumanganso, monga momwe tingawerenge pakati pa mizere mu zisankho.
Inde, pali mafunso ambiri okhudza zisankho m'mayiko omwe akugwira ntchito yankhondo yakunja, makamaka m'malo ngati kum'mwera. Afghanistan. Koma zotsatira za Iraq ndipo maphunziro a ku Afghanistan akugwirizana ndi oyambirira ndipo sayenera kuchotsedwa.
Zovota zaposachedwa ku Pakistan zimaperekanso "nkhani yabwino" ku Washington. 5 peresenti imakonda kulola US kapena asitikali ena akunja kulowa Pakistan "kuthamangitsa kapena kulanda omenyera a al Qaeda." 80 peresenti amakonda kulola asitikali aku US "kutsata ndi kulanda zigawenga za Taliban zomwe zadutsa kuchokera ku Afghanistan." Pafupifupi theka likukonda kulola asitikali aku Pakistani kutero. Ndipo opitilira XNUMX peresenti amawona kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US ku Asia ndi Afghanistan ngati chiwopsezo ku Pakistan, pomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti US ikuyesera kuvulaza dziko lachi Islam.
Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti zotsatira zake zasintha kwambiri mu Okutobala 2001, pomwe a Newsweek Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti โanthu 3 pa 80 alionse a ku Pakistani amene anafunsidwa ananena kuti ali kumbali ya gulu la Taliban, ndipo 6 peresenti yokha ikusonyeza kuti akuchirikiza United States,โ pamene oposa XNUMX peresenti ananena kuti Osama bin Laden anali zigawenga ndipo XNUMX peresenti ndi zigaลตenga.
Ekutulukira kwina koyambirira kwa 2008 kutha kukhalanso "nkhani yabwino" ku Washington. Mu Januware, modabwitsa molimba mtima kusamvera, anthu masauzande ambiri ozunzidwa ku Gaza adatuluka m'ndende yomwe adatsekeredwa ndi mgwirizano wa US-Israel (ndi thandizo lamanyazi la ku Europe) ngati chilango kwa iwo. mlandu wovota molakwika pa chisankho chaulere mu Januwale 2006. Zinali zophunzitsa kuwona masamba oyamba ndi nkhani zonena za kuyankha kwankhanza kwa US ku chisankho chaulere pamodzi ndi ena omwe amayamika utsogoleri wa Bush chifukwa chodzipereka kwawo ku "kukweza demokalase" kapena Nthawi zina amakakamira mokoma mtima chifukwa amapita kutali kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake, kulephera kuzindikira kuti anthu aku Middle East ndi obwerera m'mbuyo kuti asayamikire demokalase - mfundo ina yomwe imachokera ku "malingaliro a Wilsonian."
Fanizo lowoneka bwino limeneli la chidani chapamwamba ndi kunyozedwa kwa demokalase kumanenedwa nthaลตi zonse, mwachiwonekere popanda kuzindikira chimene chimatanthauza. Kuti musankhe fanizo mwachisawawa, a Cam Simpson akuti mu Wall Street Journal (February 8) kuti ngakhale chilango chokhwima cha US-Israeli ku Gaza ndi "kusefukira boma lotsogozedwa ndi West Bank lotsogozedwa ndi Fatah ndi thandizo lazandale ndi zachuma [kuti] kunyengerera anthu aku Palestine m'madera onsewa kuti alandire Fatah ndikupatula Hamas," mosiyana. zikuchitika: Kutchuka kwa Hamas kukuchulukirachulukira ku West Bank. Monga Simpson akufotokozera mwachisawawa, "Hamas idapambana zisankho zaku Palestine mu Januware 2006, zomwe zidapangitsa boma la Israeli ndi boma la Bush kuti litsogolere kunyalanyazidwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa Palestinian Authority," komanso njira zowopsa. Cholinga, chosabisidwa, ndikulanga ochita zoipa omwe amalephera kumvetsetsa mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya demokalase: "Chitani zomwe timanena, kapena ayi."
Chilango cha Israeli chothandizidwa ndi US chinawonjezeka kumayambiriro kwa 2006 ndipo chinakula kwambiri pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa msilikali wa Israeli, Gilad Shalit, mu June. Mchitidwe umenewo unadzudzulidwa kwambiri Kumadzulo. Kuyankha kwankhanza kwa Israyeli kunawonedwa kukhala komveka ngati mwina kunali kochulukira. Maganizo amenewa sanasokonezedwe ndi chisonyezero chochititsa chidwi chakuti anali achinyengo chabe. Kutatsala tsiku limodzi kugwidwa kwa Corporal Shalit kutsogolo kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe likuukira Gaza, asitikali aku Israeli adalowa mumzinda wa Gaza ndikubera anthu wamba awiri, abale a Muammar, kupita nawo ku Israeli (mophwanya Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva), komwe adasowa ku Israeli. ndende, kuphatikiza pafupifupi 1,000 omwe amasungidwa popanda mlandu, nthawi zambiri kwa nthawi yayitali. Kubedwa, mlandu waukulu kwambiri kuposa kugwidwa kwa Shalit, kudalandira ndemanga zingapo zobalalika, koma palibe kutsutsidwa kowonekera. Izi mwina ndi zomveka, chifukwa si nkhani. Asitikali aku Israeli othandizidwa ndi US akhala akuchita izi, komanso zankhanza kwambiri, kwazaka zambiri. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, monga dziko la kasitomala, Israeli amalandira ufulu wachigawenga kuchokera kwa mbuye wake.
US-Israel idayesa kukonza kulanda boma kuti akhazikitse gulu lawo lomwe amawakonda. Zimenezo zinanenedwanso mosabisa kanthu, kuonedwa kuti nโzovomerezeka, ngati nโzosatamandidwa. Chigamulocho chinatsogoleredwa ndi Hamas, yomwe inalanda Gaza Strip. Chiwawa cha Israeli chinafika pachimake. Tili ku West Bank, ntchito za Israeli zothandizidwa ndi US zidapititsa patsogolo njira yokhazikika yolanda malo ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali, ndikuphwanya zidutswa zotsalira kwa anthu a Palestina ndi midzi ndi ntchito zazikulu za zomangamanga, kumanga onsewo ndi kulanda chigwa cha Yordano, ndi kukulitsa kukhazikika ndi chitukuko ku Yerusalemu mophwanya malamulo a Security Council omwe abwerera zaka 40 kuonetsetsa kuti sipadzakhalanso chizindikiro cha Palestina pakatikati pa mbiri yakale ya chikhalidwe, malonda, ndi chikhalidwe cha Palestina. Zosachita zachiwawa za anthu aku Palestine ndi magulu ogwirizana ndizophwanyidwa moyipa, kupatulapo kawirikawiri komanso ngakhale chidziwitso chilichonse. Ngakhale pamene wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Mairead Corrigan Maguire adawomberedwa ndikuwomberedwa ndi mpweya ndi asitikali aku Israeli pomwe adachita nawo ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi Khoma Lopatukana - lomwe tsopano limatchedwa khoma lophatikizira - mwachiwonekere panalibe mawu m'manyuzipepala a Chingelezi, kunja kwa Ireland.
Mapulogalamu a Israeli okhazikika ndi chitukuko ku West Bank, kuphatikizapo ku East Jerusalem, akuphwanya malamulo, akuphwanya zigamulo zambiri za Security Council ndi chigamulo chovomerezeka ndi International Court of Justice pa Separation Wall, ndi mgwirizano wa US Justice Buergenthal. chilengezo chosiyana.
Zochita zachigawenga za Palestine, monga ma roketi a Qassam othamangitsidwa ku Gaza, amatsutsidwa mwaukali kumadzulo. Zochita zankhanza komanso zowononga kwambiri za Israeli nthawi zina zimapangitsa kuti malirime azilankhula mwaulemu ngati apitilira zigawenga zovomerezeka. Nthawi zonse zochita za Israeli - zomwe US โโโโamagawana nawo mwachindunji - zimawonetsedwa ngati kubwezera, mwina mopambanitsa. Njira inanso yowonera momwe ziwawa zimakhalira ndikuti ma roketi a Qassam akubwezera milandu yosalekeza ya Israeli ku West Bank, yomwe siyisiyanitsidwa ndi Gaza kupatulapo fiat ya US-Israel. Koma malingaliro okhazikika a racist- ultranationalist amapatula kutanthauzira kumeneko.
Lamulo lothandiza anthu padziko lonse lapansi limafotokoza momveka bwino pankhaniyi. Ndime 33 ya Msonkhano Wachinayi wa Geneva wa 1950 imati, โPalibe munthu wotetezedwa amene angalangidwe pa cholakwa chomwe sanachite. Zilango zophatikizika komanso momwemonso njira zonse zowopseza kapena uchigawenga ndizoletsedwaโฆ. Kubwezera anthu otetezedwa ndi katundu wawo sikuloledwa. " Anthu aku Gaza ndi "anthu otetezedwa" mosakayikira pansi pa usilikali wa Israeli. Msonkhano wa ku Hague wa 1907 umalengezanso kuti, "Palibe chilango chilichonse, ndalama kapena china chilichonse, chomwe chingapatsidwe kwa anthu chifukwa cha zochita za anthu zomwe sizingaganizidwe.adapangidwa ngati onse omwe ali ndi udindoโ (Ndime 50).
Kuphatikiza apo, Maphwando Akuluakulu Opita ku Geneva Convention akuyenera "Kulemekeza ndi kuonetsetsa kulemekeza Mgwirizanowu muzochitika zonse," kuphatikizapo Israeli ndi US, omwe ali ndi udindo woletsa, kapena kulanga, kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa Msonkhano ndi atsogoleri ake ndi kasitomala wake. Pamene atolankhani amafotokoza, monga momwe amachitira nthawi zonse, kuti "Israeli ikuyembekeza [kuchepetsa mafuta ndi magetsi ku Gaza Strip] idzapangitsa anthu ambiri kukakamiza olamulira a Hamas ku Gaza ndi magulu ena ankhondo kuti aletse moto wa rocket" (Stephen Erlanger). , NYT, January 31), akutiuza modekha kuti dziko la Israel likuphwanya kwambiri malamulo okhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi, monganso US chifukwa chosaonetsetsa kuti kasitomala wake akulemekeza malamulo. Pamene Khothi Lalikulu la Israeli likupereka kuvomerezeka kwa izi, monga momwe zachitira, likuwonjezera tsamba lina ku mbiri yake yonyansa yogonjera mphamvu za boma. Mtolankhani wotsogola wa malamulo ku Israel, Moshe Negbi, adadziwa zomwe akuchita pomwe adapereka chiwongolero chake chokhudza mbiri ya makhothi. Ife tinali ngati Sodomu (Kisdom Hayyinu).
Malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sangathe kutsatiridwa motsutsana ndi mayiko amphamvu, kupatula ndi anthu awo. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yovuta nthawi zonse, makamaka ngati kufotokoza maganizo awo ndi makhoti anena kuti mlandu ndi wovomerezeka.
M'mwezi wa Januware, kutha kwa ndende motsogozedwa ndi Hamas kudalola a Gazans kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka zambiri kupita kukagula m'matauni apafupi aku Egypt, zomwe zinali zachiwembu chachikulu chifukwa zidasokoneza pang'ono kusokonekera kwa US-Israel kwa anthuwa. Koma amphamvuwo anazindikira mwamsanga kuti zochitika zimenezinso zikhoza kukhala โmbiri yabwino.โ Wachiwiri kwa nduna ya chitetezo ku Israel a Matan Vilnai "adanena momveka bwino zomwe akuluakulu ena aku Israeli anganene mosadziwika," atero a Stephen Erlanger. New York Times: kutha kwa ndende kutha kulola Israeli kuchotsa udindo uliwonse ku Gaza atauchepetsa kukhala chiwonongeko ndi zowawa m'zaka za 40 zankhanza, ndikuzisunga kuti azingochita zomwe akufuna ndipo, zowona, pansi pazankhondo zonse, malire ake adasindikizidwa. ndi magulu ankhondo a Israeli pamtunda, panyanja, ndi mumlengalenga, kupatula kutsegulira ku Aigupto (mwachidziwikire kuti Igupto angavomereze).
Chiyembekezo chosangalatsachi chikugwirizana ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika ku Israeli ku West Bank, zomwe zidapangidwa mosamala motsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa kale kuti zitsimikizire kuti sipadzakhala tsogolo labwino kwa anthu aku Palestine. Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, Israyeli akhoza kutembenukira ku kuthetsa โvuto la chiลตerengero cha anthu,โ kukhalapo kwa osakhala Ayuda mโdziko lachiyuda. Membala wa Knesset wotsogola kwambiri Avigdor Lieberman adatsutsidwa mwankhanza ngati wosankhana mitundu mu Israeli pomwe adapereka lingaliro lokakamiza nzika zachiarabu za Israeli kukhala "dziko la Palestine" lonyozeka, kuwonetsa izi kudziko lapansi ngati "kusinthana kwa malo." Malingaliro ake akuphatikizidwa pang'onopang'ono muzambiri. Israeli National Nkhani lipoti mu April kuti membala wa Knesset Otniel Schneller wa chipani cholamulira cha Kadima, โamene amalingaliridwa kukhala mmodzi wa anthu oyandikana kwambiri ndi okhulupirika kwambiri kwa Nduna Yaikulu Ehud Olmert,โ anapereka lingaliro limene โlikuwoneka lofanana kwambiri ndi limene linanenedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa Yisrael Beiteinu Avigdor Lieberman. ,โ ngakhale kuti Schneller akunena kuti dongosolo lake โlidzakhala lapangโonopangโonoโ ndipo Aarabu okhudzidwawo โadzakhalabe nzika za Israeli ngakhale kuti gawo lawo lidzakhala la [Ulamuliro wa Palestine ndi], sadzaloledwa kukhazikikanso mโmadera ena a Israeli. โ Zoona anthu osafunsidwa.
Mu December Nduna Yowona Zakunja Tzipi Livni, chiyembekezo chomaliza cha nkhunda zambiri za Israeli, adatengera momwemo. Anatinso dziko la Palestine "lidzakhala yankho la dziko lonse kwa anthu a Palestina" m'madera ndi "omwe amakhala m'misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo kapena ku Israel." Ndi Aarabu aku Israeli atatumizidwa ku malo awo "achilengedwe", Israeli ikadakwaniritsa cholinga chomwe chidafunidwa kwa nthawi yayitali chodzimasula ku chidetso cha Aarabu, maimidwe omwe amadziwika bwino m'mbiri ya US, mwachitsanzo mu chiyembekezo cha Thomas Jefferson, chomwe sichinakwaniritsidwe. ufumu wotukuka waufulu ukanakhala wopanda โchitsamba kapena chosakaniza,โ chofiira kapena chakuda.
Kwa Israyeli, iyi si nkhani yaingโono. Mosasamala kanthu za khama laukali la oikira kumbuyo ake, nkovuta kubisa chenicheni chakuti โboma lachiyuda lademokalaseโ siliri lolandirika ku lingaliro laufulu koposa โboma Lachikristu lademokalaseโ kapena โboma loyera lademokalase,โ malinga ngati kuchotsedwa kapena kusakaniza sikuchotsedwa. Malingaliro otere atha kuloledwa ngati chizindikiritso chachipembedzo/fuko chinali chophiphiritsa, monga kusankha tsiku lopuma lovomerezeka. Koma mโnkhani ya Israyeli, izo zikupita kutali kwambiri. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo zochepetsetsa za demokalase ndi malamulo ovuta komanso makonzedwe a akuluakulu a boma opangidwa kuti apereke ulamuliro wa 90 peresenti ya malo m'manja mwa Jewish National Fund (JNF), bungwe lodzipereka kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachifundo m'njira zomwe ndi โzopindulitsa mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kwa anthu a chipembedzo chachiyuda, fuko kapena chiyambi,โ chotero zikalata zake zimalongosola kuti: โbungwe la boma lovomerezedwa ndi Boma la Israel ndi World Zionist Organization monga chida chokhacho chotukula maiko a Israyeli,โ choletsedwa. kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Chiyuda, kosatha (kupatulapo malire), ndi kuletsedwa kugwira ntchito kwa anthu osakhala Ayuda (ngakhale kuti mfundoyi kaลตirikaลตiri imanyalanyazidwa pa ntchito yotsika mtengo yochokera kunja). Kuphwanya kwakukulu kumeneku kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, kumene nzika zonse za ku America zinapereka ndalama chifukwa cha kusapereka msonkho kwa JNF, zinafika ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku Israel mu 2000, pamlandu womwe banja lina lachiarabu linawaletsa kulowa mโtauni ya Katzir. Khotilo linagamula mokomera iwo, mโchigamulo chochepa, chomwe chikuwoneka kuti sichinakwaniritsidwe. Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, banja lina lachiarabu linaletsedwa kuchoka ku tawuni ya Rakefet, pamtunda wa boma, chifukwa cha "kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu" (Scott Peterson, Washington Post, December 20, 2007), lipoti losowa kwambiri. Apanso, palibe chomwe sichikudziwika ku US Pambuyo pake, zidatenga zaka zana kuti 14th Amendment ivomerezedwe ndi makhothi ndipo idakali kutali.
Kwa anthu aku Palestine, pali njira ziwiri. Chimodzi ndichoti US ndi Israeli asiya kukana kwawo kwazaka 30 zapitazi ndikuvomereza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhazikitsa mayiko awiri, mogwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi - ndipo, mwatsoka, mogwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu ambiri aku America. . Zimenezo nโzosatheka, ngakhale kuti mayiko aลตiri okana akugwira ntchito molimbika kuti achite zimenezo. Kukhazikitsana motsatira njira izi kunayandikira pazokambirana ku Taba Egypt mu Januware 2001 ndipo mwina kudafikiridwa, otenga nawo gawo adanenanso, ngati Prime Minister wa Israeli Barak sanasiye zokambiranazo nthawi isanakwane. Ndondomeko ya zokambiranazi inali "zigawo" za Clinton za December 2000, zomwe zinaperekedwa atazindikira kuti malingaliro a Camp David koyambirira kwa chaka chimenecho anali osavomerezeka. Nthawi zambiri amanenedwa kuti Arafat adakana magawo. Komabe, monga Clinton adafotokozera momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino, mbali zonse ziwiri zidavomereza magawo, m'magawo onse awiri ndi zosungitsa, zomwe adafuna kuyanjananso ku Taba patatha milungu ingapo - ndipo mwachiwonekere adangopambana. Pakhala pali zokambirana zosavomerezeka kuyambira pomwe zatulutsa malingaliro ofanana. Ngakhale zotheka zikuchepa pomwe mapulogalamu a US-Israel akukhazikika komanso zomangamanga zikupitilira, sizinathe. Pakalipano mgwirizano wapadziko lonse watsala pang'ono kufalikira, mothandizidwa ndi Arab League, Iran, Hamas, kwenikweni aliyense wochita masewerawa kupatula US ndi Israel.
Kuthekera kwachiwiri ndi komwe US-Israel ikukhazikitsa, motsatira zomwe tafotokozazi. Anthu aku Palestine adzatumizidwa kundende yawo ya Gaza ndi ku West Bank cantons, mwina kuphatikizidwa ndi nzika zaku Israeli zachiarabu komanso ngati mapulani a Lieberman-Schneller-Livni akwaniritsidwa. Kwa madera omwe alandidwa, zomwe zikwaniritsa zolinga zomwe Moshe Dayan adafotokoza kwa ogwira nawo ntchito ku nduna ya Labor Party m'zaka zoyambirira za ntchitoyo: Israeli iyenera kuuza othawa kwawo aku Palestina kuti "tilibe yankho, mupitiliza kukhala ngati agalu, ndipo aliyense amene akufuna achoke, ndipo tiwona kumene izi zikupita.โ Lingaliro lalikulu lidanenedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa Labor Party Haim Herzog, pulezidenti wapambuyo pake, ku 1972: "Sindikukana Palestina malo kapena kuima kapena malingaliro pa nkhani iliyonse .... Koma ndithudi sindine wokonzeka kuwalingalira monga oyanjana nawo mโmbali iriyonse mโdziko limene lapatulidwa mโmanja mwa mtundu wathu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Pakuti Ayuda a mโdziko lino sangakhale mnzawo.โ
Kuthekera kwachitatu kungakhale boma la mayiko awiri. Imeneyi inali njira yotheka mโzaka zoyambirira za ntchitoyo, mwinamwake dongosolo la chitaganya lotsogolera ku mgwirizano wogwirizana monga momwe mikhalidwe ingalolere. Panalinso chithandizo chamalingaliro ofanana ndi anzeru zankhondo zaku Israeli, koma kuperekedwa kwa ufulu wandale kwa anthu aku Palestine kudawomberedwa ndi chipani cholamulira cha Labor. Malingaliro oterowo adapangidwa (ndi ine makamaka), koma adangoyambitsa hysteria. Mwayi unatayika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970 pamene ufulu wa dziko la Palestina unafika pa ndondomeko ya mayiko onse ndipo mgwirizano wa mayiko awiri unayamba. Veto yoyamba ya US pa chigamulo cha mayiko awiri ku Security Council, yomwe idatsogozedwa ndi mayiko akuluakulu achiarabu, inali mu 1976. Kukana kwa Washington kukupitirizabe mpaka pano, kupatulapo mwezi wotsiriza wa Clinton pa udindo. Mtundu wina wa dziko logwirizana umakhalabe zotheka kutali kupyolera mu mgwirizano pakati pa maphwando, monga siteji yamtsogolo mu ndondomeko yomwe imayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko awiri. Palibe njira ina yolimbikitsira zotsatira zotere, ngati timvetsetsa kuti kulengeza kumaphatikizapo ndondomeko yochokera apa kupita apo; chabe maganizo, mosiyana, ndi ufulu kufunsa.
Ndizochititsa chidwi, mwinamwake, kuti pamene kulengeza kwa dziko limodzi logwirizana kunali ndi ziyembekezo zina, kunali konyansa, pamene lero, pamene kuli kosatheka kotheratu, kumaperekedwa moni mwaulemu ndipo kumayamikiridwa mโmagazini otsogolera. Chifukwa, mwina, ndikuti zimathandizira kusokoneza chiyembekezo cha kukhazikika kwa mayiko awiri.
Omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe (boma limodzi) akuti pakali pano, Israeli idzakhala dziko lachigawenga ngati tsankho ku South Africa, pomwe anthu ambiri aku Palestine akulandidwa ufulu, kuyika maziko omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe zomwe zimatsogolera ku demokalase yogwirizana. boma. Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti US, Israel, kapena dziko lina lililonse lakumadzulo lingalole chilichonse chotere kuti chichitike. M'malo mwake, apitiliza ndendende momwe akuchitira m'madera masiku ano, osatenga udindo kwa anthu aku Palestine omwe atsala pang'ono kuwola m'ndende zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingawonekere, kutali ndi maso a Israeli akuyenda m'misewu yawo yayikulu kupita kumadera osiyanasiyana. midzi yawo yothandizidwa bwino ndi West Bank ndi madera akumidzi, kuyang'anira madzi ofunika kwambiri m'derali, ndikupindula ndi maubwenzi awo ndi US ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse omwe mwachiwonekere akukondwera kuona mphamvu zankhondo zokhulupirika m'mphepete mwa dera lofunika kwambiri la Middle East, ndi chuma chapamwamba chapamwamba komanso maulalo oyandikira ku Washington.
TM'malo ena, zisankho zazikulu sizili nkhani yabwino kwa chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino cha Kumadzulo. Ndi mfundo zochepa zomwe zimachirikizidwa ndi chilakolako ndi mgwirizano monga chiphunzitso chakuti Hugo Chavez ndi wankhanza wofuna kuwononga ufulu ndi demokalase ku Venezuela ndi kupitirira. Zovota zapachaka pamalingaliro aku Latin America opangidwa ndi bungwe lolemekezeka la Chile Latinobarometro ndiye "nkhani zoyipa." Zaposachedwa kwambiri (November 2007) zinali ndi zotsatira zofanana "zokwiyitsa" monga kale. Venezuela ili yachiwiri, kuseri kwa malo oyamba a Uruguay, kukhutitsidwa ndi demokalase, ndipo yachitatu pakukhutitsidwa ndi atsogoleri. Imakhala yoyamba pakuwunika momwe chuma chikuyendera komanso mtsogolo, kufanana, chilungamo, komanso maphunziro. Zowona, ili pa 11 yokha pokondera chuma chamsika, koma ngakhale ndi "cholakwika" ichi, chili pamwamba kwambiri ku Latin America pankhani za demokalase, chilungamo, ndi chiyembekezo, kuposa zomwe US โโamakonda Colombia, Peru, Mexico, ndi Chile.
Katswiri wina wa ku Latin America, Mark Turner, analemba kuti โanapeza kuti anthu ambiri sankalankhula Chingelezi chifukwa cha mfundo yofunika imeneyi ya maganizo ndi maganizo [a ku Latin America].โ Zimenezi zakhalanso choncho mโmbuyomu. Turner adapezanso zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse: panali malipoti opeza kuti Chavez ndi wosakondedwa ngati Bush ku Latin America, zomwe sizingadabwe kwa iwo omwe awonapo zina mwazowopsa zomwe Chavez amakumana nazo. atolankhani aku Venezuelansoโchodabwitsa mu โulamuliro wankhanzaโ umene ukuyandikirawu. Maofesi olembera akudziwa bwino za zisankho, koma mwachiwonekere amamvetsetsa zomwe zingadutse muzosefera za chiphunzitso.
Chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri chinali chilengezo cha Purezidenti Chavez pa Disembala 31, 2007 chopereka chikhululukiro kwa atsogoleri agulu lankhondo lothandizidwa ndi US omwe adabera Purezidenti, kusokoneza nyumba yamalamulo ndi Khothi Lalikulu ndi mabungwe ena onse ademokalase, koma posakhalitsa zidathetsedwa ndi gulu lodziwika bwino. kuwukira. Kuti a Kumadzulo akadatsatira chitsanzo cha Chavez muzochitika zofanana, kunena mofatsa, osati mosakayika. Mwinamwake zonsezi zikupereka chidziลตitso chowonjezereka cha โkukangana kwa zitukukoโโfunso limene liyenera kukhala lodziลตika mโmaganizo mwathu, ndikuganiza.
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Noam Chomsky ndi katswiri wa zilankhulo, wotsutsa zachikhalidwe, komanso wolemba mabuku ndi zolemba zambiri. Zina mwa zake zaposachedwa ndi Maiko Olephera ndi Zofuna za Imperial.