Kim Scipes
The
boma la Joseph "Erap" Estrada ku Philippines wangonena kumene
kugwa, ndi pulezidenti kukakamizidwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndi wotsatila
Purezidenti Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo m'malo mwake Purezidenti pa Januware 21. Kodi
kodi izi zingatanthauze dziko ndi dera?
Msewu
adatsitsidwa pambuyo poti gawo lake munkhani yayikulu yotchova njuga idawululidwa ndi a
mnzawo wakale yemwe anali atachotsedwa pa โmwayiโ wotsatira. Ndi
zakhala zovuta kwambiri, zolipira madola mamiliyoni ambiri, maakaunti aku banki achinyengo,
mayina onama, ambuye olemetsedwa, ndi zina zotero.
Pambuyo pake,
Estrada adatsutsidwa ndi House of Representatives - mawonekedwe awo aboma
idakhazikitsidwa ndi ya mbuye wawo wakale wachitsamunda, United States-ndipo adapitilira
kuweruzidwa ndi Senate, pamene ogwirizana ake mu Senate omwe anali ambiri
anakana kuti umboni woyenerera uululidwe poyera. Poyankha, a
Purezidenti wa Senate ndi gulu lonse lozenga mlandu Nyumbayo adasiya ntchito
kunyansidwa, ndipo pambuyo pake adatsatiridwa ndi nduna zambiri za Estrada.
Kuphatikiza apo, atsogoleri akuluakulu ankhondo ndi apolisi aboma adagwirizana ndi otsutsa,
ndipo adalonjeza thandizo lawo kwa Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti.
Apo
yakhala ikusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri m'miyezi ingapo yapitayi, koma idangogunda
chachikulu kumapeto kwa sabata yatha poyankha kukana kutulutsa umboni. The
usiku chiwonongekocho chisanachitike, anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi anali m'gululi
misewu yozungulira kachisi mpaka kuuka kwa 1986. Nyuzipepala yaikulu ku Manila
watcha "People's Power-2."
Mwachidziwikire
zomwe kukana kwa Estrada ndi kusamutsa mphamvu ku Macapagal-Arroyo kumatanthauza
zosamveka m'njira zambiri. Kumbali imodzi, imaseweredwa ngati kusamutsa kwapakati pa osankhika
za mphamvu, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri kupereka changu chofunikira kuthetsa
mavuto pamene chuma chinaipiraipira. Mwachionekere, boma latsopano lidzatero
ndikufuna kubwezera genie yolimbikitsa anthu ambiri mubotolo posachedwa
zotheka, ndikuyambiranso bizinesi monga mwanthawi zonse, ngakhale mwina ndi zochulukirapo
kukoma. Amuna angapo akale ankhondo ndi boma lakale
โAtsogoleriโ aikidwa kale mโmalo apamwamba kwambiri a boma latsopanoli.
Komabe,
pali zinthu zinayi zomwe zikuwonetsa zabwino zina zazikulu zomwe zingatuluke mu izi. (1)
Ili ndi dziko lomwe maphunziro ambiri andale komanso nthawi zina,
kusonkhanitsa anthu, kwachitika zaka 30 zapitazi. Kuchotsedwa kwa Marcos mu 1986
pafupifupi nthawi zonse referent mu atolankhani, kumene udindo wolimbikitsa anthu ambiri
ndipo gulu la ndale limadziwika kuti ndilofunika kwambiri pakugwetsa
wolamulira wankhanza, ndi kupanduka kwapakati komwe kunayika Aquino kulamulira kunali
amawonedwa ngati akukwera pamwamba, osasintha, kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri kuchokera pansi.
Kulimbikitsana kudzalimbitsa kumanzere koyambiranso.
(2)
Ngakhale kutaya mphamvu ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito - kutsekedwa kwa mafakitale ndi zachuma
kusuntha makamaka kwachepetsa mphamvu yake-mapiko okhwima a ntchito
mayendedwe, a KMU, akhalabe pamtima pakulimbikitsa anthu ambiri, ndipo
ndi magulu ogwirizana nawo, akhala akutsogolera. Ndikuyembekeza zomwe zatsala pamwambapa
adzatuluka mu izi ndi mphamvu zake ndi kuvomerezeka kwake monga kuyimira unyinji
za anthu owonjezera.
(3)
Saga yomwe ikuchitikayo idakhalapo kwa miyezi ingapo, ndipo pali zambiri
kukhudzidwa ndi media, kotero pakhala "maphunziro andale" ambiri
kwa anthu ambiri za momwe boma limagwirira ntchito: ziphuphu,
"mphatso," kukwapula kumbuyo, etc.
(4)
Tchalitchi cha Katolika-chomwe chikhoza kukhala champhamvu kwambiri pandale
asankha kukhala wotero-wasonkhana m'dziko lonselo kutsutsana ndi Estrada
ulamuliro, ndipo ine ndikuganiza izi zithandiza mphamvu zopita patsogolo mkati mwa Mpingo.
A
zinthu zina zochepa ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mukusakaniza. (5) Chuma sichinawonongeke
ndi "Asia" mavuto azachuma monga momwe mayiko ena - US
idasunga misika yake yotseguka ngakhale idachepetsedwa kwambiri (pafupifupi 40%).
pamtengo wa peso, komanso kuthekera kocheperako kwa Philippines kuitanitsa kunja
Katundu waku US-komabe chuma chachepa kwambiri kuyambira masiku opambana
m'ma 1990. Peso yatsika pafupifupi 55: $ 1 panthawi yandale iyi
chisokonezo, pomwe sichinafike pansi pa 45: $ 1 panthawi yamavuto azachuma. Zogulitsa
msika watsika, ndalama zakunja zatsika. More ulova ndi
ntchito zoperewera zikuyembekezeredwa, ndi kusintha kochepa komwe kukuwoneka posachedwa
tsogolo, makamaka kwa ogwira ntchito ndi wamba.
(6)
Nkhondo yakummwera yolimbana ndi Asilamu yapitilira, monga momwe boma lachitira
sanathe kugonjetsa zigawengazo. Ngakhale ndilibe umboni, malingaliro anga ali
kukhumudwa komwe kukukulirakulira pomenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu aku Philippines,
ngakhale pali kusiyana kwa zipembedzo pakati pa Akhristu ndi Asilamu.
(7)
Chipani cha Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) chakhala chikusonkhana ndipo
kulimbikitsa, ngakhale sindikudziwa kukula kwa zomwe zikuchitika-koma
Ndakhala ndikumva mosasintha zakhala zikubwerera. Pomwe sindikudziwa
chomwe ntchito yake yeniyeni mu kayendetsedwe ka misa yakhala, koma ndikukhulupirira mphamvu iliyonse
pali chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pamayendedwe ambiri osati chifukwa zili choncho
kuwalamulira. Sindingadabwe ngati a CPP awonjezera zida
kuyesetsa m'midzi. Vuto ndiloti pulogalamu yake sinapangidwe
zambiri kuposa mawu, ndipo amaumirira kuyesera kulamulira zoyesayesa osati
kugwirizana ndi mphamvu zina zopita patsogolo monga zofanana; motero, chang'ambika
kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi ndi mikangano yaikulu mkati. Ena anachoka
magulu a ndale nawonso akukula, ndipo mwinamwake amphamvu ponena za
demokalase, izi ndi zofooka kwambiri pansi. Mphamvu kumanzere imachokera
adakhazikitsa mabungwe apamwamba kwambiri.
pamene
Ndikuyembekeza kuti zonsezi zipangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana, ine
sindikudziwa kuti izi zitanthauza chiyani mdziko muno. Zimenezo zidzawoneka.
The
chinthu china-ndipo apa ndi pamene kukhudzidwa kungakhale kokulirapo-kukhudzidwa
mayiko ena, makamaka ku Southeast Asia. Wa ku Filipino yemwe watsala ali bwino
kulemekezedwa padziko lonse lapansi makamaka m'chigawochi. The KMU
makamaka akhala akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kuti apange mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi
Dera la Western Pacific-Indian Ocean. Mabungwe ena akumanzere - makamaka
BAYAN (gulu la ambulera la demokalase yapadziko lonse lapansi, yokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri
mabungwe, omwe akuphatikizapo KMU, anthu wamba, achinyamata, amayi ndi zina
ochita nawo gawo) -atenga nawo gawo polimbana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kudzera
misonkhano, maulendo apadziko lonse (mwachitsanzo, nthumwi za ku Philippines zinalipo
Seattle), propaganda, etc. Magulu ena, monga Ufulu ku Ngongole
Coalition - osati membala wa BAYAN - nawonso akhala otanganidwa kupanga mgwirizano
dziko, m'chigawo chonse, ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Of
Inde, ndi mkati mwa Indonesia kuti zinthu za ku Philippines zikhoza kubwereranso
mwachangu kwambiri. Mayiko sali pafupi ndi malo okha, komanso ali
zofanana kwambiri mu chikhalidwe, zilankhulo ndi mbiri ya ndale: zonse zolamulidwa ndi
Maiko akumadzulo (ndi Japan mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II), onse analandira ndale zawo
ufulu wodzilamulira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, onse anali ndi demokalase yamphamvu yophwanyidwa
ulamuliro wankhanza, ndipo mโzochitika zonsezi, anthu akhala akuvutika kuti ayambenso kulamulira
maboma awo a dziko, onse akhala akuchita neo-liberal
ndondomeko zachuma pamaziko a ntchito zachitukuko.
The
kukana kwa Marcos mu 1986 kunali kolimbikitsa kwa anthu ena aku Indonesia. Pomaliza
chaka kukana Suharto ku Indonesia, kulimbikitsa Filipino leftists, tsopano
kufanana ndi kukana chaka chino kwa Estrada. Nthawi yomweyo, Purezidenti
Udindo wa Wahid ku Indonesia sunakhazikitsidwe; kukana kwake kupereka umboni
mu nkhani ya katangale posachedwapa akusonyeza kusamvana pakati pa anthu osankhika, ndi
kupitiriza kusakhazikika mu dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Magulu odziyimira pawokha omwe akupitilira mu
zigawo zina "zakunja" zimawonjezera kusakhazikika uku.
The
vuto la Marcos ndi Suharto "lidathetsedwa" ndi kusamutsidwa kwa anthu osankhika
za mphamvu, ndi mapiko a osankhika omwe anali atachoka pampando akutuluka
ulamuliro wa boma. Zowona, izi sizitanthauza kusintha kwa wamkulu
ambiri mwa anthu wamba ndi ogwira ntchito m'mayiko onse. Ndithudi, chimenecho ndi chimene chiri
cholinga chake ku Philippines nthawi inonso. Funso ndiloti izi kapena ayi
zidzakwaniritsidwa, kapena kumasulidwa mphamvu zomwe zingakhudze khalidwe labwino
kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu? Mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira ku Philippines, ndizotsimikizika kuti
kumanzere ndipo "nyumba yamalamulo ya m'misewu" yakhala
kutsitsimutsidwa-mwachiyembekezo, maphunziro omwe tinaphunzira kuchokera pakulephera kutenga
mwayi wakugwetsa kwa Marcos uthandizira kuwongolera zochita lero.
Apo
ndi, ndithudi, chinthu chinanso chomwe chiyenera kutchulidwa: kodi US idzayankha bwanji?
Asitikali aku US-omwe maziko ake ku Philippines anali ochokera ku US aliyense
Kuwukira ku Asia kunayambika pakati pa 1898 ndi 1992 - kunathamangitsidwa
dziko mโchaka chotsiriza chimenecho. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, asilikali akhala akuyesera kupeza
idakhazikitsidwanso ku Philippines, ndipo kuyesayesa uku kwakula kwambiri
popeza anthu aku Indonesia adachotsa Suharto, wolamulira wankhanza kwambiri wa US, pampando.
(Indonesia ndi Philippines zili mโmbali mwa misewu yonyamula mafuta yomwe imanyamula mafuta
kuchokera ku Gulf kupita ku Japan makamaka. US ndi Japan sakufuna chilichonse chosokoneza
mafuta opita ku Japan.)
The
Boma la Estrada lidasaina Pangano Lankhondo Loyendera ndi US, kuti
amalola asitikali aku US kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Philippines
gulu lankhondo la Philippines. Izi zakhala zosatchuka kwambiri,
makamaka ndi kumanzere, komwe kumadziwa kwambiri zaka za kuponderezedwa
ndi kuponderezedwa komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi US. Zikuwoneka zotheka
kuti mgwirizanowu ukhala pansi pamavuto owopsa pamene masiku akupita,
mwina boma latsopano laganiza zothetsa vutoli. Pamene izi ziri
zosatheka kuganiza za nthawi ino, zikuwoneka kuti ndi a
mphezi ndodo kwa patsogolo nationalist ndi internationalist chidwi. Ine
musakayikire kuti asitikali aku US akuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri.
In
mwachidule, kulosera zam'tsogolo ndi zowopsa. Komabe, zikuwoneka zotsimikizika kuti
"genie" ya zionetsero zazikulu - zomwe zidayamba kuchokera pansi ndipo sizinali choncho
chinthu cholimbikitsa anthu osankhika, ngakhale phiko limodzi la anthu osankhika layesera kutero
limbikitsani ndikuwongolera-sizingabwezedwe msanga mu botolo lake. Mkhalidwewo
ku Philippines mwina adzakhalabe "osakhazikika" kwakanthawi.
Momwe kumanzere kotakata kumayankhira-m'dziko, dera ndi dziko lonse-ku izi
zidzakhudza zochitika. Tiyenera kuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo zinthu, kuthandizira
mayendedwe a anthu ku Philippines komanso ku Southeast Asia.