[Nkhaniyi ndi gawo la mndandanda wa ZNet Classics. Katatu pa sabata tidzalembanso nkhani yomwe tikuganiza kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Izi zidasindikizidwa koyamba mu June, 1997.
BARSAMIAN: Mwakhala mukukhala ku South America, komwe mudawona mayendedwe otchuka a anthu akumidzi. Kodi mukuwona maphunziro aliwonse omwe anthu aku US angaphunzire pazimenezi?
CHOMSKY: Choyamba, awa ndi magulu amphamvu komanso amphamvu omwe ali ndi mavuto akulu. Chinthu chimodzi chimene ndinachita nacho chidwi chinali chakuti palibe amene anafunsapo kuti, Kodi njira yabwino yogwetsera izi ndi izo ndi iti? Anthu samati, Ndichite chiyani? Iwo amati, Izi ndi zomwe ndikuchita. Mukuganiza bwanji za izi? Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zikuchitika. Iwo ndi ochititsa chidwi. Zinthu ndizovuta kwambiri, zovuta kwambiri kuposa chilichonse chomwe timakumana nacho. Koma sakudikirira kiyi yamatsenga, yomwe kulibe. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Brazil lili ndi chipani chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse cha anthu ogwira ntchito chimene chikanapambana zisankho zachilungamo. Apa sindikutanthauza kuti mavoti anabedwa. Ndikutanthauza kuti zothandizira ndi zoulutsira nkhani zinali zochuluka kwambiri kumbali ina kotero kuti panalibe chisankho chachikulu. Koma zikapanda kutero akanapambana. Ili ndi zovuta zake, koma ndi bungwe lochititsa chidwi lomwe lili ndi chidwi cha demokalase komanso socialist, chithandizo chodziwika bwino, chotheka zambiri. Gulu la ogwira ntchito opanda malo likulimbana ndi vuto lalikulu la anthu aku Brazil, kusagwirizana kodabwitsa kwa umwini ndi kuwongolera komanso kusalingana nthawi zambiri. Pali kukonzekera m'matauni.
Kodi ndi zokwanira kusintha zinthu? Ndikuganiza kuti agwidwanso ndi zonyenga zambiri. Muyenera kumasula malingaliro anu. Chida chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchita analogi ku Reaganomics ku Brazil, ndi ngongole. Momwemonso ndi ambiri aku Latin America. Tili ndi ngongole yoyipayi. Ife tiyenera kuchepetsa dziko. Iwo alibe ngongole iliyonse. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa zimenezo. Monga momwe tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti nkhanza zachinsinsi zilibe zovomerezeka. Anthu samadzimasula okha. Mumadzimasula nokha mwa kutenga nawo mbali ndi ena. Monga momwe mumaphunzirira zinthu mu sayansi polumikizana ndi ena. Magulu ovuta a mabungwe otchuka ndi magulu ambulera monga Workers Party amathandizira kupanga maziko a izi.
Tili ndi zabwino zonse zomwe alibe, monga mwachitsanzo, chuma chambiri. Komanso, tili ndi mwayi wapadera kuti tilibe mphamvu yapamwamba yoyimilira pa ife. Ndife amphamvu kwambiri. Izo zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu. Kotero mwayi apa ndi waukulu kwambiri. Zimakhala ngati zokhuza kuziwona, iwe umangomverera momwe izo ziriri, mwa njira zambiri, pamene iwe ubwera kuchokera uko kumbuyo kuno. Chifukwa chimodzi, kusasunthika kwa chiphunzitso pano ndikodabwitsa. Aliyense amene abwerera kuchokera ku Dziko Lachitatu kupita Kumadzulo mwachizoloลตezi, koma apa makamaka, amakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwa malingaliro ndi kumvetsetsa, kuchepa kwa zokambirana zovomerezeka, kulekanitsa anthu kwa wina ndi mzake.
Sindinakhale ku Chile kwa nthawi yayitali kuti ndisangalale, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndi zowonanso kumeneko. Limenelo ndi dziko limene lili pansi pa ulamuliro wa asilikali. Timachitcha demokalase, koma ndi demokalase yokhala ndi usilikali wokhala ndi malire opapatiza pazomwe zingachitike. Ndipo ziri mu kaganizidwe ka anthu. Inu mukhoza kuziwona izo. Amadziwa kuti pali malire omwe simuwadutsa.
Kodi muli ndi malingaliro aliwonse otengera kwaya, omwe amagwirizana ndi malingaliro anu, kupita kumpingo waukulu? Izi zikuwoneka ngati vuto lalikulu.
Ndilo vuto wamba. Choyamba, ndikuganiza kuti pafupifupi aliyense amavomereza malingaliro awa. Mwachitsanzo, anthu 95 pa anthu 80 alionse amaganiza kuti makampani akuyenera kusiya mapindu kuti apindule ndi antchito komanso anthu ammudzi. Sindikuganiza kuti ndizokwanira, koma ndikuvomerezana nazo. Anthu opitirira XNUMX pa XNUMX alionse amaona kuti chuma sichinali chilungamo ndipo chiyenera kusinthidwa. Ndikugwirizana nazo. Mumatuluka bwanji? Pochita izo. Kulikonse kumene inu mupita kapena ine ndipita kapena wina aliyense apita, ndi chifukwa chakuti gulu lina labungwe lakhazikitsa chinachake. Ine sindingakhoze kupita, kunena, Kansas City ndi kunena, ine ndikakamba nkhani. Sindikhala ndi munthu m'modzi yemwe angabwere. Chifukwa chiyani? Kumbali ina, ngati gulu lina limene likukonzekera ndi lokangalika likunena kuti, Tiyeni tisonkhane pamodzi ndi kubweretsa anthu, ndiye kuti ndikhoza kupita kukakamba nkhani ndipo anthu amabwera kuchokera kulikonse kudzamvetsera. Zonse izi zimabwerera ku chinthu chomwecho. Ngati anthu adzipatulira ku bungwe ndi kuchita ziwonetsero, kaya ndi mabungwe kapena mabungwe ammudzi kapena kugwira ntchito pazaumoyo kapena kupitirira, inde, ndiye kuti mutha kukhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso ambiri. Ndi yotakata bwanji? Zimatengera mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe kake.
Michael Moore ndi wojambula mafilimu amene anachita Roger ndi ine. Amateronso "TV Dziko.โ Ali ndi buku latsopano lotchedwa Tsitsani Izi! Iye akuti vuto lakumanzere ndi lotopetsa. Imalira kwambiri ndipo imakhala yoyipa kwambiri, ndipo izi zimachotsa anthu. Chilichonse kwa izo?
Izo zikhoza kukhala. Ngati izo ziri, izo zikulakwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, sindikuganiza kuti Howard Zinn amalira kwambiri ndikuletsa anthu. Mwina anthu ambiri amatero. Tengani chitsanzo chimene ndakupatsani cha gulu la atolankhani la ku Brazil, lomwe pambuyo pokonzekera bwino kwambiri ndikugwira ntchito ndi utsogoleri m'deralo limapereka masewera a pawailesi yakanema pagulu omwe adazimitsa anthu chifukwa anali otopetsa komanso odzaza ndi mawu anzeru komanso aluntha. Kumbali ina, atasiya anthuwo kuti azichita okha ndikuwapatsa chithandizo chaukadaulo, zidakhala zosatopetsa komanso kusatseka anthu. Izi ndi za anthu omwe amakonda kulemba nkhani zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi udindo wa aluntha. Ndiwo udindo wawo. Tulukani ndi kukachita zinthu monga choncho. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti ndi anthu omwe akuchita izi. Muziwapatsa thandizo limene mungathe. Phunzirani kwa iwo. Ndilo udindo wa aluntha.
Ndimapanga Alternative Radio, pulogalamu ya ola limodzi. Yatsekeredwa bwino kunja kwa Boston-to-Miami corridor. Lamba uyu ndi wovuta kwambiri kulowa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Kumadzulo, ku Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, malo ngati amenewo, nโkosavuta kupeza AR pamlengalenga.
Zifukwa zamabungwe ndizodziwikiratu, chifukwa chomwechonso chomwe kukambirana kumakhala kocheperako komanso kokhazikika komanso kokhazikika kuno kuposa m'maiko ena. Ndi zofunika kwambiri basi. Ili ndi gawo la dziko lomwe zisankho zikupangidwa. Chifukwa chake muyenera kuyisunga pansi paulamuliro wokhazikika wa chiphunzitso ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chomwe chikuyenda bwino. Zilibe kanthu kuti anthu akulankhula chiyani ku Laramie, Wyoming. Ocheperanso m'malo osanja a Rio. Kotero pali zifukwa zamabungwe. Komano, musamangowaimba mlandu. Anthu pano sakugwiritsa ntchito mwayi womwe ali nawo. Chifukwa chake tengani, nenani, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cambridge, monga matauni ena, ili ndi wailesi yakanema wapagulu. Imeneyi inali gawo la machitidwe oyankhulana, kuti makampani amayenera kupereka zipangizo. Ndakhalapo. Sindine katswiri wamkulu, koma ngakhale ndikutha kuwona kuti ili ndi zida zabwino kwambiri. Amati amafikira kudera la Cambridge. Kodi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense? Imapezeka kwa anthu. Nthawi ina yomwe ndinali kumeneko pulogalamuyo inali yopenga kwambiri moti ndinatsala pang'ono kuchoka. Kodi akugwiritsidwa ntchito? Ayi. M'madera ang'onoang'ono a ku Rio ali ndi mawayilesi a wailesi yakanema omwe anthu angagwiritse ntchito? Mnyamata, iwo angasangalale akanakhala nawo. Tili nawo ndipo sitikuwagwiritsa ntchito.
Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani mutakhala ndi TV yachingwe yapafupi? Mupeza kuti njira zamalonda zikuyankha izi. Akhoza kuyesa kuyimitsa kapena kuidula kapena kuigwirizanitsa kapena chinachake, koma amayenera kuyankha ngati ifika pamlingo waukulu wokwanira. Momwemonso ndi ma media ena. Zomwezo ndi NPR [National Public Radio]. Iwo sadzatha kunyalanyaza zomwe zikuchitika m'madera awo. Ngati palibe chomwe chikuchitika, ndithudi, ali ndi kukwera kwaulere. Chifukwa chake, mbali imodzi, pali zifukwa zomveka zomwe khola ili liyenera kukhala lozama kwambiri, lolimba kwambiri, lovuta kwambiri kulowamo. Koma si lamulo la chilengedwe. Zifukwa zomwezo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri imapangitsa kuti ikhale yolemera kwambiri muzinthu, kutanthauza kuti ndizolemera kwambiri zomwe mungasankhe ngati anthu achitapo kanthu. Osati ngati akhala mozungulira kuyembekezera mpulumutsi.
Tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za atolankhani ndi lingaliro ili la kupezeka ndi kufunikira komanso kufalitsa nkhani kwaposachedwa. Anthu amadzudzula zimene zikuchitika pa nkhani zoulutsira nkhani komanso zimene zili mโnkhani. Oyang'anira mapulogalamu ndi okonza akuti, Tikupatsa anthu zomwe akufuna. Palibe amene akuwakakamiza kuti awerenge zinthu izi. Palibe amene akuwakakamiza kuyatsa TV ndi kuwonera nkhani zaupandu ndi malipoti amasewera. Mukuganiza bwanji pa zimenezi?
Pali maphunziro a zomwe anthu amafuna. Zomwe akufuna kwambiri ndi wailesi yakanema yopanda malonda. Kodi mumawona wailesi yakanema yopanda malonda? Kanema wa pawayilesi pano ndi bizinesi pomwe mabungwe akulu amagulitsa omvera ku mabizinesi ena, ndipo azisunga mkati mwadongosolo lopapatiza. Zomwe anthu amafuna zimapangidwa ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, tenganinso malo osanja a anthu ogwira ntchito ku Brazil amene ndinanena. Ndinali kumeneko mu nthawi ya TV. Iwo anali ndi ziwonetsero zonse za sopo ndi zonyansa zonse. Koma chimene anthu ankafuna chinali zinthu zimene iwo eni anali kupanga zokhudza kusankhana mitundu ndi ngongole ndi mavuto amkati ndi zina zotero. Zomwe mukufuna zimadalira yemwe inu muli. Zomwe muli nazo zimatengera zosankha zomwe mwakhala nazo, maphunziro otani omwe mudakhala nawo, zomwe mudakumana nazo. Izo zimatsimikizira zomwe mukufuna. Mitundu ya zofuna zomwe zimabwera chifukwa choyanjana ndi anthu ena kuti athetse vuto, zofunazo sizikhalapo pokhapokha ngati pali kugwirizana ndi anthu ena kuti athetse vutoli. Simungangoti, chabwino, ndi zomwe anthu akufuna. Zedi, pansi pa kakonzedwe kameneko ndi chimene anthu angasankhe. Kusintha kapangidwe, iwo kusankha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Mu Ogasiti 1996, Gary Webb, mtolankhani wa San Josรฉ Mercury News, analemba nkhani ya magawo atatu yotchedwa "Dark Alliance," kusonyeza kuti panali kugwirizana pakati pa kuphulika kwa crack cocaine mu ghetto wakuda ku LA ndi CIA. Nthawi zambiri mumapewa nkhani zoterezi.
Izo sizowona kwenikweni. Ndinangoziyika mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ubale pakati pa CIA ndi mankhwala ndi wotsimikizika. Izi zaphunziridwa bwino, kuyambira ntchito ya Al McCoy zaka 25 zapitazo. Zotsatira za zochitika zachinsinsi zimatsatiridwa kwambiri ndi zochita za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pali zifukwa zabwino kwambiri za izi. Zochita zachinsinsi zimafuna ndalama zomwe sizingatheke. Amafuna achifwamba ambiri. Mukupita kuti? Ndi zachibadwa. Chifukwa chake idayamba pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Titha kutsatira njira kudzera mu French Connection ku Marseilles, kuyesera kufooketsa kukana kwa mabungwe, ku Golden Triangle ku Laos, Burma, ndi zina zotero, mpaka ku Afghanistan ndi malo onsewa. CIA yakhala ikukhudzidwa, koma ngati bungwe lazandale. Zomwe sindimagwirizana nazo, ndipo pano ndikusiyana ndi ena ambiri, sindikuganiza kuti CIA ndi bungwe lodziimira palokha. Ndikuganiza kuti imachita zomwe yawuzidwa. Mutha kupeza zitsanzo, koma momwe ndimawerengera zolemba, CIA kwenikweni ndi bungwe la White House, lomwe limachita ntchito zomwe zimafuna kutsutsidwa kotsimikizika. Tengani gwero la nkhani ya Webb, yomwe ili yolondola kwenikweni. Bob Parry ndi Brian Barger anavumbula zambiri za izo zaka khumi zapitazo. Anatsekeredwa mofulumira kwambiri. Koma umboni wawo unali wolondola. US idachita nawo zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi ku Central America. Zinali zobisika kumlingo waukulu, kutanthauza kuti aliyense ankadziwa za izo, koma zinali pansi mokwanira kotero kuti mukanakhoza kunamizira kuti simunadziwe. Anafunikira zinthu zanthawi zonse: ndalama zosadziwika bwino ndi achiwembu ankhanza. Iwo mwachibadwa anatembenukira nthawi yomweyo kwa ogulitsa narco. Noriega anali bwenzi lathu lalikulu, kumbukirani, mpaka anaganiza kuti asatenge nawo mbali mu izi. Anakhala wodziimira payekha ndipo anayenera kutayidwa kunja. Koma poyambirira iye anali wabwino, wachifwamba wamba, wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, wothandizira ndi zotsutsana. Kotero, ndithudi, pali mgwirizano pakati pa CIA ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zomwe Webb adachita ndikutsata mwatsatanetsatane ndikupeza kuti gawo limodzi la kulumikizanako ndikuti cocaine adalowa mu ghetto kudzera ndimeyi. Ndizodziwikiratu. CIA ikanena kuti sakudziwa kalikonse za izi, ndikuganiza kuti akulondola. Nโchifukwa chiyani ayenera kudziwa chilichonse chokhudza zimenezi? Si ntchito yawo.
Mapangidwe a dongosolo, komabe, ndi omveka bwino. Ndipo si nkhani iyi yokha. Ndi milandu ina yambiri. Zoti zidzakathera ku ma ghetto si chiwembu. Zingochitika mwachilengedwe. Sikuti imalowa m'madera otetezedwa bwino omwe angadziteteze. Idzalowa m'madera omwe akuwonongeka, nthawi zambiri ndi mphamvu zakunja zomwe anthu amakhala okha ndipo ayenera kumenyera nkhondo kuti apulumuke. Ana samasamalidwa chifukwa makolo awo akugwira ntchito yoika chakudya patebulo. Ndimo nโkumene idzaphwanyidwa.
Munalembera mnzanu wapamtima za nthawi yomwe makalasi ophunzira amakonzekera ulendo, munthu wachikumbumtima ali ndi njira zitatu. Wina atha kujowina nawo ndi kuguba paparade, kapena wina atha kulowa nawo mgulu la anthu okondwa ndikuyang'ana kumbali, kapena anganene motsutsa ndipo onse amayembekezera kulipira.
Ndiko kulondola. Izo zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zikwi zingapo, nazonso.
Kodi mumadziona kuti muli pagululi?
Ndi funso la kusankha, koma ndikufuna kudziwona ndekha ndi omwe sakujowina komanso osakondwera. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, magwero a mbiri yathu ndi chimodzimodzi. Bwererani ku zolemba zakale kwambiri zojambulidwa. Tangowonani zimene zimachitikira anthu amene sanaguba pa parade, monga zimene zinachitikira Socrates. Sanasamalidwe bwino kwambiri. Kapena kutenga Baibulo. Baibulo linali ndi luntha. Iwo ankawatcha โaneneri.โ Iwo adagwa m'magulu awiri achizolowezi. Panali ena amene ankawakometsera mafumu ndi kuwauza mmene analili odabwitsa ndi kutsogolera parade kapena kusangalala parade. Iwo ndi amene ankapatsidwa ulemu komanso kulemekezedwa. Zaka mazana angapo kenako, zaka chikwi kenako iwo ankatchedwa aneneri onyenga, koma osati pa nthawiyo. Panalinso anthu ena oti, Amosi, amene anaumirira kunena kuti, Ine sindine waluntha, kapena monga ananena, sindine mneneri. Ine sindine mwana wa mneneri. Ndine mlimi wosauka. Analinso ndi zina zoti anene, monganso mmene anachitira anthu ambiri amene pambuyo pake anapatsidwa ulemu monga aneneri. Anatsekeredwa mโndende, kuzunzidwa, kudedwa, kunyozedwa. Chodabwitsa chilichonse pamenepo? Ngati simutenga nawo mbali pachiwonetserochoโkumbukirani kuti aneneri anali kupereka kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ndale komanso maphunziro a makhalidwe abwinoโamadedwa. Kusanthula kwa geopolitical kunakhala kolondola kwambiri. Zolemba zamakhalidwe nthawi zambiri zinali zokwezeka kwambiri. Nโchifukwa chiyani anthu olamulira ankakonda zimenezi? Ndithudi iwo anali kuwathamangitsira iwo kunja. Mutha kunena, kubwereranso kwa wopanga makanema anu okhudza anthu akuwonera zomwe akufuna, inde, anali anthu omwe amawathamangitsa m'chipululu ndikuwatsekera m'ndende. Safunanso kuzimva. Osati chifukwa ndi anthu oipa, koma pazifukwa zachizolowezi: chidwi cha nthawi yochepa, kusokoneza, kudalira mphamvu. Ndicho chithunzi cha momwe dziko lilili. Ndithudi, chimenecho ndi chithunzi choipa. Pali zambiri zopambana. Dziko lapansi liri bwino kuposa momwe linalili. Kalelo mโzaka za zana la 18, mmene anthu anali kuchitirana zinali zowopsa kwambiri. Bwererani zaka 50 zapitazo ndipo zinthu zinali zoipa kwambiri. Pakali pano tikuyesera kuteteza dongosolo laling'ono la zaumoyo. Zaka makumi atatu zapitazo tinalibe chifukwa kunalibe. Ndiko kupita patsogolo. Kwa nthawi yayitali panali zopambana zambiri. Iwo akuchuluka. Amatitsogolera ku nsonga zatsopano kuti tikwere. Zolephera zambiri, nazonso. Palibe amene anatitsimikizira kuti zikhala zosavuta.
Josรฉ Ramos-Horta ndi Bishop Carlos Belo waku East Timor, adalemekezedwa ndi Mphotho ya Nobel.
Icho chinali chachikulu, chinthu chodabwitsa. Ndinakumana ndi Josรฉ Ramos-Horta ku Sao Paolo. Sindinawonepo mawu ake ovomerezeka, koma ndithudi anali kunena pagulu kuti mphoto iyenera kuperekedwa kwa Xanana Gusmao, yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wotsutsa chiwawa cha ku Indonesia. Ali mโndende ya ku Indonesia. Koma kuzindikira kulimbana ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, kapena chidzakhala chinthu chofunikira ngati tingathe kuchisintha kukhala chinachake. Idzaponderezedwa mwachangu momwe tingathere, kuwomba m'manja mwaulemu, ndipo tiyeni tiyiwale. Izi zikachitika ndi vuto lathu, palibe wina. Izi zimapereka mpata wofotokozera nkhaniyi. Pakalipano akuluakulu a Clinton akukonzekera kutumiza zida zapamwamba ku Indonesia. Izo siziyenera kugwira ntchito. Koma zigwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali kulira kwenikweni kwa anthu. Kuperekedwa kwa Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel kumapereka mwayi kwa anthu omwe amasamala za tsogolo la anthu masauzande angapo kuti achitepo kanthu. Koma sizichitika zokha. M'malo mwake, zina mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu za izi sizinafikeko ngakhale ku makina osindikizira aku America, monga nkhani yamafuta. Mbali yaikulu ya chifukwa cha kuukira kwa Indonesian ndi thandizo la US ndi Australia chifukwa chake chinali chakuti Timor ili ndi mafuta olemera omwe tsopano akubedwa mu mgwirizano wonyansa kwambiri wa ku Australia ndi Indonesia, ndi makampani amafuta aku US omwe akukhudzidwa. Tikhoza kuchitapo kanthu pa zimenezo.
Kodi simunakhalepo koyambirira kwa 1980s kupita ku New York Times Maofesi olembera ndi Chipwitikizi Timor?
Zomwe zinachitika zinali kukana kufunsa anthu othawa kwawo a ku Timor ku Lisbon ndi Australia, ponena kuti analibe mwayi wowapeza.
The Times anali kunena izi?
Aliyense anali. Tinabweretsa anthu ena othawa kwawo a ku Timor. Kwenikweni ndinalipira kuti ndiwabweretse kuchokera ku Lisbon ndikuyesera kuwabweretsa ku maofesi a akonzi. Izo sizinagwire ntchito. Nkhani yomwe mukutchulayo inali yovuta kwambiri. Nkhaniyi sinaimbidwe chifukwa sindikudziwa kuti ndinganene zochuluka bwanji. Tsiku lina zidzanenedwa. Ndinakonza zoti wansembe wachipwitikizi, Bambo Leoneto do Rego, afunsidwe ndi ansembe New York Times. Anali munthu wosangalatsa kwambiri komanso mboni yodalirika. Anakhala m'mapiri ndi kutsutsa kwa Timor ndipo adathamangitsidwa panthawi yachiwonongeko cha 1978, pamene pulezidenti wa nthawiyo Carter adachulukitsa kwambiri zida zankhondo ndipo Indonesia inaphwanya anthu. Akamakamba za mazana masauzande a anthu akuphedwa, ndiye. Anthu ambiri adathamangitsidwa m'mapiri. Iye anali mmodzi wa iwo. Iye ndi wa Chipwitikizi, kotero iwo sanamuphe iye. Iwo anamulola kuti atuluke. Anali mboni yodalirika, mnzake wa m'kalasi wa Archbishop waku Boston, wovuta kwambiri kunyalanyaza. Iye ankatha kufotokoza zimene zinkachitika. Palibe amene akanayankhula naye.
Pomaliza, m'njira yovuta, ndinapeza Times kuti avomereze kumufunsa. Kuyankhulana kunachitika, ndi Kathleen Teltsch. Zinali zamanyazi kotheratu. Sananene chilichonse chokhudza zomwe zinali kuchitika. Linali ndi mzere umodzi wonena kuti, Zinthu sizili bwino ku Timor, kapena zina zotero. Ndikuganiza kuti chochitikacho chiyenera kukhala chochititsa manyazi Times okonza kuti ayambe kulemba nkhani yawo yoyamba pavutoli. Ndiko kukayikira kwanga kwakukulu. Zolemba za zokambiranazo zidatsikira pambuyo pake. Ndinagwira ntchito molimbika kuti ndipeze Boston Globe kufotokoza nkhaniyo. Iwo anali kungosindikiza mapepala a State Department ndi kupepesa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a asilikali a ku Indonesia. Pomaliza ndinawapangitsa kuvomereza kuti awone zenizeni. Iwo adandipereka kuti ndilembe op-ed. Ine ndinati, Ayi, ine sindikufuna kulemba op-ed. Pezani m'modzi mwa atolankhani anu kuti awone. Choncho sanaziganizire mozama. Adapereka kwa mtolankhani wabwino kwambiri wakuderalo. Iye sanali mtolankhani wapadziko lonse lapansi. Komaliza ndinamva akunena za malo odyera. Iye anakumba momwe mumakumba m'nkhani yakomweko, monga kufufuza woweruza wachinyengo, lipoti labwino. Tinamuthandiza ndi zotsogola, koma adazinyamula ndikuthamanga ndi nkhaniyo. Iye adalemba nkhani yabwino kwambiri pa Timor yomwe idatulukapo m'manyuzipepala aku America. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene anachita ndi kupita ku Dipatimenti Yoona za Boma nโkupeza mnyamata wina amene anasamutsidwa kuchoka pa desiki ya ku Indonesia chifukwa sankasangalala ndi zimene zinkachitikazo. Mwanjira ina munthu uyu adawukhitsira kwa iye zolemba zenizeni New York Times kuyankhulana ndipo adafalitsa mbali zake zabwino. Kudali kuyankhulana kwamphamvu kwambiri ndi abambo Leoneto akunena zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Ndicholinga choti Times interview idawonekera mu Boston Globe. Izi ziyenera kuti zinali cha m'ma 1981.
Zinthu zonsezi zinali kuchitika. Censorship inali yathunthu, ndipo ndikutanthauza zonse. Mu 1978, pamene nkhanza zinafika pachimake ndipo zida za US ndi Britain zidakwera kwambiri, kufalikira kunali ziro. Nkhani yoyamba ku US, osachepera izo zalembedwa mu Buku Lowerenga, yomwe imafotokoza makamaka za Timor, ndi imodzi mwa ine ndekha. Zinachokera Kufufuza, magazini yamanja ya libertarian kumene ndinali kulemba masiku amenewo. Unali umboni womwe ndidapereka ku UN pakuletsa nkhaniyi ndi azungu, makamaka a US, atolankhani. Pakhala pali nkhani yoyambirira ya Arnold Kohen yokhudza Indonesia mu Nation, zomwe zidakambitsirana izi, ndipo ndizomwe zili m'magaziniwo. Sikuti palibe amene anazizindikira izo. Mukabwerera ku 1974-75, panali kufalitsa kwakukulu pa nkhani ya kugwa kwa ufumu wa Portugal. Zinatsika mpaka ziro pachimake cha nkhanzazo, zidayambanso kuyambiranso cha m'ma 1979-80 chifukwa chachikulu cha zochitikazi.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, nayi nkhani yomwe anthu ochepa kwambiri, ofunikira kwambiri ndi Arnold Kohen, adakwanitsa kuyika nkhaniyi pabwalo la anthu. Ilo ndithudi linapulumutsa miyoyo zikwi makumi. Red Cross inaloledwa kulowa. Panali chidwi. Manthawo anapitiriza koma anachepa. Ndipo mpaka pano. Nayi nkhani yomwe intaneti idasinthiratu. The East Timor Action Network inali gulu laling'ono kwambiri komanso lobalalika lothandizira mpaka intaneti idabwera. Izi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidwi ndi Charlie Scheiner ndi ena kukhazikitsa maziko ambiri othandizira kuti abweretse chidziwitso kwa anthu omwe sakanatha kuchipeza. Ndinkalandira zambiri kuchokera ku atolankhani aku Australia, koma ndi anthu angati omwe ali ndi anzawo ku Australia omwe amawatumizira atolankhani? Tsopano aliyense ankachipeza amene ankachifuna mofulumira kwambiri. Gululo linakula ndikukhala lofunika kwambiri kuti likhale ndi chikoka.
Kodi pangano la mtendere la ku Guatemala limene linasainidwa likusonyeza kutha kwa kupha anthu kwa zaka XNUMX?
Ndine wokondwa kuti akusainidwa, koma ndi nthawi yomvetsa chisoni. Zomwe zikuwonetseratu ndi kupambana kwakukulu kwa zigawenga za boma, zomwe zawononga chitsutso chilichonse chachikulu, zaopseza anthu, zapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka komanso zokhutiritsa kuti iwo akhale ndi ulamuliro wa zofuna zamalonda, makamaka zofuna zakunja, mu Mgwirizano wamtendere womwe ungathe, tiyeni tiyembekeze, kuthetsa zoopsa zenizeni. Chifukwa chake munkhaniyi ndikupita patsogolo, koma mu chithunzi chokulirapo zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zauchigawenga zamasiku ano, zomwe zidayamba mu 1954 pomwe US โโidatenga nawo gawo pakugwetsa boma limodzi lademokalase.
Ndikufuna kumalizitsa ndi nkhani imene munandiuza, kuti ndingouza anthu mmene mwayendera inuyo kapena banja lanu, pamene tinali kukhala mโgalimoto ku North Carolina zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zapitazo. Zinakhudza inuyo ndi mchimwene wanu ndi agogo anu a tchalitchi cha Orthodox pa wailesi. Kodi Mukukumbukira?
Ndimakumbukira bwino kwambiri. Banja langa linali m'badwo woyamba, kotero tinkakhala ku Philadelphia, koma panali nthambi ziwiri zazikulu za banja. Banja la bambo anga linali ku Baltimore ndipo banja la amayi linali ku New York. Iwo anali osiyana kwambiri. Wa ku Baltimore anali wachipembedzo kwambiri. Bambo anga anandiuza kuti anabwereranso mโchipembedzo cha Orthodox atachoka ku Eastern Europe nโkubwera kuno, zomwe sizikudziwika. Tinali owonetsetsa, koma osati a Orthodox. Mchimwene wanga ndi ine, ine ndinali mwina sikisi kapena seveni, iye mwina anali awiri. Tinapitako kutchuthi. Zinali zabwino kuwona azisuweni. Koma nthawi zonse pamakhala mawu a mantha omwe ndimakumbukira bwino kuyambira ndili mwana, kuopa kuti ndingachite cholakwika. Ine sindikudziwa chomwe icho chiri, koma ine ndichita chinachake cholakwika. Chifukwa sindimadziwa malamulo. Sikuti iwo anali ankhanza, kungoti mumadziwa kuti muchita cholakwika ndipo mudzachita manyazi. Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu izi zomwe ziri zosapeweka. Chochitika chimene ndikukumbukira chinali pamene mchimwene wanga Loweruka anatsegula wailesi mokweza kwambiri. Loweruka ndi tsiku lalikulu labanja, aliyense akukhala mozungulira khitchini akusangalala, ndipo wailesiyi ikuyamba kulira, kupangitsa aliyense misala. Inde, palibe amene akanatha kukana. Simukuloledwa kuigwira Loweruka. Iye anamvetsa mokwanira kuti adziลตe kuti anali atachitadi chigawenga chenicheni. Anapangitsa kuti aliyense azimva phokoso loopsa Loweruka lonse. Ndinali ndi zaka zingapo zakukulirapo ndipo ndimatha kuzindikira upandu, koma ndikutsimikiza kuti sichinasiye banga losatha m'chikumbukiro chake. Iye mwina anayiwala za izo. Koma ndimakumbukira bwino.